基于Aqua-Sim的水声传感器网络MAC层协议分析

分析了水声传感器网络中MAC层协议的特点和分类.利用基于NS2的Aqua-Sim水声网络仿真模拟软件仿真了Broadcast MAC协议和R-MAC协议在五个节点的集中式拓扑结构的水声传感器网络中的传输过程,分析比较了两种协议在平均数据包延时、平均能量消耗以及平均吞吐量上的异同.得出在集中式拓扑结构的水声传感器子网中,Broadcast MAC协议更适合于要求较高吞吐量的应用环境,而R-MAC协议更适合于在能量消耗方面有严格要求的应用环境.     

三维网络拓扑结构的水声传感器网络MAC协议

水声传感器网络Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network(UWASN)由于其广阔的应用前景,近年来逐渐被人们关注。然而由于水下环境的限制性,水声传感器网络具有其一些独特性。例如,与二维的陆地传感器网络不同,水声传感器网络是三维的。如今,现有的介质访问控制Medium Access Control(MAC)协议大多是针对二维无线传感网络,很少有基于三维水声传感器网络的 MAC 协议。针对水下三维网络,提出了基于三维网络拓扑结构的水声传感器网络 MAC 协议。该协议将网络中的节点生成树结构,并利用子节点与父节点之间的关系,通过动态节点算法实现三维动态的水声传感器网络。此外,详细分析了节点间的碰撞并有效解决各种碰撞,从而大大提高了信道利用率。通过仿真软件对比不同协议在同一网络拓扑中的实验结果,证实文中协议能够有效节约大量能源。     

预调度流水线方式的水声传感器网络MAC协议

针对水声传感器网络中MACAW协议存在的延时问题,在传统USENIX握手协议的基础上,提出一种新的水声传感器网络媒体接入控制(MAC)协议。使用节点预调度方法对数据的传输时隙采取预约选择,在上上级节点与上级节点进行请求发送(RTS)/允许发送(CTS)握手与数据传输的同时,下级节点复用上级节点发送的CTS和数据信号作为发送给自己的RTS和确定发送信号,形成一种预调度流水线形式的M AC协议。仿真结果表明,该协议与传统的MACAW协议相比,能有效降低节点间的传输延时,提高水声传感器网络吞吐量,并且有效缓解碰撞,节约能源。     

水声网络MAC层随机接入协议和握手协议研究

水声网络MAC协议决定了节点共享水声信道资源的方式,它直接影响到水声信道的利用率和网络的整体性能。本文基于OPNET平台,对随机接入型MAC协议和握手协议进行对比,并分析传输范围、网络拓扑结构和数据包的大小等因素对协议性能的影响。仿真结果表明,握手协议在情况复杂的水声环境中的性能优于随机接入协议。     

无线传感器网络中基于分簇的自适应MAC协议

本文分析了目前无线传感器网络中MAC协议的不足，提出一种基于分簇的自适应MAC协议(AMAC)，该协议的时间帧长度可以根据网络拓扑和负载变化自动调整。通过仿真验证，在实时性、移动性较强的无线传感器网络中AMAC协议性能优于其它MAC协议。     

无线传感器网络多信道MAC协议研究

信道接入协议是无线传感器网络的研究重点之一,对网络的性能起着决定性的作用。采用一种基于随机访问模式的多信道接入的无线传感器网络MAC协议,将信道分为一个控制频道和N组数据频道。在控制频道上,参考图论的点着色原理给节点分配数据频道;在数据信道上,动态调整节点发射功率,并利用载波侦听芯片适时唤醒节点收发数据。实验表明,这种多信道、低功耗的MAC协议可以显著降低节点功耗,增加频率的空间复用度。     

三维水声传感器网络中数据流的突发检测算法

针对三维水声传感器网络中数据流突发检测的多源性和异质性,对描述突发异常的特征和属性进行形式化定义和建模;然后,提出一种基于进化博弈论的突发检测算法,通过滑动窗口大小的优化选择与配置提高突发检测模型的处理速度与检测性能。仿真实验结果表明,基于进化博弈论的突发检测算法在数据分布、突发概率或者最大滑动窗口大小相同的情况下,处理时间少于传统的突发检测算法。     

