镀镍石墨粉表面球化及与铜合金基体界面结合的研究

根据化学镀反应原理,在石墨粉表面镀上金属镍,并对其工艺进行了优化;通过对镀镍石墨粉的高温处理,初步讨论了镍镀层的球化及其对石墨与铜合金基体界面结合的影响.结果表明:在石墨颗粒表面获得连续均匀的镍镀层,提高了石墨粉与铜基体的润湿性,改善了铜基石墨复合材料的界面结合;高温处理时,表面金属镀层有熔融球化的趋势,影响材料的界面结合.     

表面改性金刚石微粉在粉末法生产铜基触点中的应用

金刚石与金属铜基体之间具有相对较高的界面能,使金属铜基体与金刚石微粉界面结合不稳、存在少量间隙,导致金刚石微粉与金属基体结合强度降低。直接影响触点材料的力学性能及电气性能的提高。文中针对如何改善金刚石与铜基体的润湿性,研究化学镀Cu层包覆金刚石微粉,对金刚石微粉表面进行改性,提高金刚石与铜基体的润湿性,从而提高粉末法铜基低压电触点性能。研究制定金刚石微粉表面化学镀铜层包覆工艺,经过试验证明金刚石微粉经过净化、粗化、敏化、活化处理后,可以进行化学镀Cu形成金刚石微粉表面包覆Cu层。该工艺具有易操作、成本低、效率高等优点,是提高金刚石微粉与铜基体润湿性的有效方法。     

石墨含量对铜基石墨自润滑复合材料摩擦过程中石墨润滑膜的影响

为研究石墨含量对铜基石墨自润滑复合材料摩擦过程中形成石墨润滑膜的影响,采用粉末冶金法制备了不同石墨含量的铜基石墨自润滑复合材料,测试了复合材料的力学性能,用自制环-块摩擦试验机测试评估了材料的耐磨性能,用光学显微镜实时原位观察了摩擦表面组织形貌的变化,用扫描电镜对磨痕进行观察和分析,通过能谱仪成分扫描分析接触面石墨润滑膜的覆盖率。结果表明:随着复合材料中石墨含量的增加,材料的力学性能逐渐降低,石墨润滑膜的覆盖率先升高后降低,磨损量先减小后增大;当石墨体积分数为14%时,石墨润滑膜的覆盖率最高,磨损量最小,耐磨性能最好。     

SPS温度对含铜包覆石墨铜基粉末冶金材料性能的影响

以铜包覆石墨颗粒为润滑组元,采用放电等离子烧结(SPS)法分别在700、740、780、820、860℃的烧结温度条件下制备了5种铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料,并分别在上述5种温度下分别单独对铜包覆石墨颗粒进行烧结。通过对材料的力学性能、不同制动摩擦条件下的摩擦磨损性能和内部组织的测试分析,研究烧结温度对石墨与基体之间界面结合性和材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,并确定较佳的烧结温度。结果表明:随着烧结温度的升高,材料中铁颗粒与铜基体间界面固溶度增强,但温度过高也会造成石墨表面铜包覆层完整性下降而不利于石墨与基体间的界面结合;随着制动初速度的升高,5种烧结温度下所得材料的平均摩擦因数和磨损率均呈现出先明显下降而后又变化较小的特点;当制动初速度为100和150 km/h,在700和740℃烧结温度下所得2种材料的摩擦因数和磨损率明显高于其他3种材料;当制动初速度高于150 km/h,除860℃烧结温度下所得材料的摩擦因数明显偏低外,其他4种材料的摩擦因数相差不大,并且该条件下5种材料的磨损率间差异均较小;烧结温度为780℃时,所得材料具有较好的力学性能和摩擦磨损性能。     

石墨烯增强铜基复合材料制备工艺及性能的研究进展

作为常用的金属材料,铜因强度较低而应用范围受限,石墨烯具有优异的综合性能,作为极具潜力的增强体而受到广泛关注。石墨烯增强铜基复合材料兼具了铜和石墨烯的优良性能而成为了重要的研究对象。介绍了石墨烯增强铜基复合材料的制备工艺与综合性能,重点讨论了各种制备工艺的特点、强化机制、构型设计,总结了针对复合界面结合弱与石墨烯分散困难这2类主要技术难点的解决途径,最后对石墨烯增强铜基复合材料的制备工艺进行了展望。     

