煤炭开采利用环境问题及洁净煤技术应用

洁净煤技术是高效、洁净的煤炭加工、燃烧、转化和污染控制的技术。通过加工可减少煤的硫分、灰分;通过洁净、高效的燃烧可显著减排大量的SO2及一定量的CO2;通过转化可把煤转化为清洁的液体、气体燃料,使煤炭得到清洁的利用。     

计量服务新型煤化工产业高质量发展的思考

正一、新型煤化工的界定及技术煤化工是以煤为原料,经过化学加工使煤转化为气体、液体、固体并进一步加工成一系列化工产品的工业过程。按照产业发展成熟度和发展历程,煤化工可分为传统煤化工和新型煤化工两大类。主要技术包括煤制油技术、煤制气技术及煤制化学品等技术内容。煤制油技术、煤制气技术主要有直接法和间接法两种技术路径,煤制化学品的产品有烯烃、甲醇、二甲醚、芳烃、乙二醇等。新型煤化工具有生产技术先进、转化效率高、生产过程环保、系统管理优化、产品品质优良等特点。     

中美合作开展二氧化碳利用

陕西省日前应邀出席了在美国怀俄明州拉勒米市召开的国际先进煤技术应用会议，中美双方就开展二氧化碳捕获与封存利用技术等方面合作达成共识。陕西具有发展煤化工产业的良好条件。世界单体最大、产业链最长的神华陶氏榆林循环经济煤炭综合利用项目正式落地；具有自主知识产权的万吨级甲醇制烯烃工业化技术（DMTO）开发成功；被联合国确定为清洁煤技术示范推广项目的延长石油靖边化工综合利用产业示范园正在建设；被称为“榆林版煤制油”的中低温煤焦油制清洁燃料技术成功实现工业化生产。     

甲醇制低碳烯烃项目副产碳四产品组分中未知物的探讨

甲醇制低碳烯烃工业化的实现，使得煤制低碳烯烃项目得以顺利发展，为国家能源战略打下坚实基础。目前，国内已有多家大型煤制低碳烯烃项目正在进行，其中我公司的DMTO装置已成功投料运行三年多，经济效益显著。甲醇制低碳烯烃技术，是以甲醇或二甲醚为原料，经催化转化制取乙烯、丙烯等低碳烯烃，并副产混合碳四产品。为了提升煤制低碳烯烃项目的综合效益，对混合碳四产品进行再加工，是未来企业的发展趋势。因此，对混合碳四产品的成分分析尤为重要。碳四产品组成没有碳五产品组成复杂，对碳四产品的组成分析技术相对成熟。但是在实际分析工作中，发现一未知组分。本文主要针对该未知组分进行探讨评价。     

煤制烯烃技术现状与发展趋势

乙烯、丙烯是石油化工重要的基础原料,其生产原料一直依赖于石油。为了缓解对石油资源的依赖,国外已开发出甲醇制烯烃（MTO）和甲酵制丙烯（MTP）技术,且已实现工业化。煤制烯烃技术是发展新型煤化工的关键,也是今后煤化工重要的发展方向。本文在叙述国内外煤制烯烃技术现状和工业化进展的基础上,结合当前国际国内形势,浅谈了煤制烯烃的发展趋势。     

新型煤化工的生命周期碳排放趋势分析

近年来新型煤化工的发展势头强劲,不仅使煤转化过程的碳排放有大幅增长的趋势,更会带动整个产业链碳排放的增长。为了全面认识新型煤化工发展给气候变化带来的潜在影响,本文采用生命周期评价的方法,以煤制烯烃、煤间接液化、煤直接液化、煤制天然气作为新型煤化工的代表,分析了从煤炭生产到产品消费的整个产业链的碳排放现状和趋势。结果显示,从生命周期的角度认识煤化工发展带来的碳排放潜力,中期新型煤化工生命周期CO_(2eq)(CO_2当量)排放量是现状的10倍,远期甚至达到现状的21倍,新型煤化工发展呈现过热势头,这给我国的碳减排目标带来不容忽视的压力,其中尤以煤制天然气、煤经甲醇制烯烃和间接液化发展潜力较大;分析表明,整个产业链的碳排放主要来自于煤转化过程,约占54%~63%,然而该环节排放的CO_2纯度较高,适于碳捕集、利用和封存(CCUS),可以显著降低新型煤化工快速发展给气候变化带来的影响;其次,新型煤化工上下游产业链碳排放约占37%~46%,其中用电导致的间接排放占7%~15%,可通过推广超临界和超超临界发电技术以及高压和超高压输电技术减排。     

