含Re/Ru镍基单晶合金的高温蠕变行为和损伤特征

通过蠕变性能测试和组织观察,研究4.5％Re/3％Ru镍基单晶合金在高温的蠕变行为和损伤特征.结果表明:测定出该合金在(1100℃,140 MPa)下的蠕变寿命为476 h.合金在高温稳态蠕变期间的变形机制是位错在γ基体中滑移和攀移越过筏形γ′相,在蠕变后期的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移和剪切筏状γ′相.其中,剪切进入γ...     

含Mo单晶镍基合金的高温蠕变及损伤行为

通过蠕变性能测试及组织形貌观察,研究含3%和5%(质量分数)Mo无Re单晶镍基合金的高温蠕变和损伤行为。结果表明:与3%Mo单晶合金相比,5%Mo无Re单晶合金具有较好的蠕变抗力和较长的蠕变寿命,测定出5%Mo单晶合金在1040℃、137 MPa的蠕变寿命为556 h。在施加的温度和应力范围内,测定出合金在稳态蠕变期间的表观蠕变激活能Q=484.7 kJ/mol。合金在稳态蠕变期间的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移和攀移越过筏状γ′相;合金在蠕变较后阶段的变形机制是位错剪切进入筏状γ′相。随蠕变进行,位错的交替滑移致使合金中筏状γ′相发生扭曲,并在筏状γ′/γ两相界面发生裂纹的萌生和扩展,直至断裂,是合金在高温蠕变后期的损伤与断裂机制。     

单晶镍基高温合金超高温蠕变期间的变形机制

通过蠕变性能测试及组织形貌观察,研究了6％Re-5％Ru(质量分数)单晶镍基高温合金的超高温蠕变行为和变形机制.结果 表明,该合金在1160℃/120 MPa条件下的蠕变寿命为206 h.稳态蠕变期间,位错在基体中滑移和攀移越过筏状γ'相是合金的变形特征,基体中溶解的高浓度难熔元素可增加位错运动阻力.蠕变后期,切入筏状...     

DZ125镍基合金的显微组织与蠕变行为

通过蠕变性能测试及组织形貌观察,研究DZ125合金的高温蠕变行为。结果表明:经完全热处理后,合金在枝晶干/间区域存在明显的组织不均匀性,粗大γ′相存在于枝晶问,细小γ′相存在于枝晶干。蠕变初期合金中γ′相已转变成筏状结构,稳态蠕变期间合金的变形机制是位错攀移越过γ′相,其中,位错攀移期间,易形成位错的割阶,空位的形成和扩散是位错攀移的控制环节。而蠕变后期合金的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移和剪切进入筏状γ′相。在高温蠕变后期,合金中裂纹首先在晶界处萌生与扩展,且不同形态晶界具有不同的损伤特征,其中,沿应力轴成45°角晶界承受蠕变损伤的较大剪切应力可使其发生较大几率的蠕变损伤;而加入的元素Hf促进细小粒状相沿晶界的析出,可抑制晶界滑移,提高晶界强度,是合金蠕变断裂后晶界呈现非光滑表面的主要原因。     

6%Re/5%Ru单晶镍基合金的超高温蠕变行为和影响因素EI北大核心CSCD

通过对6%Re/5%Ru单晶镍基合金(质量分数)进行蠕变性能测试和组织观察,研究了合金的超高温蠕变行为和影响因素。结果表明:测定出合金在(1160℃,120 MPa)的蠕变寿命为206 h。中期稳态阶段,位错在基体中滑移和攀移越过γ′相是合金的变形特征,γ基体中溶解的难熔元素可增加位错在基体中运动的阻力。超高温蠕变期间,随温度提高γ′相发生溶解,可减小筏状γ′相的尺寸,提高位错攀移越过γ′相的速率,特别是当温度大于1170℃时,合金的施加温度敏感性使筏状γ′相的尺寸减小,应变速率提高,这是合金蠕变寿命大幅度降低的主要原因。蠕变后期,基体位错可在位错网破损处切入γ′相,其中,切入γ′相的位错可由{111}面交滑移至{100}面形成K−W锁,抑制位错的滑移和交滑移,可改善合金的蠕变抗力。而在颈缩区域较大的有效应力可开动位错的双取向滑移,致使筏状γ′相扭折,并在扭折区域发生裂纹的萌生和扩展,直至断裂,这是合金在超高温蠕变期间的变形和损伤机制。     

Re对单晶镍基合金蠕变行为的影响

通过对有Re和无Re单晶镍基合金进行蠕变性能测定,结合组织形貌观察,研究了Re对单晶镍基合金蠕变行为的影响.结果表明,Re可有效提高合金的高温蠕变抗力,与无Re单晶合金相比较,加入2%的Re后,可使合金在高温低应力条件下的蠕变寿命有较大幅度的提高,计算出2%的Re合金在稳态蠕变期间的蠕变激活能Q=478.6 kJ/mol,应力指数n=5.1.合金在蠕变初期的变形特征是(1/2)<110>位错在基体通道中滑移,运动位错相遇发生位错反应,在γ、γ'两相界面处形成位错网,可提高合金的蠕变抗力.蠕变后期,合金的变形机制是<110>超位错切入筏状γ'相内.     