工艺参数对石墨/铜基复合材料导电性能的影响

为了制备导电性能良好的石墨/铜基复合材料,研究了球磨时间、热压烧结及热挤压等工艺参数对其导电性能的影响;用扫描电镜分析了材料的拉伸断口形貌.结果表明:复合材料的导电性随球磨时间的延长和挤压温度的提高呈现先升高后降低的规律;提高挤压比和烧结温度、增加热压烧结时的压力以及延长烧结保温时间均有利于改善复合材料的导电性;球磨3h石墨/铜复合粉经压制(压力700 MPa、保压30 s)、真空热压烧结(压力48 MPa、烧结温度600℃、保温1h)和热挤压(挤压温度750℃、挤压比16)后,铜基体连接成连续的三维网络,且石墨均匀分布在网络之间,有效地发挥了石墨/铜基复合材料中铜的导电性.     

石墨化学镀铜工艺及摩擦性能研究

对石墨表面处理工艺、石墨表面化学镀铜工艺进行了研究,采用正交实验设计方法对镀铜工艺进行优化,对所制备的镀铜石墨表面进行XRD、SEM微观表征;将所制备的镀铜石墨加入聚四氟乙烯中,采用冷压烧结工艺制备固体润滑剂,并测定其摩擦性能.试验结果表明:选用敏化及活化工艺来进行石墨镀前预处理为佳;化学镀时石墨表面能直接生成大量均匀分布的铜微晶,生长至彼此侧面相连时就得到完整镀层,并且石墨颗粒越小,化学镀铜活性越高,因而非常适合用于制备高性能的金属石墨复合材料;当镀铜温度为75 ℃,CuSO4浓度为25 g/L,EDTA浓度为30 g/L时,所制备的固体润滑剂摩擦因数较低,曲线平稳且磨损量较小.     

铜层厚度和石墨粒度对铜包石墨-PTFE复合材料摩擦学性能的影响

作者采用化学还原法制备了铜包石墨（ＣＣＧ）粉，考察了石墨粒度和铜层厚度对铜包石墨－聚四氟乙稀复 合材料摩擦学性能的影响。摩擦学研究表明：随着填料粒度的增大，ＰＴＦＥ复合材料的摩擦系数逐渐降低，当填料平均 粒度为６６μｍ时，复合材料具有最佳的抗磨性；随着石墨表面铜镀层厚度的增加，ＣＣＧ－ＰＴＦＥ的摩擦系数逐渐升高，当 厚度超过３μｍ后，逐渐趋于稳定，材料的磨损率则随镀层厚度呈线性降低的趋势。研究还发现，铜包石墨改变了石墨 与ＰＴＦＥ的界面结合方式，且铜包石墨颗粒表面铜层在摩擦过程中易被磨掉，内部石墨颗粒暴露在摩擦表面，改善了 ＰＴＦＥ复合材料的摩擦性能；还原铜的硬度适中、颗粒细致，在摩擦过程中易在对偶表面的凹处嵌合，有助于连续、均 匀的转移膜的形成，从而提高了材料的耐磨性能。     

室温及气氛条件下铜基自润滑复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用粉末冶金法制备了3种铜基自润滑复合材料,分别考察了它们在室温及气氛条件下的摩擦磨损性能,通过对复合材料的力学性能和磨痕表面形貌、成分的分析,探讨其摩擦磨损机制.结果表明:Cu-9%石墨、Cu-4.5%石墨-4.5%MoS2、Cu-9%MoS2复合材料的密度、硬度和抗弯强度值都依次增大;室温条件下,因石墨与Cu的硫化物协同润滑作用,Cu-4.5%石墨-4.5%MoS2复合材料的摩擦磨损性能最好;气氛条件下,因Cu的硫化物发挥了其自润滑作用,Cu-9%MoS2复合材料表现出最佳的减摩耐磨性能,而Cu-4.5%石墨-4.5%MoS2复合材料次之;铜基自润滑材料的基体强度与固体润滑膜的覆盖率,是影响摩擦磨损机制转变的关键因素.     