煤化工发展方向探讨

我国煤炭资源相对丰富,煤制天然气、煤制油等新型煤基清洁能源和煤制烯烃等新型煤基材料;采用煤炭--发电--化工一体化方式建设大型产业化集群,这将成为未来煤化工产业发展的主要模式;同时,进一步延伸产品链条,大力发展下游产品将成为未来煤化工主要的发展方向。     

关于煤炭洗选加工的思考

作为在我国能源结构中占有重要地位的煤炭,它的洗选加工不仅关系到了煤炭的利用率,还直接对环境造成了影响。实际上,煤炭的洗选加工主要是通过物理、化学或是生物的方法,考虑到煤和煤炭中杂质的物理差异与化学差异等因素,将煤炭中物质的质量不同的物质区分开来。该技术在洁净煤中较为成熟,也获得了较为广泛的应用。该技术的不断提高可以有效地提升煤炭的利用率,减少对于环境的污染,大大提高经济效益。     

基于煤炭分级转化的发电技术前景

面对我国一次能源以煤为主、能源需求日益增长以及大气环境持续恶化的现实,构建资源、能源、环境一体化的可持续发展能源系统是我国能源的战略方向。本文介绍了基于"煤炭既是能源又是资源"的理念提出的煤炭转化利用新技术——煤炭分级转化发电技术的路线和特点。从节能减排等方面对该技术的发展前景进行了展望,指出煤炭分级转化的发电技术可提高煤炭发电的综合效益,改变煤炭单一用于发电的产业结构,可形成基于煤炭资源化利用发电的新产业链并缓解我国油气等资源的紧缺状况,对于改变和优化国家煤电产业结构、循环经济和节能减排具有重要意义。     

我国洁净煤技术2035发展趋势与战略对策研究

煤炭在我国能源结构中长期保持基础性地位。实现煤炭资源的清洁高效利用,亟待大力发展洁净煤技术。本文在界定洁净煤技术概念的基础上,辨识了洁净煤技术的先进性特征,预判了面向2035的关键前沿技术,结合国内外主要前沿技术的发展现状,明确了我国洁净煤技术发展战略目标与路径,据此提出了相应的政策建议。研究发现,我国在700℃超超临界、整体煤气化联合循环/整体煤气化燃料电池联合循环(IGCC/IGFC)等先进发电技术及煤炭深加工产业的技术研发、装备制造和工程示范等方面具有一定的国际竞争力,但在自主创新能力、体制机制、区域或企业间平衡发展等方面仍存在诸多问题,应当着眼于煤炭能源长远发展,前瞻规划面向2035的洁净煤技术与产业发展方向,积极部署先进技术研发与工程示范,全面提升我国洁净煤技术发展水平,有效改善煤炭清洁高效利用的产业发展环境。     

凝固科学技术与材料

从凝固科学与实践发展的角度介绍了当前凝固材料体系的基本框架和凝固科学主要发展阶段的基本理论。作为材料科学与工程的基本组成，凝固科学技术正在现代科学理论的基础上针对传统材料的改性提高和新材料的发展需求，以控形、控构、控性为目标开展优质铸件的定向、晶体生长、快凝、深过冷及各种新型和超常领域凝固过程的研究，并介绍了其中某些方面和展望了可能的发展趋势。     

Development and challenges of planning and scheduling for petroleum and petrochemical production

Production planning and scheduling are becoming the core of production management, which support the decision of a petrochemical company. The optimization of production planning and scheduling is attempted by every refinery because it gains additional profit and stabilizes the daily production. The optimization problem considered in industry and academic research is of different levels of realism and complexity, thus increasing the gap. Operation research with mathematical programming is a conventional approach used to address the planning and scheduling problem. Additionally, modeling the processes, objectives, and constraints and developing the optimization algorithms are significant for industry and research. This paper introduces the perspective of production planning and scheduling from the development viewpoint.     

