隔油沉淀／预曝调节／接触氧化／气浮工艺处理屠宰加工废水

1　原水水质某生猪屠宰厂的屠宰加工废水水质及水量如表1所示。表 1　原水水量及水质项目水量 /(m3 ·d-1)COD/(mg·L-1)氨氮 /(mg·L-1)SS/(mg·L-1)动植物油/(mg·L-1)pH数值 2 0 0 75 0～ 12 0 0 2 5～ 75 2 5 0～ 110 0 5 8～ 2 2 4 5 .8～ 7.6　　 2　工艺流程工艺流程见图 1,主要构筑物的参数见表 2。图 1　工艺流程表 2　主要构筑物及设备的参数构筑物、设备说　明隔油沉淀池 6m× 3m× 1.4m ,HRT =1.8h预曝气调节池 8.5m× 5m× 3.4m ,HRT =10 .6h接触氧化池 5 .3m× 5 .3m ,HRT =10 .7h气浮机 F - 10 ,处理能力为 10m3 /h…     

升/降流式生物活性炭滤池处理微污染湖泊水比较

比较了升流式和降流式生物活性炭滤池(BAC)处理微污染湖泊水的效果,分析了两种炭池的生物量和活性,评估其出水生物安全性差异。结果表明,升流式BAC出水平均浊度(0.38 NTU)稍高于降流式(0.26 NTU);而前者对COD_(Mn)的去除率(60.3%)高于后者(55.4%),且对UV_(254)的去除率(75.3%)也高于后者(67.1%)。升流式BAC的微生物分布(7.6~16.6 nmol P/cm~3)比降流式更均匀(4.9~19.7 nmol P/cm~3,主要集中在上300 mm炭层);前者单位活性炭的比耗氧速率(SOUR)为7.9×10~(-3)mg O_2/(cm~3·h),高于后者的6.5×10~(-3)mg O_2/(cm~3·h)。然而,升流式BAC出水中平均菌落数(17 CFU/m L)略高于降流式(12 CFU/m L),可以通过设置砂滤池来保障微生物安全性。     

生物接触氧化法去除微污染水中氨氮的中试研究

对辫带式悬挂填料生物接触氧化法处理微污染运河水进行中试研究,结果表明,在原水自然挂膜条件下,采用闷曝和逐渐缩短停留时间的方式,挂膜启动过程在21 d内完成,氨氮去除率达到94.5%;挂膜完成后的填料表面生物相丰富,外观蓬松分散,并未聚结成团;稳定期进水氨氮日均值为6.40～7.74 mg/L,氨氮去除量为4.63～5.42 mg/L,平均为5.0 mg/L,硝化负荷为0.17～0.20kgN/(m³·d);氨氮去除率随推流方向先升高后略有降低,前、中、后段平均硝化负荷分别为0.12、0.26、0.21 kgN/(m³·d),最高达0.31 kgN/(m³·d);将水力负荷由15.3 m³/(m²·d)提升到25.2 m³/(m²·d),氨氮去除率由90.3%下降至70.1%,46 h后恢复至95.9%;将氨氮浓度由5.47 mg/L提高到8.0 mg/L,氨氮去除量由4.89 mg/L降至3.30 mg/L,39 h后恢复至4.88 ...     

臭氧/生物活性炭工艺的运行稳定性研究

针对水厂因使用不同水质的原水,造成水厂的常规工艺处理出水水质不稳定或无法达到饮用水安全标准的问题,在中试的基础上进行了饮用水深度处理工艺(臭氧/生物活性炭)运行稳定性的研究。原水为黄河水和滦河水时,出水CODMn<3mg/L标准的合格率分别为93.3%、99.0%,对CODMn的去除率分别为41.5%、50.2%;对TOC的去除率分别为42.5%、50.9%;对UV254的去除率分别为57.8%、77.6%。以黄河水为原水时有机物去除率低的原因主要是受水中有机物种类不同的影响。各项综合指标显示,臭氧/生物活性炭工艺可去除水中50%左右的有机物,提高了出水水质的安全性。在出水TOC<3mg/L、SUVA254<2L/(mgDOC·m)时,消毒后形成的四氯甲烷量和三卤甲烷量较少,均远低于规定限值。可以采用此方法对消毒产生的四氯甲烷量和三卤甲烷量进行间接的监测。     

基于染料降解菌的固定床生物反应器处理印染废水

将固定化染料降解菌置于生物活性炭反应器中形成固定床生物反应器,用于处理活性艳红X-3B模拟印染废水。结果表明,当原水COD为380~420 mg/L、色度为430~460倍时,在水力停留时间为3 h、容积负荷为1.70 kg COD/(m3·d)、气水比为1.5∶1、水温为30℃的条件下,固定床生物反应器对色度、COD、TOC和UV254的平均去除率分别可以达到87.4%、88.2%、70.0%和76.6%,去除效果良好。     