铸造铜-石墨复合材料

本文采用流变工艺方法加入石墨柱子制备铜-石墨复合材料,并对其组织和性能进行了研究。试验结果表明:铜-石墨复合材料具有较低的摩擦系数,是一种良好的自润滑、减震材料。     

铜包石墨含量对铜锰铝复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

为改善铜锰铝合金的烧结性能,并提高其在干摩擦下的摩擦磨损性能,以铜包石墨作为自润滑相加入到铜锰铝合金中,采用等离子真空压力烧结方法制备铜锰铝/石墨复合材料,分析铜包石墨含量对复合材料的密度、硬度的影响,探讨不同复合材料在干摩擦和油润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:相比真空和氢气还原气氛下的烧结方式,等离子体烧结铜锰铝...     

Effect of composition on friction coefficient of Cu–graphite composites

Cu–graphite composites were prepared by hot isostatic pressing from the copper and graphite powders in the range of 0–50 vol.% of graphite. The same graphite powder was copper coated and used for the preparation of coated composites with 30 and 50 vol.% of graphite. It was confirmed that with increasing concentration of graphite the coefficient of friction and wear rate of coated and uncoated composites at first decreases. When critical concentration threshold of graphite is reached the coefficient of friction of composites becomes independent on the composition while the wear rate decreases further. This threshold is not simply 20 vol.% of graphite as stated [P.K. Rohatgi, S. Ray, Y. Liu, Tribological properties of metal matrix graphite particle composites, Int. Mater. Rev. 37 (1992) 129–149.] for metal matrix composites, but it significantly depends on the composite structure: for uncoated composites, it is 12 vol.% of graphite for fine graphite powder (16 μm), while for coarse powder (25–40 μm, [S.F. Moustafa, S.A. El-Badry, A.M. Sanad, B. Kieback, Friction and wear of copper–graphite composites made with Cu-coated and uncoated graphite powders, Wear 253 (2002) 699–710.]) it is 23 vol.% of graphite. For coated composites the concentration threshold was found above 25 vol.% of graphite. The reason is that the increased number of fine copper debris within graphite rich tribolayer occurs homogeneously also at high graphite composition.     

混杂填料改性UHMWPE复合材料的摩擦学性能

采用热压成型工艺制备铜粉、石墨粉、碳纤维混杂改性的UHMWPE复合材料,采用WDW-20电子万能实验机测量其力学性能,采用MM-2000试验机考察其摩擦学性能,用扫描电子显微镜观察复合材料磨损表面形貌能。结果表明:混杂填料的加入增加复合材料的硬度和弹性模量,降低复合材料的抗剪强度、抗拉强度;混杂填料对复合材料的摩擦因数影响很大,填充比例适当时能有效改善复合材料的耐磨损性能;改性后复合材料的磨损机制主要表现为磨料磨损、疲劳磨损和塑性变形;15%Cu+2%Gr+6%CF复合材料具有良好的摩擦学性能。     

Tribological Performance of Microwave-Heat-Treated Copper–Graphite Composites

Copper–graphite composite is a tribological composite that can be used in sliding electrical contact applications requiring low friction and wear in addition to high electrical conductivity. The graphite powder (5 wt%) was mixed with the copper powder, and then composite was fabricated through powder metallurgy (P/M) route. P/M product generally requires secondary operations such as rolling, extrusion, etc. to improve their mechanical properties. Post-heat-treatment technique is also applicable to improve the properties of P/M components. Microwave-post-heat-treatment research studies are gaining momentum nowadays due to the improved quality of products with reduced time, energy, and associated cost. Microwave post-heat treatment of copper–graphite composites for different heat treating duration was carried out in a hybrid microwave heating setup. Microstructural studies were carried out using SEM with EDAX. Microwave-heat-treated samples exhibited reduced porosity, improved density, and hardness. In order to understand the friction and wear properties of microwave-heat-treated copper–graphite composites, pin-on-disk wear experiments were conducted. For comparison, untreated copper–graphite composites were also subjected to similar studies. Microwave-heat-treated samples exhibited reduced coefficient of friction and specific wear rate when compared to the untreated ones. The wear mechanism of untreated composites was observed to be plastic deformation characterized by large wear fragments, whereas the mechanism of heat-treated composite was delamination observed through peel off tribolayer.     

