反应堆压力容器接管安全端焊接残余应力模拟及其焊接参数优化研究

目的 针对反应堆压力容器接管安全端焊接残余应力较大易导致应力腐蚀开裂的问题,探究焊接工艺参数对焊接残余应力的影响,并寻找最佳工艺参数。方法 利用有限元参数化建模方法建立反应堆压力容器接管安全端的三维热-力耦合模型,模拟其焊接过程,研究焊接残余应力的变化情况。采用正交试验设计法分析了焊接电流、焊接速度及层间冷却时间对焊后最大等效应力的影响,建立了焊后最大等效应力与焊接电流、焊接速度及层间冷却时间的二次回归模型,基于该模型利用遗传算法寻优焊接参数。结果 焊接残余应力峰值靠近熔合区位置,残余应力较高,超过了材料的屈服应力;各参数按对焊后等效残余应力峰值的影响由大到小的顺序依次为焊接速度、焊接电流、层间冷却时间。正交试验所得最佳工艺参数如下：焊接电流为610 A,焊接速度为20 mm/s,层间冷却时间为400 s,经遗传算法进一步优化后所得的最佳参数如下：焊接电流为610 A,焊接速度为23 mm/s,层间冷却时间为427 s。通过仿真验证遗传算法优化结果,得到焊接残余应力的峰值为373 MPa,比未优化前减小了44 MPa。结论 优化后的工艺参数有效降低了焊接残余应力,提高了反应堆压力容器接...     

焊接参数对TC4薄板焊接过程的影响

目的 揭示焊接参数对TC4薄板焊接过程中温度场、位移场及应力场的影响规律。方法 基于有限元（FEM）模拟方法,运用Fortran语言对焊接热源及焊接参数进行定义,以模拟不同焊接参数下TC4薄板的TIG对接焊过程。结果 在稳弧阶段,温度场为一组以焊接方向为长轴的椭圆,且存在温度梯度,随着焊接速度的增大,温度场峰值、温度场温度梯度、熔池宽度和熔池体积逐渐减小,而焊接效率和焊接电流对温度场的影响与焊接速度刚好相反;随着焊接速度的增大,薄板最大变形量逐渐减小,焊接角变形及挠度变形逐渐得到改善,而焊接效率和焊接电流对位移场的影响与焊接速度刚好相反。在稳弧阶段,焊缝位置的残余应力为拉应力,两侧为压应力,随着焊接速度和焊接电流的增大,纵向残余拉应力逐渐增大,焊缝处高应力集中区的宽度逐渐减小,而焊接效率对应力场的影响与焊接速度刚好相反。在高焊接速度、中等焊接效率、低焊接电流参数条件下,可获得熔池体积小及熔池宽度窄的焊缝,有利于减小焊后残余应力与变形。结论 上述研究结果可为TC4薄板的焊接过程提供一定的理论指导。     

304不锈钢薄壁管件纵缝焊接接头残余应力数值模拟研究

目的 采用数值模拟方法代替传统测量方法,以准确模拟不锈钢薄壁管件焊接接头残余应力分布规律及预热温度对焊接残余应力的影响规律。方法 采用TIG焊接方法对304不锈钢进行圆管纵缝焊接试验,以最优焊接工艺参数为基础,基于ABAQUS有限元仿真软件,采用热力完全耦合模型,在DFLUX子程序中运用Fortran语言对模型进行汇编以完成ABAQUS的二次开发,模拟薄壁管件纵缝焊接热力耦合过程,并在模拟结果上添加预热温度为150 ℃的预热工艺。结果 304不锈钢薄壁管件焊接过程中会产生较大的残余应力,局部区域接近管材的屈服应力。纵向残余应力趋于焊缝中心方向由压应力转化为拉应力,焊缝中心横向应力承受压应力,并且随着向焊缝两侧移动,横向残余应力值逐渐趋近于0。焊缝厚度方向上的径向应力值变化幅度较小。预热可以有效降低不同方向上的焊接残余应力,其中对纵向残余应力的改善最为明显。结论 数值模拟方法能够准确计算出不锈钢薄壁管件焊接接头残余应力分布,预热处理能够有效降低接头残余应力。     