生物滤池中微生物的SOUR活性研究

采用两个平行的GAC、石英砂双层滤料生物滤池处理徐州市地面水厂的混凝沉淀工艺出水,并以SOUR为指标测定了反应器内的微生物活性。结果表明,两个反应器内单位体积填料和单位生物量的活性分别在10-2mgO2/(cm3填料·h)和10-4mgO2/(nmolP·h)的数量级上,其中前者的分布与生物量有关,但不像生物量相差那么悬殊;而后者的分布与生物量相反,下层填料单位生物量的微生物活性要高于上层,其原因可能与生物膜的厚度及基质水平有关。悬浮生物量占总生物量的13%～19%,由于贫营养微生物有形成生物膜的偏好,故悬浮生物主要由老化脱落的生物膜构成,它对微生物活性几乎没有作用。     

臭氧对陶瓷膜污染的控制及深度处理污水的效果

采用规模为20 m~3/d的臭氧/陶瓷膜—生物活性炭组合工艺对污水进行深度处理,考察了除污效果以及膜污染控制方式。在臭氧投加量为5 mg/L、陶瓷膜运行通量为80 L/(m~2·h)的条件下,臭氧/陶瓷膜单元的处理效果最佳。对比臭氧投加量为5和0 mg/L两种试验工况,臭氧直接作用于陶瓷膜表面能够有效减轻膜污染。在22 h运行期间,臭氧投加量为5 mg/L条件下,跨膜压差比较平稳,而投加量为零时,跨膜压差增加了25 k Pa。3种组合工艺的对比结果表明,臭氧/陶瓷膜—生物活性炭工艺出水水质最好,对COD、COD_(Mn)、TOC、DOC、UV_(254)、色度的去除率分别为53%、63%、44%、38%、71%和100%;其次是臭氧—生物活性炭工艺,相应的去除率分别为39%、41%、30%、30%、56%和84%;最后是陶瓷膜—生物活性炭工艺,去除率分别为35%、41%、27%、21%、51%和85%。臭氧/陶瓷膜—生物活性炭组合工艺存在显著的协同作用,能控制膜污染,提高膜通量,改善处理效果。     

臭氧/改性粘土/生物炭工艺处理富营养化水体

针对富营养化水体的水质特征,构建了臭氧预氧化/改性粘土/臭氧—生物活性炭组合工艺,并用于处理常州科教城的景观河水。结果表明,在进水流量为50 L/h、预氧化的臭氧投量为1.2 mg/L、改性粘土投量为1.2 g/L、臭氧—生物活性炭段的臭氧投量为2 mg/L的条件下,当进水浊度为29~38 NTU、CODMn为6~9 mg/L、TN为3.47~3.60 mg/L、TP为0.21~0.25 mg/L、藻类为(3~10)×108个/L时,该工艺对浊度、CODMn、TN、TP和藻类的去除率分别为97.5%、77.7%、81.9%、95.4%和99.2%,出水水质达到了《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)的Ⅰ类或Ⅱ类标准。     

投加PAC对BAF微生物活性及种群结构的影响

为了解决BAF工艺除磷效果不佳的问题,探讨了前置投加PAC对胜利油田某污水厂BAF工艺处理效能、微生物活性及种群结构的影响。前置投加PAC能有效提高BAF处理效能,当PAC投加量在65~80 mg/L时,对COD的去除率在85%以上,对NH3-N及TP的去除率分别在95%和75%左右。此时,CN池滤料表面生物膜的耗氧速率为75.32 mg O2/(g MLVSS·h),CN池反冲洗污泥的耗氧速率为78.19 mg O2/(g MLVSS·h);在外加碳源的基础上,CN池反冲洗污泥的比硝化速率为1.48 mg NH3-N/(g MLSS·h),DN池反冲洗污泥的最大反硝化速率为15.84 mg/(g MLVSS·h)。镜检发现滤料表面附着有成熟的生物膜,存在轮虫、钟虫、累枝虫、喇叭虫等多种微生物。因此,投加PAC对微生物活性及种群结构没有影响。     

臭氧-活性炭工艺处理黄浦江奉贤段原水初探

模拟水厂实际工艺,采用臭氧-活性炭工艺处理黄浦江原水.对比试验结果表明:预臭氧和后臭氧投加量分别为1.74和2.11mg/L时,O3-AC工艺对CODMn的去除率在80%左右,能有效解决出厂水CODMn大于3 mg/L的问题;对色度的去除效果显著,但在未形成生物膜的情况下,对氨氮的去除效果仅在20%左右,对亚硝酸盐的去...     