固溶温度对单晶镍基合金成分偏析和蠕变行为的影响

通过对不同温度固溶处理合金枝晶干/间区域进行成分分析、蠕变性能测试及组织形貌观察,研究固溶温度对一种无Re单晶镍基合金成分偏析和蠕变行为的影响。结果表明:经不同温度固溶处理后,合金中枝晶干/间区域具有不同的偏析程度,随固溶温度提高,元素偏析程度降低,可明显提高合金的蠕变抗力和延长蠕变寿命。800℃蠕变期间,合金中γ′相仅形成串状结构,未形成完全筏状组织。合金在中温蠕变期间的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移和剪切γ′相,其中,在基体中发生大量位错的单取向、双取向滑移,可产生形变硬化作用,阻碍位错运动,加之γ′/γ两相共格界面的应力场作用,可抑制位错剪切进入γ′相,是使合金在稳态蠕变期间保持较低应变速率的主要原因。     

晶体取向对镍基单晶合金蠕变行为的影响

通过蠕变曲线测定及组织形貌观察,研究[001]、[011]取向镍基单晶合金在蠕变期间的组织演化及变形特征。结果表明:经完全热处理后,[001]和[011]取向合金中立方γ′相均以共格方式镶嵌在γ基体相中,并沿〈100〉取向规则排列。蠕变期间,[001]取向合金中γ′相沿垂直于应力轴方向形成N-型筏状组织,而[011]取向合金中γ′相沿[001]取向形成纤维状筏形组织,且在(100)晶面的筏状γ′相与施加应力轴方向呈45°角排列,其中,立方γ′相不同晶面中扩张晶格的法线方向是筏状γ′相的生长方向。在试验温度和应力范围内,与[011]取向合金相比,[001]取向合金具有较好的蠕变抗力。在高温蠕变后期,两取向合金中的筏状γ′相均发生粗化和扭折,其中,[001]取向合金在蠕变后期的变形机制是位错剪切γ′相,而[011]取向合金的变形特征主要是形变位错在基体通道中滑移。     

热处理对4.5%Re单晶镍基合金高温蠕变行为的影响

通过对一种4.5%Re(质量分数)镍基单晶合金进行不同工艺热处理、蠕变性能测试及组织形貌观察,研究了固溶时间对该合金组织结构与高温蠕变行为的影响。结果表明:铸态合金中各元素存在较大的成分偏析,经高温长时间固溶及时效处理后,合金中各元素在枝晶间/臂的偏析程度明显降低;将固溶时间由10 h延长至24 h后,合金在1100℃、137 MPa的蠕变寿命由101 h提高至164 h;其中,10 h固溶处理合金中仍存在较大程度的元素偏析,并且在蠕变期间,析出针状TCP相。合金在高温蠕变期间的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移和剪切筏状γ′相;蠕变后期,大量位错剪切筏状γ′相,致使近断口区域的筏状γ′相扭曲,在筏状γ/γ′两相界面发生裂纹的萌生,并沿垂直于应力轴方向扩展,直至发生蠕变断裂。这是合金的高温蠕变断裂机制。     

[111]取向镍基单晶合金的组织结构与蠕变行为

通过蠕变曲线的测定及微观组织形貌观察,研究[111]取向镍基单晶合金在高温低应力条件下的组织结构与蠕变行为。结果表明:经完全热处理后,[111]取向单晶合金的组织结构是立方γ′相以共格方式嵌镶在γ基体中,并沿100方向规则排列;在1 040~1 080℃、137~180 MPa的温度和应力范围内,该取向单晶合金表现出明显的温度和施加应力敏感性。蠕变期间,γ′相沿与应力轴呈一定角度形成筏状组织,蠕变后期在近断口区域筏状γ′相发生粗化和扭折。[111]取向单晶合金在蠕变期间的变形特征是位错在γ基体通道中运动和剪切筏状γ′相,由于形变量较大,较多位错切入筏状γ′相后使其形成亚晶结构,其中,蠕变后期大量位错切入筏状γ′相导致合金的蠕变抗力降低,是合金发生蠕变断裂的主要原因。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。