江澳两地高校文创设计的协同研究与商业实践

目的 探索江门世遗文化的传承、发展和转化的新思路,践行国家在《粤港澳大湾区发展规划》纲要中要求江门承担与港澳地区文化创意合作与开发任务的分工。方法 与澳门高校紧密合作,开展专业培训课程,以开平碉楼为例,从人文视角开展设计研究,梳理开平碉楼的文化脉络,把世遗文化的元素和其背后的文化融入文创产品中,提升文创产品的附加值,推动当地文创产业结构的变革。结果 两地高校构建了稳定的科研团队,开设长期有效的设计培训课程,与景区建立了研究协作关系,帮助景区构建了一套产销研的商业模式。结论 以跨区域高校合作为平台,以文创产品为抓手,依托江澳两地的资源优势,可以构建江门世遗文化全新的品牌形象,最终推动开平世遗文化的活化。     

Error and uncertainty in modeling and simulation

This article develops a general framework for identifying error and uncertainty in computational simulations that deal with the numerical solution of a set of partial differential equations (PDEs). A comprehensive, new view of the general phases of modeling and simulation is proposed, consisting of the following phases: conceptual modeling of the physical system, mathematical modeling of the conceptual model, discretization and algorithm selection for the mathematical model, computer programming of the discrete model, numerical solution of the computer program model, and representation of the numerical solution. Our view incorporates the modeling and simulation phases that are recognized in the systems engineering and operations research communities, but it adds phases that are specific to the numerical solution of PDEs. In each of these phases, general sources of uncertainty, both aleatory and epistemic, and error are identified. Our general framework is applicable to any numerical discretization procedure for solving ODEs or PDEs. To demonstrate this framework, we describe a system-level example: the flight of an unguided, rocket-boosted, aircraft-launched missile. This example is discussed in detail at each of the six phases of modeling and simulation. Two alternative models of the flight dynamics are considered, along with aleatory uncertainty of the initial mass of the missile and epistemic uncertainty in the thrust of the rocket motor. We also investigate the interaction of modeling uncertainties and numerical integration error in the solution of the ordinary differential equations for the flight dynamics.     

Density and viscosity of tetralin and trans-decalin

New measurements are reported for the density and viscosity of tetralin and trans-decalin. The density was determined from room temperature to 60°C for tetralin and to 95°C for trans-decalin. The kinematic viscosity was measured up to temperatures slightly above 100°C. Our results improve upon the values recommended by the American Petroleum Institute for these liquids.     

The Candela and Photometric and Radiometric Measurements

The national measurement system for photometric and radiometric quantities is presently based upon techniques that make these quantities traceable to a high-accuracy cryogenic radiometer. The redefinition of the candela in 1979 provided the opportunity for national measurement laboratories to base their photometric measurements on optical detector technology rather than on the emission from high-temperature blackbody optical sources. The ensuing technical developments of the past 20 years, including the significant improvements in cryogenic radiometer performance, have provided the opportunity to place the fundamental maintenance of photometric quantities upon absolute detector based technology as was allowed by the 1979 redefinition. Additionally, the development of improved photodetectors has had a significant impact on the methodology in most of the radiometric measurement areas. This paper will review the status of the NIST implementation of the technical changes mandated by the 1979 redefinition of the candela and its effect upon the maintenance and dissemination of optical radiation measurements.     

Creation and motion of dislocations and fracture in metal and silicon crystals

By making a step on one surface ( ) of a rectangular small paralellepiped copper crystal, dislocations could be created by the molecular dynamic method. The dislocation created was not a complete edge dislocation but a pair of Heidenreich-Shockley partial dislocations. Each time a dislocation was created, the stress on the surface was released. Small copper crystals having a notch were pulled (until fracture), compressed and buckled by use of the molecular dynamic method. An embedded atom potential was used to represent the interaction between atoms. Dislocations were created near the tip of the notch. A very sharp yield stress was observed. The results of high speed deformations of pure silicon small crystals using the molecular dynamics are presented. The results suggest that plastic deformation may be possible for the silicon with a high speed deformation even at room temperature. Another small size single crystal, the same size and the same surfaces, was compressed using molecular dynamic method. The surfaces are {110}, {112} and {111}. The compressed direction was [111]. It was found that silicon crystals are possible to be compressed with a high speed deformation. This may suggest that silicon may be plastically deformed with high speed deformation.     

SMC／BMC的回收与再利用

SMC／BMC废弃物对工业及环境造成了很大影响，指出了SMC／BMC回收再利用的紧迫性。通过对目前国际上SMC／BMC回收再利用的3种典型途径优缺点的对比，参照国外SMC／BMC回收再利用的先进方法，对我国SMC／BMC回收再利用提供了可行的建议．