搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对铸态A356铝合金抗拉强度的影响(英文)

A356是一种高强度铝硅铸造态合金,广泛用于食品、化工、船舶、电器和汽车行业。熔焊这种铸造合金时存在许多问题,如孔隙、微裂隙、热裂等。然而,用搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)来焊接这种铸造态合金可以避免上述缺陷发生。研究了搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对铸造态A356铝合金抗拉强度的影响;对旋转速度、焊接速度和轴向力等工艺参数进行优化;从宏观和微观组织分析角度对焊接区的质量进行分析;对焊接接头的抗拉强度进行了测定,并对抗拉强度与焊缝区硬度和显微组织的相关性进行了研究。在旋转速度1000r/min、焊接速度75mm/min和轴向力5kN的条件下得到的焊接接头具有最高的抗拉强度。     

Optimizing friction stir welding parameters to maximize tensile strength of AA2219 aluminum alloy joints

AA2219 aluminium alloy (Al-Cu-Mn alloy) has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of lightweight structures requiring a high strength-to-weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. In contrast to the fusion welding processes that are routinely used for joining structural aluminium alloys, the friction stir welding (FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material that is being welded does not melt and recast. This process uses a non-consumable tool to generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. The welding parameters such as tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force etc., and the tool pin profile play a major role in determining the joint strength. An attempt has been made here to develop a mathematical model to predict the tensile strength of friction stir welded AA2219 aluminium alloy by incorporating FSW process parameters. A central composite design with four factors and five levels has been used to minimize the number of experimental conditions. The response surface method (RSM) has been used to develop the model. The developed mathematical model has been optimized using the Hooke and Jeeves search technique to maximize the tensile strength of the friction stir welded AA2219 aluminium alloy joints.     

Comparison of RSM with ANN in predicting tensile strength of friction stir welded AA7039 aluminium alloy joints

Friction stir welding(FSW) is an innovative solid state joining technique and has been employed in aerospace, rail, automotive and marine industries for joining aluminium, magnesium, zinc and copper alloys. The FSW process parameters such as tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force, play a major role in deciding the weld quality. Two methods, response surface methodology and artificial neural network were used to predict the tensile strength of friction stir welded AA7039 aluminium alloy. The experiments were conducted based on three factors, three-level, and central composite face centered design with full replications technique, and mathematical model was developed. Sensitivity analysis was carried out to identify critical parameters. The results obtained through response surface methodology were compared with those through artificial neural networks.     

6005A铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的晶间腐蚀行为

对6005A铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的晶间腐蚀行为进行了研究.结果表明,母材的晶间腐蚀倾向最大,热影响区(HAZ)次之,焊核区(NZ)和热力影响区(TMAZ)的晶间腐蚀倾向最低.结合场发射扫描电镜、高分辨透射电镜分析解释了接头不同区域的腐蚀行为:母材的晶间腐蚀是两组微电池效应的结果,即晶界析出相/沉淀无析出带(PFZ)和铝基体/PFZ;HAZ内晶界析出相的数量的减少、间距的变大及晶内Q'相的析出显著改善了该区的晶间腐蚀性,但晶内Q'相的析出也引起了点蚀的发生;NZ和TMAZ内绝大部分的合金元素固溶于基体,抑制了晶间腐蚀的发生.     

工艺参数对铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头力学性能的影响

通过对铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头组织与力学性能测试,分析了不同焊接工艺参数对搭接接头拉伸性能的影响.结果表明,搅拌针的长度对接头性能影响最大,搅拌针长度从2.8 mm变为2.5 mm时,所有接头强度和塑性均有明显增加.旋转频率/焊接速度(η)对接头性能也有影响,随着η小幅度增加,接头的强度和塑性都有一定提高.在旋转频率为800 r/min、焊接速度为200 mm/min(η=4)条件下,接头的强塑性最佳,抗拉强度达到467 MPa,为母材的94％,断后伸长率为3.18％.从断口形貌观察发现,拉伸试样从前进侧搭接界面的“钩状”位置起裂,沿热影响区扩展至母材发生断裂.     

Effects of process time and thread on tensile shear strength of Al alloy lap joint produced by friction stir spot welding

In automotive applications, friction stir spot welding (FSSW) has been practically used in the construction of aluminium car bodies. In this study, the weld strength and factors governing the weld strength in the friction stir spot welded aluminium alloy 6061-T6 were examined. The weld strength increased with the process time during FSSW up to 3 s, beyond which it decreased. The fracture path changed from the lapped interface into the shoulder edge as the process time increased, and the maximum strength was obtained at the process time when the transition of the fracture path occurred. The cross-sectional microstructure depended on the threads on the probe surface, i.e. the elliptical zone was formed in the stir zone by the threads, but an effect of the thread on the weld strength was hardly found. The present study suggests that the weld strength was strongly related to the size of the well-consolidated region, which was larger than the elliptical zone observed in the vicinity of the exit hole.     

