熔体温度对注射成型热塑性聚氨酯制件残余应力及外形精度的影响EI北大核心CSCD

采用光学双折射法研究注射成型过程中熔体温度对透明热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)弹性体平板制件残余应力的影响规律和作用机理。结果表明,TPU制件在近浇口区域的残余应力大于远浇口区域,整体残余应力随熔体温度上升而下降。通过对平行于熔体流动方向和垂直于熔体流动方向上的制件截面进行双折射测量发现,注射成型TPU制件具有明显的皮-芯结构和零应力层,且随熔体温度升高芯层厚度显著增加。残余应力分析结果表明在制件的芯层以流动残余应力为主,而皮层区域是流动残余应力和热残余应力叠加的结果。此外,制件的翘曲变形与残余应力的分布直接相关,TPU制件尺寸的改变主要是由于流动残余应力释放引起的。     

A method of determining geometric stress for fatigue strength evaluation of steel welded joints

This paper presents a new method for evaluating the geometric or structural stress in welded constructions. The method is based on the computed stress value 1-mm below the surface in the direction corresponding to the expected crack path. The total stress distribution along the crack path direction is considered to be the sum of the geometric stress caused by the structural geometry change and the non-linear local stress produced by the weld itself. Linear elastic fracture mechanics is used to correlate the total stress based crack propagation life and the local stress based crack propagation life to explain the geometric stress evaluated 1-mm below the surface. Validity of the method is further verified by analyzing fatigue test results for several typical welded joints reported in literature. When compared to the surface extrapolation technique for structural hot spot stress evaluation, the proposed method has the additional advantage in that it is able to account for the size and thickness effect observed in welded joints.     

Effective stress in saturated soil: a granular solid hydrodynamics approach

Effective stress is one of the most fundamental concepts in soil mechanics. A comprehensive interpretation of its physical essence is important for a better understanding and prediction of the mechanical behaviour of the soil. The granular solid hydrodynamics approach is used in this study to establish a more generalised effective stress principle for saturated soils. In this approach, the stress formulation is theoretically derived from the constraints between conservation laws and thermodynamic principles, in which the energies in soils are quantitatively described by the classical non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Five physical mechanisms of the soil deformation, including the elastic potential, the elastic relaxation, the granular fluctuation, the viscosity and the effect of bound water, are taken into account in the derivation of the stress formulation. Consequently, the effective stress derived in this study is classified into four categories. The first is elastic effective stress that is determined by the elastic potential energy and is limited by a stress state boundary line. The second is granular effective stress that is relevant to the granular fluctuation and is very important to the unrecoverable soil deformation. The third is bound effective stress which is a result of defining the bound water as an independent phase of the soil system. It is an important driving force in the non-isothermal unrecoverable soil deformation induced by the conversion of bound water to free water. The last—viscous stress—is another important part of effective stress.     

应力生长FeCoSiB非晶薄膜的磁各向异性研究

采用应力生长方法，制备出受压应力和张应力作用的FeCoSiB非晶磁弹性薄膜，研究了薄膜中的应变大小对FeCoSiB薄膜的磁滞回线、剩磁、应力诱导各向异性场等磁特性的影响．结果表明，无应变薄膜在薄膜面内呈现各向同性，而有应变的薄膜呈现出明显的各向异性。张应力诱导的各向异性与应力方向平行，而压应力形成垂直于应力方向的磁各向异性。各向异性场随应变的增大而线性增大。     

对接试板焊接残余应力实测与数值模拟

使用压痕法对两副对接试板进行了表面焊接残余应力测试,并通过焊接有限元仿真获得了对接试板焊接残余应力分布规律,对比分析了表面残余应力实测和数值模拟结果。分析结果表明,焊接残余应力数值仿真结果和压痕法实测结果趋势一致,数值相差不大,残余拉应力峰值实测为599 MPa,仿真结果为597 MPa,表明数值模拟方法可预测焊接残余应力;焊缝及热影响区最大纵向残余应力属于拉应力,而最大横向残余应力为压应力,横向残余应力峰值低于纵向残余应力峰值;等效应力(Mises应力)峰值792 MPa,高于试板材料在常温下的初始屈服强度,表明该材料具有明显的加工硬化现象。     