Fabrication of copper–TiC–graphite hybrid metal matrix composites through microwave processing

The significant requirements such as wear resistance and better tribological properties in addition to good electrical conductivity necessitate the development of copper-based advanced metal matrix composites for electrical sliding contact applications. Though the addition of graphite to copper matrix induces self-lubricating property, the strength of the composite reduces. The improvement in the strength of the composite can be achieved by reinforcing harder ceramic particles such as SiC, TiC, and Al₂O₃. In this paper, the development of hybrid composite of copper metal matrix reinforced with TiC and graphite particles through microwave processing was investigated. The effects of TiC (5, 10, and 15 vol.%) and graphite (5 and 10 vol.%) reinforcements on physical and mechanical properties of microwave-sintered copper–TiC–graphite hybrid composites are discussed in detail. Micrographs show the uniform distribution of reinforcements in copper matrix. Microwave-sintered composites exhibited higher relative density, sintered density, and hardness compared with conventionally sintered ones.     

The tribological properties of bronze–SiC–graphite composites under sea water condition

Bronze–SiC–nickel coated graphite composites were fabricated by powder metallurgy technique (P/M). The tribological properties of composites sliding against AISI321 stainless steel pin were studied under sea water condition. The graphite is an effective solid lubricant in sea water environment. The SiC improved the hardness and tribological properties of composites. The friction coefficient of bronze–SiC–graphite composites increased with the increase of SiC. However, the specific wear rate of bronze–SiC–graphite composites decreased with increasing SiC. Bronze-2 wt% SiC-11.7 wt% nickel coated graphite composite showed the best tribological properties due to the synergistic effects of reinforcements.     

Tribological behavior of microwave processed copper–nanographite composites

Excellent properties offered by nanographite particles are exploited as a reinforcement to the copper matrix. The effects of graphite particle size, spatial distribution, normal load and sliding speed on the friction and wear performance of microwave sintered copper metal matrix composites were studied using a pin-on-disc tribometer. Copper–nanographite composites show higher wear resistance and low coefficient of friction compared to copper–graphite composites. High surface area of nanographite particles embedded in copper matrix exhibited high adherent graphite tribo-layer at the contact surface. Formed graphite layer reduces the sub-surface deformation of the composite by way of reduced frictional force.     

铜石墨材料导电性能研究

以镀铜石墨粉为原料，用压制－烧结的工艺制备了不同铜含量的铜石墨材料，研究其电导率随铜含量变化的规律，并与传统的铜石墨材料的导电能力进行比较。研究发现，用镀铜石墨粉制备的铜石墨材料的电导率与铜体积分数呈简单线性关系，拟合曲线外推到铜体积分数为100％时与纯铜电导率相近，说明铜的导电能力几乎得到充分发挥。含铜量为75％的镀铜石墨试样的导电性能优于含铜量为85％的传统铜石墨材料。     

Tribological Behavior of Cu Matrix Composites Containing Graphite and Tungsten Disulfide

Copper matrix composites containing graphite and tungsten disulfide were prepared and tested under the loads of 1–5 N to investigate their friction and wear behaviors. The microstructure, worn surfaces, and cross section of worn subsurfaces were observed, and the lubricating films formed on the worn surfaces were analyzed. It is found that the Cu–24 vol% WS₂ composite presents a higher mechanical performance and lower wear rate compared to the Cu–24 vol% graphite composite with same volume fraction of solid lubricant. This could be attributed to the high-strength chemical bonding of the interface between WS₂ and the copper matrix. The high-strength interfacial bonding also helps prevent plastic deformation and the formation of cracks at the worn subsurfaces of the composites. The amount of lubricant on the outmost worn surfaces is significantly higher than that in the composite. The lubricating film of WS₂ with relatively high thickness provides a low friction coefficient to the composites.