H13钢镍基25WC激光熔覆层组织与性能研究

利用GS-HL-5000华中数控+激光扫描仪器在H13热作模具钢表面制备了Ni60+25%WC(以质量分数计)合金涂层,并制备了Ni60+35%WC涂层作为对比。采用金相显微镜及扫描电子显微镜对熔覆层的微观组织进行了观察。利用HVS1000数显显微硬度仪测试了熔覆层的显微硬度。熔覆层显微硬度明显高于H13钢基体的硬度。利用自制抗泥沙磨损试验机,采用双试样换位法,测试了熔覆层的耐磨性能,H13钢镍基25WC激光熔覆层的耐磨性能优于45钢。在一定程度上,说明激光熔覆在改善表面组织及性能方面具有有效作用。     

20G钢管表面激光熔覆非晶合金复合涂层的耐腐蚀性能试验研究

利用激光熔覆技术在20G钢表面熔覆合金涂层，分析了激光熔覆层的微观组织，利用高温腐蚀试验和烟气模拟腐蚀试验测试激光熔覆层的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明：细小晶粒与有较高韧性的非晶相夹杂并弥散于金属间化合物的复合组织具有良好的抗高温腐蚀、抗烟气腐蚀性能，可应用于垃圾焚烧锅炉受热面，改善其表面的耐腐蚀性能。     

9%Cr钢表面激光熔覆1CrMo合金层的力学性能研究

为了解决9%Cr钢汽轮机转子轴颈堆焊1CrMo合金时,由于稀释率大、热输入高导致的新转子轴径表面降Cr质量分数效率低和磨损后不适合局部修复的问题,采用激光熔覆技术替代堆焊,在9%Cr钢表面进行了1CrMo合金激光熔覆试验,并对熔覆层组织结构和性能进行了测试分析。结果表明:激光熔覆技术可在9%Cr钢表面制备成形质量及力学性能良好的1CrMo合金熔覆层,熔覆层组织主要由铁素体和颗粒状碳化物组成;与堆焊相比,激光熔覆可有效降低基体对熔覆层的稀释率,提高表面降Cr质量分数效率;与基体材料相比,1CrMo合金熔覆层强度略低,但塑韧性更好,力学性能达到9%Cr钢汽轮机转子轴颈设计要求。     

激光扫描速率对Ni／Cr3C2复合涂的影响

研究了在不同的激光扫描速度下对45^#钢表面进行Ni/Cr3C2激光熔覆,工对合金组织,显微硬度和物相进行了分析,结果表明,激光扫描度对Ni/Cr3C2合金层的组织和显微硬度有很大的影响。     

激光扫描速度对Ni/Cr3C2复合涂层的影响

研究了在不同的激光扫描速度下对45#钢表面进行Ni/Cr3C2激光熔覆处理,并对合金层组织、显微硬度和物相进行了分析.结果表明:激光扫描速度对Ni/Cr3C2合金层的组织和显微硬度有很大的影响.     

核阀零件激光熔履层耐磨性的研究

应用5kW横流CO2激光器在核阀阀瓣密封面上熔覆Co基自熔合金,采用预置粉末法进行多道扫描。研究了激光熔覆和等离子喷焊2种工艺形成的涂层对抗擦伤磨损性能的影响。结果表明：激光熔覆层的组织细密均匀,气孔、夹杂物少,稀释率低,其抗擦伤磨损性能明显高于等离子喷焊和堆焊工艺,随着载荷增大,这种耐损性的差距将进一步拉开。     

叶片激光三维熔覆与钎焊合金片工艺质量的比较研究

为克服钎焊合金片与基体结合不牢固的缺点,采用半导体激光器在汽轮机叶片进汽边熔覆专用钴基合金.对比了激光熔覆和钎焊合金片叶片的断面组织结构、显微硬度分布以及激光熔覆层和钎焊Stellite合金片与基体之间的结合强度.结果表明:激光熔覆层与基体呈冶金结合,在拉伸试验中结合区没有断开,其平均抗拉强度达699 MPa,熔覆层组织均匀无缺陷,从熔覆层到基体硬度呈阶梯式分布;而钎焊试样钎焊层有气孔,厚薄不均匀,从合金片到基体硬度差异较大,拉伸试样最小抗拉强度仅为206MPa;激光熔覆层与叶片基体的结合强度至少为钎焊Stellite合金片工艺的3倍以上.     

汽轮机末级叶片激光熔覆镍基合金研究

利用激光熔覆技术在汽轮机末级叶片材料Ti-6Al-4V(TC4)上制备出原位自生TiC陶瓷颗粒增强Ni基复合材料涂层。应用OM、XRD、EDS和SEM方法分析了涂层的组织结构,测试了涂层的显微硬度。结果表明:涂层中存在γ-Ni、β-Ti固溶体及TiC为主的陶瓷相,涂层与基体冶金结合良好,且无气孔和裂纹缺陷,涂层显微硬度值较基体提高了近3倍。     

汽轮机末级叶片激光熔覆的研究

以Nb、Ti、Si合金粉末(at%61:21:18)为原料,在汽轮机末级叶片材料Ti-6Al-4V(TC4)合金表面进行激光熔覆,应用OM、XRD、SEM、EDS和EMPA等方法分析了涂层的显微组织,测试了涂层的显微硬度。结果表明:激光熔覆涂层的组织是在共晶连续固溶体(Nb,Ti)ss弥散分布着Nb3Si和Ti5Si3颗粒,涂层的显微硬度在HV960-1000之间,比基体合金提高了近3倍。     

NiCr22Mo9Nb镍基合金熔覆层成分过渡与组织研究

介绍了采用NiCr22Mo9Nb镍基合金作为密封面熔覆材料的研究进展。从NiCr22Mo9Nb镍基合金熔覆层的宏观形貌、化学成分、硬度、显微组织等方面展开研究,经过试验分析,认为熔覆层表面及宏观断面熔合良好,熔覆层和母材基体界面处Ni和Fe元素有显著变化,熔覆层组织稳定性良好,高温硬度基本满足密封面的使用要求。研究成果可为生产中使用镍基合金作为密封面熔覆材料提供参考。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.