初始应力对三维光学轮廓法测试焊接接头残余应力的影响

目的研究不同初始应力状态下,三维光学轮廓法测试焊接接头残余应力的变化规律。方法采用MIG焊分别对供货态与去应力退火态试板进行多层多道焊,焊后试板经慢走丝切割,经三维光学测量技术扫描切割面轮廓,将所得轮廓数据经所建立的数据处理平台处理,将其结果作为有限元计算的边界条件,经应力反算得到残余应力分布。最后再进行有限元模拟,计算焊接接头残余应力。结果含初始应力、去应力退火和数值模拟的焊缝中心均为拉应力区,最大拉应力分别为480, 450, 523 MPa,且都位于焊缝根部区域。三者试板两侧为压应力区域,最大压应力分别为380, 280, 157 MPa,三者数值相差较大。结论将含有初始残余应力试板、退火处理试板与数值模拟结果的残余应力分布进行对比,可以发现三者在焊缝中心处的残余应力分布较为一致,但沿着焊缝向两侧的区域内,应力差别逐渐变大。主要原因为焊接热循环温度高于金属再结晶温度时可以消除部分残余应力,而温度循环较低时对应力消除不明显,导致实验结果相差较大。     

Development of a 4‐node hybrid stress tetrahedral element using a node‐based smoothed finite element method

In this paper, a new 4‐node hybrid stress element is proposed using a node‐based smoothing technique of tetrahedral mesh. The conditions for hybrid stress field required are summarized, and the field should be continuous for better performance of a constant‐strain tetrahedral element. Nodal stress is approximated by the node‐based smoothing technique, and the stress field is interpolated with standard shape functions. This stress field is linear within each element and continuous across elements. The stress field is expressed by nodal displacements and no additional variables. The element stiffness matrix is calculated using the Hellinger‐Reissner functional, which guarantees the strain field from displacement field to be equal to that from the stress field in a weak sense. The performance of the proposed element is verified by through several numerical examples.     

紫铜/Al_2O_3陶瓷/不锈钢复合结构钎焊接头残余应力研究

采用有限元数值模拟的方法研究AgCuTi钎焊紫铜/Al_2O_3陶瓷/不锈钢复合结构的形变和残余应力分布情况,并对模拟结果进行实验验证。结果表明:残余应力主要分布在接头区,并且该区形变较小。陶瓷端的残余应力对接头性能影响较大,由于线膨胀系数差异过大,不锈钢陶瓷侧易产生裂纹缺陷,接头倾向于在该区域断裂,紫铜侧陶瓷端TiO反应层的形成导致该区域裂纹的出现,降低了接头的性能。研究各应力分量对最终残余应力的贡献,结果显示环向应力和轴向应力在陶瓷端所产生的拉应力是造成接头强度降低的主要因素。接头拉剪实验表明,接头主要在靠近不锈钢侧的陶瓷端断裂,验证了模拟结果的准确性。     

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Porous Layer-enhanced Dislocation Emission and Crack Propagation in Iron Crystal

The internal stress induced by a porous layer or passive layer can assist the applied stress to promote dislocation emission and crack propagation, e.g. when the pipeline steel is buried in the soil containing water, resulting in stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is performed to study the process of dislocation emission and crack propagation in a slab of Fe crystal with and without a porous layer on the surface of the crack. The results show that when there is a porous layer on the surface of the crack, the tensile stress induced by the porous layer can superimpose on the external applied stress and then assist the applied stress to initiate crack tip dislocation emission under lowered stress intensity KI, or stress. To respond to the corrosion accelerated dislocation emission and motion, the crack begins to propagate under lowered stress intensity KI, resulting in SCC.     

关于残余应力的静载松弛与最佳喷丸残余应力场的研究

本文研究了喷丸残余应力场在疲劳加载初期的静载松弛现象及机理,并对最佳喷丸残余应力场进行了探讨。试验结界表明,残余应力在疲劳过程中的静载松弛是工件表层材料剧烈塑性变形的结果。残余应力的静载松弛会使晶界、相界等障碍物处形成一定数量的微裂纹,给工作表层材料带来损伤,降低疲劳裂纹的形核寿命。为了避免疲劳初期由于残余应力的静载松弛所造成的损伤,在喷丸后采用应力松弛低温回火工艺,预先降低残余应力场中的最大残余压应力值,建立最佳残余应力场。这种通过热激活的方式使残余应力发生的松弛属子非损伤性松弛,因而能够有效地提高材料在S—N曲线上的较高交变应力区的疲劳寿命。     

