有机电解液中钛基材表面TiO2纳米管阵列生长机制的研究

采用恒压阳极氧化法在有机电解液(NH4F/甘油、NH4F/乙二醇)中制备TiO2纳米管阵列,研究了阳极氧化电压、时间、电解液成分对纳米管阵列形貌、生长过程的影响,并提出了有机电解液中TiO2纳米管阵列的生长机制.研究表明:有机电解液中,获得纳米管阵列的电压范围更为宽泛,纳米管的生长时间也更长;在不同含水量的有机电解液中,可以制备出形貌不同的纳米管阵列;有机溶剂的高粘度、低含氧量提高了纳米管生长速度的同时控制着纳米管的腐蚀速度,因此在有机电解液中可以制备更大长径比的TiO2纳米管阵列;乙二醇电解液中纳米管的生长速度大于甘油电解液,并可制各出64μm的TiO2纳米管阵列.     

离子浓度对TiO_2纳米管阵列的影响

采用阳极氧化法在纯钛片表面得到了一种规整有序的TiO2纳米管阵列.利用SEM观察纳米管阵列的形貌,用XRD分析其晶型.并考察了阳极氧化电压、F浓度和溶液的pH值对纳米管阵列形貌和长度的影响.以罗丹明B溶液为目标降解物研究了TiO2纳米管阵列的光催化活性.结果表明,F浓度不仅影响纳米管阵列的形成时间,而且对纳米管阵列的形貌和长度也有一定的影响;溶液的pH值不仅影响纳米管阵列的长度,在很大程度上也影响纳米管阵列的表面形貌.阳极氧化法制备的TiO2纳米管阵列为无定型,在450℃空气中焙烧2h晶相主要为锐钛矿型TiO2,表现出较好的光催化活性.     

阳极氧化制备工艺对TiO_2纳米管阵列显微形貌的影响

为改善TiO_2纳米管阵列结构有序性和形貌完整性,以NH4F-丙三醇-水溶液为电解液,采用一次阳极氧化法和二次阳极氧化法在Ti片表面制备TiO_2纳米管阵列,借助扫描电子显微镜和原子力显微镜,研究一次阳极氧化电压、二次阳极氧化法制备过程中阳极氧化电压和一次阳极氧化时间以及退火温度对TiO_2纳米管阵列显微形貌的影响。结果表明,采用一次阳极氧化法在5~25 V电压下阳极氧化Ti片120 min后均可制得有序排列的TiO_2纳米管阵列,纳米管外侧面具有"竹节状"结构特征,纳米管平均管径和管间距随氧化电压升高而增大;一次阳极氧化法在20 V/120 min下制得的TiO_2纳米管阵列相对较优,其表面平整度高。在相同氧化电压下采用二次阳极氧化法制备TiO_2纳米管阵列不能有效改善阵列的有序程度和表面平整度。600℃退火会促进TiO_2纳米管层/钛金属界面处的热氧化物层生长。     

氧化钛纳米管阵列的表面聚集控制及光电化学特性

采用阳极氧化法在有机介质中制备垂直排列的厚度达百微米的TiO2纳米管阵列,重点考察TiO2纳米管表面形貌特性的控制,以期从微观修饰角度来提高TiO2纳米管阵列膜的光电化学性能;在此基础上,考察不同处理条件下的TiO2纳米管阵列膜的光电化学特性。实验结果表明:采用无水乙醇作为超声液并结合二次蒸馏水进行漂洗能彻底清除纳米管表面聚集堵塞部分,得到清洁、规整有序的纳米管阵列表面,且不破坏纳米管阵列膜的最佳超声振动时间为20～30s。在对纳米管阵列的表面形貌特性进行控制后,采用一步阳极氧化法+无水乙醇超声制备的样品经500℃退火在全谱段的光转换效率达到1.48%,证实对纳米管阵列的表面形貌特性实施控制能有效提高其光电化学性能。     

高长径比TiO_2纳米管阵列的制备及其电致变色与光电化学性能

采用NH4F-DMSO-甘油-H2O溶液体系的电化学阳极氧化法,经高温热处理后,在金属钛基板上制备了有序的Ti O2纳米管阵列薄膜。通过计时安培法、循环伏安曲线、光照开路电位谱和瞬态光电流谱技术对纳米管阵列电极的电致变色及光电化学特性进行了研究。结果表明,Ti O2纳米管为混晶组成,阵列薄膜具有大比表面积和高长径比。纳米管阵列电极具有稳定的阴极电致变色效应,快速的着色/褪色反应时间。与Ti O2纳米多孔膜电极相比,Ti O2纳米管阵列电极的光电流及光照开路电压都显著增加。     