大厚度奥氏体不锈钢筒体填丝激光焊接变形和应力分析

目的 研究大厚度奥氏体不锈钢筒体填丝激光焊接,优化结构设计和工艺设计。方法 建立大厚度奥氏体不锈钢筒体填丝激光焊接数值分析模型,通过数值模拟的方法,定量分析大厚度奥氏体不锈钢筒体焊接变形和应力。结果 零件下部38 mm厚焊缝位置处的最大径向收缩量为1.2 mm;零件下部60 mm厚焊缝位置处的最大径向收缩量为2.0 mm;零件中部60 mm厚焊缝位置处的最大径向收缩量为1.9 mm;零件上部60 mm厚焊缝位置处的最大径向收缩量为1.8 mm。填丝激光焊接轴向收缩量为0.55 mm。焊接残余应力最大值在450 MPa左右,应力主要分布在焊缝附近。热处理后,焊接残余应力都有明显降低,最大残余应力从450 MPa左右降低到200 MPa左右,焊接残余应力范围存在一定程度减小;焊接残余变形变化较小,热处理后某些位置的变形略微有所增大。结论 模拟结果表明,大厚度奥氏体不锈钢筒体填丝激光焊接变形和应力在可接受范围内,焊后热处理对释放残余应力有重要作用。     

TC4钛合金激光焊接应力变形有限元分析

基于ANSYS有限元分析软件,采用三维移动热源,对TC4钛合金激光焊接残余应力和变形进行了数值模拟和实验研究.结果表明:钛合金激光焊接产生很大的纵向残余应力,而横向残余应力较小.激光焊接线能量增加时,纵向残余应力拉伸区域变宽,峰值应力降低;而横向残余应力随线能量的增加而升高.在临界焊透规范以上焊接时,随焊接线能量的增大,角变形随之而减小,而横向收缩变形增大.焊件被完全穿透时,线能量对角变形的影响作用降低.钛合金激光焊接变形和残余应力实验结果与数值计算结果吻合性较好.通过焊缝金相实验分析了焊接残余应力和变形与线能量的内在关系.     

T形接头冷丝填充双热源协同焊接数值模拟

为提高T形接头的焊接效率、降低其焊接变形,本文提出了冷丝填充双热源协同焊接的工艺方法,主要利用有限元模拟技术研究了厚度6 mm的5083铝镁合金T形接头双热源协同焊接温度场、应力场及变形特征.模拟结果显示,双热源热输入相同的情况下,T形接头焊接温度场在立板两侧呈对称椭圆形分布,椭圆长轴与焊接方向一致,热源后方区域的温度梯度小于前方,主要是同时受到电弧与凝固焊道热量的叠加作用所致,热量分布范围拓宽;底板x方向的纵向残余应力呈"多峰"状对称分布,近缝区以拉应力为主,应力峰值为111.6 MPa;远缝区以压应力为主,应力值随着远离焊缝而变大,原因是距离热源越远,焊接热应力越小,压应力峰值为73.4 MPa;立板y方向从底部到顶部呈从"拉"到"压"的演变趋势,纵向残余应力先减小后微增,近缝区应力峰值为183 MPa,远缝区应力峰值为33.5 MPa;T形接头的横向收缩变形最大,变形量峰值为1.727 mm,主要与熔池金属冷却凝固时横向剧烈收缩、"拉拽"热影响区和母材有关.     

平板焊接接头纵向残余应力修正估算公式

为研究不同焊接参数对平板焊接接头残余应力大小的影响规律, 采用ANSYS软件, 建立了大量焊接试件的三维热弹塑性有限元模型, 对其温度场和应力场进行了数值模拟. 根据数值模拟结果, 考虑不同焊接参数、焊道数以及板件热流分配系数的影响, 对拉应力区半宽的计算公式进行了修正. 在此基础上, 采用指数函数对纵向焊接残余应力进行了拟合, 得到了预测不同焊接接头纵向残余应力分布规律和大小的修正估算公式. 最后设计了多组焊接构件模型, 采用盲孔法实测了其残余应力大小和分布规律, 并与估算公式的计算结果进行了对比, 结果表明:两者吻合良好, 验证了该文修正残余应力估算公式的有效性.     

6061-T6铝合金中厚板-节点套多层多道焊数值模拟

为研究铝合金中厚板-节点套接头在多层多道焊后的残余应力和变形分布,本文基于ABAQUS软件建立了该接头三维有限元模型,采用双椭球热源、生死单元法以及顺序耦合法,对6061-T6铝合金中厚板-节点套多层多道焊进行数值模拟,并分析了接头的温度场,以及在夹具约束下的焊接残余应力及变形的分布情况。研究结果表明:数值模拟与实际接头的熔池形状吻合度较高;摆动焊接过程中温度曲线呈多峰结构;焊件的升温速率明显大于冷却速率,且冷却速率随时间逐渐减小;焊接残余应力主要集中在焊缝及夹具区域,且小于6061-T6铝合金在室温下的屈服强度;接头的最大横向残余应力为129.9 MPa,中厚板上的横向残余应力大于节点套上的横向残余应力;接头的最大纵向残余应力为132.9 MPa,沿焊接方向,焊缝处的纵向残余应力呈山峰状分布;该接头在Y轴方向上的变形最大,为1.494 mm,该接头的最终变形结果为上凸变形。     