Process parameters optimization for friction stir welding of RDE-40 aluminium alloy using Taguchi technique

Taguchi approach was applied to determine the most influential control factors which will yield better tensile strength of the joints of friction stir welded RDE-40 aluminium alloy. In order to evaluate the effect of process parameters such as tool rotational speed, traverse speed and axial force on tensile strength of friction stir welded RDE-40 aluminium alloy, Taguchi parametric design and optimization approach was used. Through the Taguchi parametric design approach, the optimum levels of process parameters were determined. The results indicate that the rotational speed, welding speed and axial force are the significant parameters in deciding the tensile strength of the joint. The predicted optimal value of tensile strength of friction stir welded RDE-40 aluminium alloy is 303 MPa. The results were confirmed by further experiments.     

搅拌摩擦焊AA7075-T651铝合金接头的疲劳裂纹扩展(英文)

研究12 mm厚AA7075-T651铝合金板搅拌摩擦焊接头的疲劳裂纹扩展行为。从搅拌摩擦焊接头以及母材中截取试样,对试样进行疲劳裂纹扩展实验。对搅拌摩擦焊接头以及母材的横向拉伸性能进行评估。用光学显微镜和透射电镜分析焊接接头的显微组织。用扫描电镜观察试样的断裂表面。与母材相比,焊接接头的ΔKcr降低了10×10-3 MPa·m1/2。搅拌摩擦焊AA7075-T651接头的疲劳寿命明显低于母材的,其原因可归结于焊缝区的析出相在搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的溶解。     

工艺参数对2195铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊接头力学性能的影响

文中采用不同搅拌摩擦焊工艺对2195铝锂合金的可焊性进行了研究.结果表明,接头抗拉强度随旋转频率的提高先增后减,随焊接速度的提高先增后减.当旋转频率为600 r/min、焊接速度为200 mm/min时,接头抗拉强度最高,为432.8 MPa,是母材强度的77.3%.接头区域的硬度低于母材.热影响区内临近HAZ/TMAZ界面的区域是整个接头中软化程度最大的区域.根据热输入的变化,断裂方式可以分为两种:模式1:断裂发生在热影响区,呈现塑性断裂特征,断口特征为等轴韧窝;模式2:断裂发生在焊核区,断裂方式为韧-脆混合型断裂.     

AA2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接工艺窗口的建立

建立AA2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接的工艺窗口。采用不同的工艺参数如旋转速度和焊接速度来焊接该铝合金。通过对焊接接头的宏观形貌分析,建立搅拌摩擦焊的工艺窗口。通过拉伸试验、显微组织观察,对工艺窗口不同区域的接头强度进行分析。焊接接头断裂的位置与最低硬度分布相关。所建立的工艺窗口可以用来选择适当的工艺参数来获得高质量的AA2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接。     

7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头在拉伸过程中的裂纹扩展行为

对厚度为6 mm的7075铝合金进行搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)平板对接试验,利用MTS微控电子万能试验机对接头进行不同应变率下平板拉伸试验。分别使用光学显微镜(OM)和扫描电镜(SEM)对接头断裂路径两侧的微观组织和断口形貌进行观察。在此基础上,使用透射电镜(TEM)对接头起裂源处的沉淀相形貌进行观察,研究应变率对接头断裂行为的影响。研究结果表明,随着应变率的增加,接头屈服强度与屈强比略有增大,不同应变率下的微裂纹均形核于接头底部母材(BM)与热影响区(HAZ)交界处。相比于椭圆状AlCuMg沉淀相和胶囊状Al2CuMg沉淀相,接头中棒状MgZn2沉淀相对微裂纹形核起关键作用。应变率较低时,裂纹在扩展过程中发生偏转;随着应变率的增加,接头裂纹走向平直,接头塑性降低,与加载方向的裂纹扩展角减小,断裂方式由以韧窝聚合型断裂为主转变为以剪切断裂为主。     

5A05(LF5)铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织和性能

主要研究了5A05(LF5)防锈铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊工艺,并对焊后试样进行了拉伸试验、金相观察以及硬度试验.拉伸试验结果表明当其它工艺条件不变时,试验用铝合金的焊接接头的力学性能与焊接速度有关系,焊接工艺参数选择合适时,对接接头的抗拉强度可达到母材的90%以上,面弯和背弯角度都可达到180°.金相观察结果表明与母材相比,焊核区晶粒细小、均匀.硬度试验表明搅拌摩擦焊焊接接头的硬度分布存在一定的规律,即焊核区的硬度分布近似为均值,由中心向两侧,硬度值逐渐降低,当达到HAZ时,硬度达到最低值,然后其值逐渐增加,最终达到与母材同等水平.     