二氧化钛纳米管阵列电极的光电化学性能研究

采用阳极氧化法在钛片上制备了垂直排列的TiO2纳米管阵列，利用SEMXRD对纳米管阵列的形貌和结构进行了表征，并通过电化学交流阻抗谱、光照开路电位谱和瞬态光电流谱技术对纳米管阵列电极的光电化学特性进行了研究。实验结果表明，TiO2纳米管的内径约为90nm，管壁约为10nm，纳米管阵列厚度约为500nm，经600℃退火处理后，转变为锐钛矿型与金红石型的混晶结构。光电测试结果表明，随着退火温度升高，TiO2纳米管阵列电极的界面电荷转移电阻减小，光电流逐渐增大，光照开路电压增大，至600℃达到最大，当退火温度继续升高，电极的光电性能急剧下降。与TiO2纳米多孔膜电极相比，光电性能显著提高，这主要归因于TiO2纳米管阵列更大的孔隙率和比表面积。     

纯钛表面二氧化钛纳米管阵列结构特征的研究

采用阳极氧化技术在纯Ti表面制备出有序的TiO2纳米管阵列,并通过SEM,XRD,XPS对TiO2纳米管阵列进行表征。结果表明,阳极氧化时间对纳米管的形成有较大的影响。在外加电压为20V,阳极氧化时间为20min时,可制备出长度约480nm、内径约89.90nm、壁厚约7.4nm的TiO2纳米管阵列。经450℃热处理后,可得到锐钛矿型的TiO2纳米管阵列,钛元素以Ti4+氧化态处于八面体的环境中,Ti2p3/2的结合能为459.3eV。     

用乳酸溶液为电解质制备TiO2纳米管阵列

为了开发自组织阳极氧化制备TiO2纳米管阵列的新体系,以乳酸／NH4F混合溶液为电解质,研究了阳极氧化制备TiO2纳米管阵列的影响因素及形成机理。采用X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对样品进行检测,并通过观察阳极氧化过程中的电流-时间变化曲线,探讨TiO2纳米管阵列的形成机理。结果表明：阳极氧化电压、时间及电解质溶液的黏度是影响TiO2纳米管阵列结构和形貌的主要因素,在40V阳极氧化电压下,制备出平均管径高达180nm的纳米管,所获得的TiO2纳米管阵列为无定型结构,300℃热处理以后转变为锐钛矿型TiO2。     

TiO2纳米管阵列的制备、热处理及光催化性能

采用恒压直流阳极氧化法制备具有规则排列的TiO2纳米管阵列,并研究其在空气热处理过程中的晶型转变,同时用甲基橙的降解过程表征其光催化性能。结果表明：电解液采用0.5%（质量分数）HF水溶液时,电压在10～20V之间,时间5min以上才能形成TiO2纳米管阵列;随着氧化电压的提高,纳米管的平均管径和管长都增大;随着氧化时间的延长,纳米管管长明显增长,平均管径变化不大;纳米管阵列在空气中热处理时,280℃左右出现锐钛矿相,400℃左右出现金红石相,680℃左右锐钛矿相向金红石相的转变结束,600℃纳米管阵列结构仍然保持完整。光催化实验表明,在氧化电压为20V、氧化时间为20min时获得的纳米管阵列经过400℃热处理后,在40min的光照时对甲基橙的光催化降解率高达99.6%。     

二氧化钛纳米管阵列光阳极的几何参数对染料敏化太阳能电池性能的影响

高度有序的TiO2纳米管阵列因其能够减少纳米管间的连接,增强矢量电子传递,抑制电子复合过程和增强光的散射,被认为是制作染料敏化太阳能电池光阳极的优秀材料。影响电池性能的因素主要包括:纳米管厚度,纳米管长度,纳米管孔径,纳米管内空间。集中讨论二氧化钛纳米管阵列光阳极的几何参数对染料敏化太阳能电池的影响,目的是找出纳米管光阳极理论上最佳的几何尺寸。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.