焊接顺序对管状大厚度V形接头焊接残余应力场的影响

在工业级大型结构中,大厚度钢的应用越来越广泛,由于结构的复杂性,组件间不可避免地需要熔化焊连接;对于大厚度结构,通常采用多层多道焊,而多层多道焊的焊接工艺选择不合理或多焊缝间的焊接顺序选择不当时,会造成焊接结构的局部区域残余应力过大或焊接的残余变形过大,影响结构的服役时间.为了得到管状大厚度V形接头焊接最优工艺方案和残余应力分布规律,本研究利用非线性有限元软件Marc从多层焊焊接顺序的角度,对管状大厚度V形接头焊接残余应力场的影响进行了有限元数值分析,并通过实际测试结果进行验证.分析结果表明:在多层焊的过程中,采用对称焊接的方法得到的焊接残余应力最小;对于管状环形焊缝,内侧焊缝在焊接路径上的残余应力值大于外侧焊缝.     

喷丸处理对2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊接残余应力的影响

对2219铝合金板进行了搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和喷丸处理，采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)测量了搅拌摩擦焊和喷丸产生的残余应力，分析了残余应力的分布特征，研究了弹丸直径、弹丸材料、喷射距离等参数对搅拌摩擦焊接残余应力分布的影响。结果表明：焊接后，焊缝附近存在较大的残余拉应力，焊缝中心线±20 mm范围内的平均应力高达100.9 MPa,而远离焊缝的母材区域接近零应力状态；喷丸后，试样残余应力分布发生显著变化，表层残余应力表现为压应力，并且该压应力数值随着深度的增加先增大后减小，最后保持为拉应力；增大弹丸直径可提高最大残余压应力值和残余压应力层深度，但当弹丸直径继续增大至1.2 mm时，最大残余压应力值不再继续增大；选用合适的弹丸材料可获得理想的残余压应力分布情况；随着喷射距离的增大，最大残余压应力值和残余压应力层深度先增大后减小。     

Effect of water-shower cooling during welding on tensile residual stress improvement in multi-layer welding of austenitic stainless steel plates

Abstract

A new welding method that uses a water shower behind the welding torch has been developed in order to reduce tensile residual stress in a welded region. When this method is applied to the welding of austenitic stainless steel, the welding and cooling conditions mainly determine how much the residual stress can be reduced. To optimize these conditions, we first used the robust design technique to determine the effects of the interpass temperature, the heat input quantity and the water-shower area on the residual stress distribution of bead-on-plate. We found that, to decrease the tensile residual stress, the interpass temperature should be high, the heat input low, and the water-shower area large. Effect of the water-shower cooling on multi-layer welding was examined analytically and experimentally. It was found that the residual stresses were tensile without water-shower cooling, but compressive with water-shower cooling under the optimized conditions. It can therefore be concluded that the new welding method is appropriate for reducing tensile residual stress in multi-layer welding of austenitic stainless steel.     

钛-钢板爆炸焊接的影响因素及炸药配方

爆炸复合用炸药是影响爆炸焊接效果的最主要因素,不同的材料和工艺参数对炸药的爆速、比冲量和能量有不同的影响,其中炸药的密度直接影响复板斜碰撞基板的速度和角度。选用低合金高强度结构钢Q345B和工业纯钛TA2为实验材料,通过理论计算与实验研究,得到了一种较为适合钛-钢板爆炸焊接用的炸药配方,并对钛-钢爆炸焊接影响因素进行了探讨。     

Prediction of welding distortion in butt joint of thin plates

This paper investigates distortions and residual stresses induced in butt joint of thin plates using Metal Inert Gas welding. A moving distributed heat source model based on Goldak’s double-ellipsoid heat flux distribution is implemented in Finite Element (FE) simulation of the welding process. Thermo-elastic–plastic FE methods are applied to modelling thermal and mechanical behaviour of the welded plate during the welding process. Prediction of temperature variations, fusion zone and heat affected zone as well as longitudinal and transverse shrinkage, angular distortion, and residual stress is obtained. FE analysis results of welding distortions are compared with existing experimental and empirical predictions. The welding speed and plate thickness are shown to have considerable effects on welding distortions and residual stresses.     