Hygral stress in hardened cement paste

A specially constructed stress cell, permitting variation of degree of restraint, was used to measure the hygral stress produced in thin-walled hardened cement paste cylinders due to water absorption. The effects of porosity, relaxation and relative humidity on the hygral stress were investigated using a Portland and a Portland composite cement. It was found that capillary suction transports water to the gel pores causing an initial rapid stress development. This is followed by a gradual increase over ca. 3 days governed by the redistribution kinetics of water molecules in the cement gel. The hygral stress developed is proportional to the volume fraction of cement gel. The cement gel itself produces a uniaxial stress of ca. 8 MPa for degrees of restraint above ca. 80%. About 70% of the stress is caused by changes in surface energy at the gel particle/pore water interface; the remainder is due to the disjoining pressure. A change in surface energy of 0.17 J/m² was estimated based on measurements of specific surface and porosity. The development of hygral stress is also controlled by stress relaxation. This appears to be enhanced by the effect of the disjoining pressure which weakens bonds between gel particles to create a more mobile structure under stress.     

Effect of residual stress on delamination from interface edge between nano-films

The focus in this study is on the effect of residual stress on the delamination crack initiation from the interface edge between thin films, Cu/TiN, where the stress is intensified by the free edge effect. The delamination tests, where the mechanical stress is applied on the interface, show that the specimen with the thinner Cu film has an apparently higher strength at the interface edge. The residual stress in the films is then evaluated by curvature measurement of film/substrate coupon and the influence on the delamination is analyzed. The residual stress increases with the increase of film thickness and remarkably intensifies the stress near the edge. By superimposing the contributions of the applied load and the residual stress, a good agreement is obtained in the normal stress intensity near the interface edge at the delamination independent of the Cu thickness. This signifies that the combination of intensified stresses due to the applied load and the residual stress governs the crack initiation at the interface edge, and the toughness at the interface edge is evaluated by the stress intensity factor on the basis of the fracture mechanics concept.     

不同荷载作用下各向异性度对树脂基正交各向异性圆孔板孔边应力分布的影响

含孔结构在机械结构、装备中随处可见。针对含圆孔的树脂基复合材料板,采用解析法对几种常见荷载对孔边应力场的影响进行分析。对两个主方向的杨氏模量的变化对孔边应力的影响进行仿真分析,并对在不同荷载作用下,各向异性度对孔边应力场的影响进行比较。通过计算可知,随着杨氏模量的增大,孔边应力也增大,且随杨氏模量E1增大所引起的孔边应...     

Magnetic anisotropy control in amorphous FeCoSiB films by stress annealing

It is important to control magnetic anisotropy of ferromagnetic materials. In this work, magnetic anisotropy of amorphous FeCoSiB films is controlled by stress annealing. FeCoSiB films are deposited on glass substrate and annealed with stress in vacuum. When the annealed films are released from clamp, permanent tensile or compressive strain can be introduced in the films. Influences of both tensile and compressive strain on the magnetic properties of FeCoSiB films have been studied. The results show that FeCoSiB films by stress annealing exhibit strong magnetic anisotropy while the samples by normal annealing exhibit magnetic isotropy. Easy axis along the stress is induced in the films with tensile stress, while easy axis perpendicular to the stress is induced in the samples with compressive stress. It has also been found that the magnetic anisotropy increases with the increase of the strain. The effects of strain on the magnetic properties of FeCoSiB films have been interpreted by stress induced anisotropy via magnetoelastic coupling.     

Numerical analysis of dynamic T stress of moving interfacial crack

A method to extract dynamic T stress term of moving interfacial crack is proposed. Anisotropic bimaterial which has subsonic crack propagation is considered, and interaction energy method is applied. Stress fields by the constant T stress and stress fields by the point force moving with the crack are obtained by using the series expansion method and Stroh formalism. J based interaction energy (J^I) between the constant T stress and the point force is calculated by Yeh formulation and the relation between interaction energy and T stress is obtained. Energy release rate and T stress of a moving interfacial crack are calculated numerically. Elastodynamic finite element code is developed to investigate fracture parameters for the propagating crack. Four nodes linear elastodynamic element is used and Newmark formulae are applied to integrate displacement and velocity. Node release method is adapted to simulate crack propagation along the interface. The energy release rate is calculated in the area moving with crack. T stress term is calculated from the interaction energy with a stress field formed by the moving point force. Five examples are solved to show the validity and time history of energy release rate and T stress. The energy release rate calculated from numerical analysis agrees well with an analytic solution and experimental results. The T stress of homogeneous specimen under the steady state condition shows a slightly different value compared with the stationary result. It is observed that the T stress of polymethyl methacrylate–steel specimen shows continuous change and the T stress of aluminum-polymethyl methacrylate specimen shows discontinuous jump when the initial crack initiates. From the result of the variation of T stress, the effect of T stress on the stability of crack propagation is observed.     