Microstructure,mechanical properties and failure behaviour of protrusion friction stir spot welded 2024 aluminium alloy sheets

The current study investigates the mechanical and microstructure properties of 2024 aluminium alloy welded by protrusion friction stir spot welding as a novel method to produce keyhole-free welds. Tool rotation speed and anvil protrusion height are used as effective variables of the process to obtain optimum conditions. Results illustrate that the keyhole-free welds with the joint show superior mechanical properties in protrusion friction stir spot welding compared to conventional friction stir spot welding. Failure mode changes from interfacial mode to circumferential mode by increasing the nugget zone depth and joint length, while the effect of nugget zone is considerable. Finally, welding at a rotation speed of 1600?rev?min^?1 and a protrusion height of 0.4?mm presents significant mechanical properties with more joint length.     

热带海洋大气条件下2195铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊接头腐蚀行为

摘要： 针对2195铝锂合金暴露在热带海洋大气条件下的服役,通过金相观察、透射电镜(TEM)观察、腐蚀形貌观察及力学性能测试研究其腐蚀行为。结果表明,热影响区腐蚀较焊缝强烈,这是由于热影响区存在T1相,焊缝不存在T1相;焊接件腐蚀的主要形式为剥落腐蚀;暴露3个月后,焊件出现起皮现象;暴露6个月后,腐蚀坑面积扩大,连接成腐蚀带,同时腐蚀坑开始变深,焊接件的拉伸性能明显降低;12个月后腐蚀坑深度达到22.7 μm,接头抗拉强度与断后伸长率均明显下降,由暴露3个月的449.45 MPa降低到暴露12个月的373.25 MPa,断后伸长率由11.254%降低到7.756%;在腐蚀过程中,焊缝的腐蚀坑最深处深度变化速率保持稳定,约为5 μm/月。 创新点： 通过暴露在真实热带海洋大气条件下的腐蚀试验,研究2195铝锂合金FSW接头的腐蚀行为及其力学性能的变化过程,为该接头在特定环境下的使用提供参考。     

2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头晶间腐蚀分析

采用晶间腐蚀试验研究了2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的晶间腐蚀行为,结合接头显微组织、微观硬度、腐蚀形貌及腐蚀深度,分析母材与焊核区的差异,并对接头晶间腐蚀机理进行了初步的探讨.结果表明,焊核区为细小的等轴晶组织,且接头上表面焊核区的晶粒要大于下表面焊核区的晶粒;母材区硬度最高,下表面焊核区硬度最低;焊核区的耐蚀性优于母材,且上表面焊核区耐蚀性优于下表面焊核区,母材最大腐蚀深度为145.9 μm,上表面焊核区及下表面焊核区最大腐蚀深度为46.3 μm和84.1 μm.     

汽车机械部件用Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系超高强铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头的微观组织和力学性能

Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系超高强铝合金具有较高的强度和优异的综合力学性能。对超高强铝合金板进行了不同工艺参数的搅拌摩擦焊接,结果表明:所有接头的NZ组织均为细小的等轴晶粒,且晶粒尺寸伴随焊接速度的升高而减小,伴随焊头旋转速度的增加而增加。接头显微硬度的最大差值为100 HV,这导致焊接接头具有严重的严重机械异质性。相比于母材,焊接接头的拉伸性能明显下降。     

轴向力对搅拌摩擦焊接AZ61A镁合金拉伸性能的影响(英文)

研究轴向力对搅拌摩擦焊接AZ61A镁合金拉伸性能的影响。在3～7kN范围内选择5个不同大小的轴向力制备接头。测试接头的拉伸性能,并研究其与搅拌区显微组织和硬度的相关性。结果表明,与其他轴向力下的接头相比,轴向力为5kN时制备的接头具有最好的拉伸性能。搅拌区生成的细晶组织和高硬度是获得高拉伸强度的主要原因。     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊温度场检测

通过对铝合金搅拌摩擦焊过程中各特征点温度的系统检测,得出了铝合金搅拌摩擦焊过程中温度场变化的基本规律.焊接过程中材料旋入侧温度高于材料旋出侧温度,上层温度高于下层温度,焊缝中心的温度最高,焊接结束时被焊材料末端的温度较焊接稳定区有所升高.     

搅拌摩擦焊中工艺参数对扭矩的影响

通过在6056—T6的铝合金薄板上设计不同旋转频率、不同下压量的搅拌摩擦点焊试验,测量焊接过程中的搅拌头扭矩、下压作用力和试板温度曲线来研究焊接工艺参数对扭矩的影响.结果表明,在旋转频率相同而下压量不同的试验中,搅拌头扭矩随下压作用力增大而增大,而引起扭矩增大的最主要原因是下压作用力使搅拌区材料的力学性能发生了改变;在下压量相同而旋转频率不同的焊接试验中,搅拌头扭矩随旋转频率升高而减小,但扭矩和旋转频率的乘积(即焊接热输入功率)却随旋转频率升高而增大,分析认为旋转频率通过温度和材料的应变速率两个途径对搅拌头扭矩产生了影响,而温度的影响作用更显著.