Residual stress field analysis of Al/steel butt joint using laser welding–brazing

The objective of this study is to analyse residual stress of the Al/steel butt joint using the laser welding–brazing. The welding parameters were a laser power of 1200?W, a welding speed of 600?mm min^?1, thickness of 150×150×2?mm and 150×150×1?mm, respectively. The residual stress was measured by the hole-drilling methods. Then, a finite-element model of the welding process was established, and it was verified by experiments. The results show that the calculated results are in conformity with the experimental results. The longitudinal residual stress on the galvanised steel (329?MPa) is larger than that on the aluminium alloy (293?MPa). At the location of the fixture, the longitudinal residual stress is substantially zero.     

多层多道焊温度和热应力场对角变形影响分析

为探究Q235中厚板多层多道焊温度与热应力耦合场作用下对工件角变形的影响,利用有限元软件COMSOL对中厚板多层多道焊温度和热应力耦合场进行分析.通过建立中厚板多层多道焊温度与热应力耦合场模型,对工件不同方向温度场、热应力场的变化以及工件最终角变形情况进行模拟,并将模拟结果与相同工艺条件下焊接试验结果进行比较验证.结果表明：仿真分析结果与焊接实验结果具有较好的重合度;温度和热应力耦合场主要作用于工件的横向和纵向,对厚度方向的角变形影响较小.这为后续多层多道焊接角变形问题的进一步研究奠定了基础.     

Ti2AlNb合金电子束焊接头残余应力及变形的数值模拟

目的 研究平板对接电子束焊接过程中Ti2AlNb合金接头的残余应力及变形规律。方法 采用高斯圆柱体和高斯面组合热源模型模拟了6.6 mm厚的Ti2AlNb合金平板对接电子束焊过程,对比研究了高焊速高束流和低焊速低束流2种工艺参数下焊接接头的残余应力和变形分布规律,并用小孔法测量了焊缝中心及距焊缝中心10 mm位置的残余应力值。结果 在高焊速高束流参数下,获得了熔池体积小、熔池宽度窄(为3.62 mm)、深宽比高的焊缝;在该参数下焊缝横截面上的高应力集中区(应力在900 MPa以上)尺寸较小,其宽度仅为低焊速低束流参数下的89%;同时,在高焊速高束流参数下,焊缝法向变形最大值为0.79 mm,低于低焊速低束流参数下的0.82 mm;模拟计算所得残余应力与实测值的误差在5.64%以内。结论 高束流高焊速工艺具有热输入小、热量集中、加工效率高的特点,有助于获得高应力集中区域小、深宽比高、变形小的焊缝,比低束流低焊速工艺更具优势。     

Research on explosive welding of aluminum alloy to steel with dovetail grooves

In order to explore a new method for the explosive welding of aluminum alloy to steel, a 5083 aluminum alloy plate and a Q345 steel plate with dovetail grooves were respectively employed as the flyer and base plates. The parameters adopted in the explosive welding experiment were close to the lower limit of weldable window of 5083 aluminum alloy to Q345 steel. The bonding properties of 5083/Q345 clad plate were studied through mechanical performance tests and microstructure observations. The results showed that the aluminum alloy and steel plates were welded under the actions of metallurgical bonding and meshing of dovetail grooves. The tensile shear strength of 5083/Q345 clad plate met the requirements of the bonding strength of Al/Fe clad plate. The interfaces between aluminum alloy and the upper and lower surfaces of dovetail grooves were mainly welded through direct bonding, and discontinuous molten zone emerged in the local region; while the interface between aluminum alloy and the inclined surface of dovetail grooves was bonded by continuous molten layer. The brittle intermetallic compounds FeAl₂ and Al₅Fe₂ were generated at the bonding interfaces of 5083/Q345 clad plate. The fracture surface of the tensile specimen exhibited ductile and quasi-cleavage fractures.     

Solidification behaviour in plasma are welding

Melting and solidification behaviour in the deep penetrution welding process is different from that in conventional welding process in deep penetration processes there is keyhole formation and the full thickness of the plate receives the are heat input unlike conventional processes in which the heat input is received only by the surface nodes. In the present study, the thermal analysis of molten pool formation and solidification keyhole welding using plasma are welding has been done using the finite element method. The model accounts for the several phenomena associated with welding, like the distributed are heat input over the top surface and along the thickness, the temperature-dependent material properties. convection and radiation heat losses etc. The analysis is performed for different combinations of parameters. viz welding current and welding speed, which have the maximum influence on molten pool shape and solidification behaviour. The model has also been validated by conducting experimental measurement of thermal cycles experienced by the plate for different welding parameters. The weld pool dimensions. viz. the length and widlh are found to increase with inincreasing current and decereasing welding speed. Thermal cycles at locations close to the weld reach a higher value of temperature and the time for peak temperature is also less but at farther locations the peak temperature reached is lower and the time for peak temperature is higher. Details of the model, the experimental results obtained and the solidifications charateristics of the pool are discussed in this paper.