无线传感器网络MAC协议的研究与分析

针对不同的传感器网络应用,研究人员从不同方面提出多个无线传感器网络介质访问控制（MAC）协议,其中包括S-MAC,PMAC,DEANA,EMACs,Z—MAC以及AIMRP等协议。通过分析各类MAC典型协议特点,归纳其设计原则和分类方法,比较各协议间的性能差异,结果证明无线传感器网络MAC协议呈现多样性的特点,设计MAC协议需要兼顾能量效能和网络性能2个方面。给出MAC协议的设计策略。     

一种高效的水下传感器网络MAC协议

水声信道具有窄带宽、高传播延时等特点,为有效减少水声信道冲突,信道预约型MAC协议成为水下传感器网络的首要选择.通过分析信道预约型MAC协议节点在高负载网络条件下的RTS-CTS控制包的交换过程,给出了多个节点对同时取得信道使用权成立条件,设计了一种在一次RTS-CTS握手后,拥有信道使用权的多个节点对依次进行无碰撞数据传输的MAC协议.最后通过仿真实验验证协议的性能,结果表明:该协议具有更高的网络吞吐量和更低的网络时延.     

基于竞争允许TDMA的无线传感器MAC层协议

无线传感器网络在许多重要领域有着广泛的应用,而传感网的媒体访问控制子层(MAC)协议对传感器网络的运行和性能具有重要影响。该文概述了目前存在的传感网MAC协议的设计思想,在SMAC协议的基础上,将TDMA和CSMA两种思想结合起来并与SMAC协议同步机制相统一,提出了一个新的基于竞争允许TDMA的无线传感器网络MAC协议。模拟结果显示,与SMAC协议相比,该协议在数据包延迟、能量消耗及数据包的接收率等性能上有很大提高。     

Joint performance of DSA++ MAC protocol and SR/D-ARQ protocol for wireless ATM under realistic traffic and channel models

This paper describes the protocol stack for an ATM air interface that is able to efficiently support all ATM service categories. The multiplexing of ATM cells on the radio link is controlled by a service strategy that optimizes the resource allocation based on the negotiated quality of service. A medium access control (MAC) protocol realizes the transmission order of ATM cells given by the service strategy. The paper focuses on a strategy for transmission of acknowledgments of an automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocol and on a collision resolution algorithm for transmission of capacity requests over the uplink. The performance of the overall protocol stack is evaluated under realistic traffic and channel models by means of an integrated stochastic simulation model.     

Medium-access control protocols for WDM-based optical access networks with passive-star clusters interconnected by a backbone ring

This paper investigates the performance of medium access control (MAC) protocols in a wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) based optical access network consisting of a backbone ring interconnecting several passive-star-based clusters of optical networking units (ONUs) at customer premises. Each cluster is connected to the backbone through an access node (AN). A scheduler located in each AN, executes two MAC protocols, one for the intracluster traffic and the other for the intercluster traffic. In order to maintain the quality of service, the scheduler in the AN employs, priority-based queuing for the intercluster traffic on pre-assigned wavelengths. For controlling the intracluster traffic, the scheduler employs pre-transmission coordination with ranging and look-ahead functionalities in the MAC protocol. The performance of MAC protocol for intracluster traffic is evaluated through event-driven simulation, while for intercluster traffic the MAC performance is evaluated through analytical modeling of the queuing system employing two dynamic bandwidth management schemes. Performance of the intracluster MAC protocol is shown to be improved by novel use of subcarrier multiplexing on the wavelength used for the control packet transmission. A comparative study of the two intercluster schemes in terms of end-to-end delay is carried out, to understand the effect of priority queuing on the real-time and non-real-time service packets.     