Preliminary study on theory and experiment of photo-mechanics manufacturing and detecting technologies based on laser thermal stress

Mechanical effects of laser thermal stress is a new manufacturing technology, which is made use of thermal stress by high power laser acted on the surface of metal material to generate stress field. The technologies such as formation by laser thermal stress, measurement by laser scratch, measurement by XRD and so on are formed based on mechanics effects of laser thermal stress. The mechanisms of formation by laser thermal stress, measurement by laser scratch and measurement by XRD are analyzed. The theory of photo-mechanics manufacturing based on laser thermal stress is originally put forward whose experiment is primitively researched, and the manufacturing theory by mechanics effects of laser thermal stress is established.     

On a matrix cracking model using Coulomb’s friction law

A matrix cracking model is developed based upon Coulomb friction law instead of a constant frictional shear stress usually assumed in the matrix cracking analyses. A Lamé formulation incorporated with Coulomb friction law is adopted to solve the elastic states of fiber/matrix stress-transfer through a frictionally constrained interface in the slipping region and a modified shear lag model is applied to evaluate the elastic responses in the intact region. By using an energy balance approach, the critical stress for propagating a semi-infinite fiber-bridged crack in a unidirectional fiber reinforced composite is formulated in terms of the frictional coefficient rather than the frictional shear stress usually equated in the matrix cracking stress formulations. The critical stress for matrix cracking and the corresponding stress distributions calculated by the present Coulomb friction model will be compared with those predicted by the constant frictional shear stress models. The effect of Poisson contraction caused by stress redistribution between the fiber and matrix on the matrix cracking mechanics will be shown and discussed in the present analysis.     

The stress intensity factor for a crack perpendicular to the welding bead

An analysis of the stress intensity factor due to the residual stress is made for a crack perpendicular to the welding joint in a large plate. The residual stress distribution is represented by a simple function which is chosen to satisfy the physical requirements for the residual stress and to simulate the commonly observed distribution. The stress intensity factor is obtained using customary method based on the superposition principle. The function chosen for the residual stress distribution leads to an exact expression of the stress intensity factor in a simple closed form. The solution yields somewhat conservative values of the stress intensity factor for large cracks and it may be conveniently used for practical applications.     

早龄期混凝土路面板非线性温度场下温度应力的计算

给出了一种早龄期混凝土路面板非线性温度场下温度应力的解析计算方法。模型将路面板厚度方向的非线性温度分成平均温度、线性温度和非线性温度三个分项,每一分项温度引起应力分别计算,最终总应力为三部分应力的叠加。此外,由于徐变对温度应力发展具有很大影响,因此该文也对混凝土徐变对板内温度应力的影响进行了分析。模型预测结果表明:在非线性温度分布下,温度应力沿板厚也是非线性分布的,温度变化产生的最大温度应力可能出现在路面板厚度方向的任何高度上,这依赖于沿板厚方向的温度分布特征。混凝土徐变会显著的降低路面板内的温度应力。     

T‐stress corrected notch stress intensity factors with application to welded lap joints

The definition, content and application of the notch stress intensity factors (NSIFs) characterizing the stress field at rounded slit tips (keyholes) is discussed. The same is done in respect of the T‐stress transferred from the corresponding pointed slit tips. A T‐stress based correction of the NSIF K_1,ρ is found to be necessary. The applicability of the T‐stress term supplemented by higher‐order terms in Williams’ solution to the slit tip stresses in tensile‐shear loaded lap joints is discussed in more detail. The role of the T‐stress in constituting the near‐field stresses of rounded slit tips is shown to cause a difference between internal and external slit tip notches. The notch stress equations for lap joints proposed by Radaj based on structural stress and by Lazzarin based on a finite element model of the rounded notch are reconsidered and amended based on the derivations above.