车载自组织网络中基于竞争的时分多址MAC协议

车辆的高速移动及网络拓扑变化频繁等特性,使得可靠的介质访问控制（MAC）协议仍难满足车载自组织网络的低延迟和高吞吐量的要求。提出一种基于竞争的时分多址MAC协议,将道路按照通信半径分段,周期性地为每个路段的车辆组织通信,每个通信周期根据功能分为静态段和动态段两部分,静态段使用时分复用的方式进行通信,动态段用于新接入的车辆竞争静态段中的发送时隙。仿真实验结果表明,与DTMAC协议相比,该协议能够提高数据传输的吞吐量,降低车辆之间发生冲突的概率,减少新加入车辆发送数据的等待时延。     

An interference avoidance MAC protocol design in mobile ad hoc networks

The multi-rate IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC protocol can transmit control signals at a basic transmission rate and data signals at various transmission rates. When the transmission rates of the control signals and the data signals differ, the transmission range of the lower transmission rate is larger than the transmission range of the higher transmission rate. Since a lower transmission rate increases the transmission range, it also increases the nodes in the Network Allocation Vector (NAV) status and decreases the network throughput. However, if a neighbor receiving the control signal of the ongoing communication pair communicates with another node, it may occur signal interference. This study proposes a Space Overlapping MAC (SO-MAC) protocol to increase the communication pairs and avoid interferences in single radio for multi-rate wireless network. The SO-MAC protocol uses a channel division mechanism to avoid interference between the data and control signals. This study also proposes a bandwidth allocation strategy for the sub-channels to maximize the utilization of the bandwidth of the divided sub-channels. To solve the interference between the data signals, SO-MAC allows a neighbor of the sender and the receiver to use the received signal strength to determine whether it can send or receive the data signal to increase the communication pairs. Simulation results show that, compared to the IEEE 802.11 DCF protocol and DCA protocol, the proposed SO-MAC protocol with the bandwidth allocation strategy can increase the communication pairs, achieve better throughput, reduce the number of handshake failures, and decrease the delay of transmitting a packet.     

DLSOMAC:一个面向分布式无线链路调度技术的MAC协议

无线网络分布式链路调度技术通过发掘无线传输间的复用达到提高吞吐量的目的. 链路调度策略的形成需要节点间公平地交互含有如节点ID、队列长度等信息的短报文,并且这些短报文同步传输,导致信道拥挤.由于存在信道空闲侦听开销,在拥挤信道中频繁后退,以及隐藏终端和暴露终端的问题,传统的CSMA/CA (Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance)协议传输性能低下,难以为分布式无线链路调度技术服务. 针对链路调度策略形成期间报文短、信道拥挤以及公平性要求的挑战.提出了一个简单的随机MAC (Media access control)协议DLSOMAC (Distributed link scheduling oriented MAC). DLSOMAC协议没有信道侦听过程,以降低短报文的传输延迟开销;基于分布式息票收集算法,均匀分散传输时刻来降低冲撞概率和提高公平性,以满足分布式链路调度技术对MAC层的需求.用排队论分析了DLSOMAC的报文传输延迟性能.仿真实验表明, 在短报文情况下,无论网络负载轻重与否, DLSOMAC协议的报文传输延迟明显优于CSMA/CA,并且报文越短,性能相对越好.即使在长报文的情况下,当网络负载很重时, DLOSMAC协议也稍优于CSMA/CA协议,适合于为自组织网络的分布式链路调度技术服务.     

A study of the length effect of fiber delay line based on CSMA/CP optical packet switching

This paper proposes a novel MAC (media access control) protocol named CSMA/CP for a metropolitan area network for the next generation Internet, which is an OPS (optical packet switch) network that all-optically and directly transfers IP packets over a WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) ring network. The proposed protocol uses the concepts of CSMA (carrier sense multiple access) and CP (carrier preemption) to all-optically transfer the IP packets of the nodes in the WDM ring networks. This paper studies the length effect of FDL (fiber delay line) in each node to support variable packet transmission, and develops an analytical model to analyze and simulate the packet delay and throughput.     

Enhanced MAC protocol to support multimedia traffic in cognitive wireless mesh networks

With the advanced physical layer techniques such as multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), transmission real-time 2D/3D contents and applications becomes more and more necessary in wireless networks for the amazing growing in demand of customers. However, the low efficiency of medium access control (MAC) protocol degrades the performance of real-time traffic greatly in multihop, wireless and mobile environment. Focusing on supporting real-time multimedia traffic in cognitive wireless mesh networks (WMNs), an enhanced MAC protocol is proposed. And the contribution of this paper is twofold: (1) An efficient carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) compatible time division multiple access (TDMA)-like MAC protocol called T-MAC is proposed, which aims to improve the system performance by allocating more channel access time in centralized manner and decreasing overhead. (2) An optimal adaptive scheduling scheme is proposed to support real-time multimedia applications and guarantee QoS for different priority traffic, which aims to find the optimized schedule among all possible sequences of concurrent transmissions by minimizing the occupied resources. Detailed simulation results and comparison with IEEE 802.11e MAC scheme show that the proposed T-MAC can effectively improve quality of service (QoS) for multimedia traffic in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay and packet loss rate, which also manifests that T-MAC is an efficient multimedia applications transmission scheme for mobile terminals and MAPs in cognitive WMNs.     

Opportunistic medium access control for maximizing packet delivery rate in dynamic access networks

One of the key challenges to enabling efficient cognitive radio (CR) communications is how to perform opportunistic medium access control (MAC) that maximizes spectrum efficiency. Several CRN MAC protocols have been designed assuming relatively static primary radio (PR) channels with average idle durations largely exceed CR transmission times. For such CR environment, typical multichannel MAC protocols, which select the best quality channel, perform reasonably well. However, when such mechanism is employed in a CRN that coexists with highly dynamic licensed PR networks (PRNs), where PR channel idle durations are comparable to CR transmission times, the forced-termination rate for CR transmission can significantly increase, leading to a reduction in network throughput. To reduce the forced-termination rate, many MAC protocols have been proposed to account for the dynamic time-varying nature of PR channels by requiring communicating CR users to consistently perform channel switching according to PR activities. However, such channel-switching strategy introduces significant overhead and latency, which negatively affect network throughput. Hence, in this paper, we propose a probabilistic channel quality- and availability-aware CRN MAC. Our protocol uses a novel channel assignment mechanism that attempts at maximizing the packet success probability of each transmission and hence avoids the significant overhead and latency of channel switching. Simulation results show that by being quality- and availability-aware, our protocol provides better spectrum utilization by decreasing the forced-termination rate and improving network throughput.     

一种基于邻接节点信息的合作式Ad Hoc网络协议

在802.11协议中,DCF（Distributed Coordination Function）机制是节点共享无线信道进行数据传输的基本接入方式,为了解决无线网络中隐藏节点问题,使用RTS/CTS机制减少冲突,然而当网络节点数增加时,节点传输的冲突次数亦增加,从而使网络性能明显下降。因此,需要设计新的MAC协议,以适应当前Ad Hoc网络应用的快速发展。在IEEE 802.11的分布式协调功能访问机制（DCF）基础上,本文设计新的节点合作式的网络协议（C-MAC）。C-MAC节点通过控制帧获得本节点2跳内的邻接节点信息,并且根据邻接节点的信息设计调度算法,使节点以轮询的合作方式传输数据,有效地避免冲突。仿真实验表明,在改变节点速率、帧长度、网络节点数等参数情况下,分别以吞吐量、单帧传输时间和公平性为指标,对DCF和C MAC协议进行性能比较。在节点传输速率为11Mbps时,C MAC协议吞吐量比标准DCF最多可增加50%。     

Design issues of uplink media access control (MAC) protocols for multimedia traffic over DS-CDMA systems

We propose an efficient uplink media access control (MAC) protocol for a variable spreading gain interference-limited wideband CDMA system. It can, with high spectral efficiency, support both real-time traffic like speech and video and also nonreal-time data traffic based on packet transmission. The schemes for power allocation, joint scheduling, and transmission rate adaptation for nonreal time data traffic are designed as integrated parts of the MAC, working together to improve the system performance in terms of capacity and delay. With these associated resource management mechanisms, the performances of the MAC protocol with two different channel-allocation methods for real-time traffic are numerically compared. One is demanding channel allocation, and the other is reserve channel allocation, in which a certain bandwidth is reserved for concurrent real-time traffic.