Adsorption of dissolved natural organic matter by modified activated carbons

Adsorption of dissolved natural organic matter (DOM) by virgin and modified granular activated carbons (GACs) was studied. DOM samples were obtained from two water treatment plants before (i.e., raw water) and after coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation processes (i.e., treated water). A granular activated carbon (GAC) was modified by high temperature helium or ammonia treatment, or iron impregnation followed by high temperature ammonia treatment. Two activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were also used, with no modification, to examine the effect of carbon porosity on DOM adsorption. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA(254)) were employed to characterize the DOMs before and after adsorption. Iron-impregnated (HDFe) and ammonia-treated (HDN) activated carbons showed significantly higher DOM uptakes than the virgin GAC. The enhanced DOM uptake by HDFe was due to the presence of iron species on the carbon surface. The higher uptake of HDN was attributed to the enlarged carbon pores and basic surface created during ammonia treatment. The SEC and SUVA(254) results showed no specific selectivity in the removal of different DOM components as a result of carbon modification. The removal of DOM from both raw and treated waters was negligible by ACF10, having 96% of its surface area in pores smaller than 1 nm. Small molecular weight (MW) DOM components were preferentially removed by ACF20H, having 33% of its surface area in 1--3 nm pores. DOM components with MWs larger than 1600, 2000, and 2700 Da of Charleston raw, Charleston-treated, and Spartanburg-treated waters, respectively, were excluded from the pores of ACF20H. In contrast to carbon fibers, DOM components from entire MW range were removed from waters by virgin and modified GACs.     

活性炭纤维的微生物固定方法研究

为探寻适合于活性炭纤维(ACFJ-10,ACFJ-12,ACFA-20)的微生物固定方法,对自然挂膜、活性污泥上清液挂膜、纯菌液挂膜的效果进行了比较。结果表明,ACFJ-12的挂膜效果最好,最佳的挂膜方式是纯菌液固定;ACFJ-12经上清液挂膜后的处理容量比自然挂膜的高17%,而采用纯菌液挂膜的容量则比自然挂膜的高45%,且出水水质稳定。     

高温、高藻期臭氧/生物活性炭工艺的处理效果研究

针对高温、高藻期原水较难处理的特点,采用臭氧/生物活性炭工艺进行了中试研究。试验结果表明,臭氧/生物活性炭工艺对有机物的去除效果明显,对CODMn的平均去除率为73.76%,对UV254的平均去除率为86.38%。高温条件下,大量生长的细菌随出水流出反应器,在投氯量为1 mg/L时可杀灭生物活性炭工艺出水中的大部分细菌,剩余细菌数〈10 CFU/mL,对细菌的杀灭率为99%,能够保证出水的微生物安全性。同时为避免细菌在活性炭表面大量繁殖而堵塞活性炭微孔,应适当缩短反冲洗周期,以3～4 d为宜。臭氧/生物活性炭工艺对藻类的平均去除率为75%,且在其出水中未检测出藻毒素。     

基于微污染水体特征的脱氮功能茵群的构建

针对微污染水体原位生物脱氮处理中存在的低温、有机碳源含量低及好氧环境问题,采用自适应及菌源生态重组策略构建了生物脱氮功能茵群,并考察了该功能菌群对水库原水的脱氮效果。结果表明,在低温环境条件下对中温脱氮菌种进行液体活化培养,同时通过增加活化培养时间可以提高菌种在低温条件下的脱氮效果,当活化温度为15℃时,各菌株在15,20和30℃环境温度下的TIN去除率基本达到88％以上;采用菌源生态重组策略构建的脱氮功能菌群可在多种极端环境条件下表现出较好的脱氮能力,培养72h后NO;和TIN的去除率均可达到90％以上。     

投加粉末活性炭处理长江南京段微污染原水研究

针对长江南京段微污染原水的水质情况并为给水厂的粉末活性炭应急投加提供依据，通过烧杯试验确定了适宜的活性炭炭种、投加量和投炭点。结果表明，投加煤质粉末活性炭较投加木质炭或椰壳炭更为经济合理，且投加点在流程上越靠前越有利于活性炭吸附作用的充分发挥；活性炭与混凝剂的竞争吸附现象并不明显。活性炭的投量需根据不同水源的水质情况通过试验确定，针对长江南京段的原水水质，试验所确定的活性炭最佳投量为20～30mg／L。     

粉末活性炭对邻苯二甲酸二乙酯的吸附性能研究

考察了投加粉末活性炭吸附去除水中邻苯二甲酸二乙酯的可行性,并采用Freundlich公式拟合纯水和原水条件下的等温吸附方程。试验结果表明,采用粉末活性炭可有效去除水中邻苯二甲酸二乙酯,活性炭投加量为30mg／L,吸附120min后,纯水和原水条件下邻苯二甲酸二乙酯去除率分别为93．3％和89．3％。根据吸附等温方程计算得出,以邻苯二甲酸二乙酯的标准限值（0．3mg／L）为平衡浓度,纯水、原水条件下最大投炭量（80mg／L）可应对的邻苯二甲酸二乙酯最高质量浓度分别为7．575和5．731mg／L。     

活性炭/砂双滤料滤池处理微污染原水

嘉兴南门水厂将原普通砂滤池改造为活性炭／砂双滤料滤池，进入稳定运行期后活性炭／砂滤池可削减氨氮负荷0．70～1．30mg／L，对CODMn的去除率为15％～22％，对锰的去除率≥90％，均远高于原普通砂滤池，而制水成本仅增加约0．025元／m^3。实践证明，强化混凝-生物活性炭／砂双滤料滤池组合工艺是处理低氨氮（〈1．5mg／L）、低CODMn（4～6mg／L）、低锰（〈0．7mg／L）微污染原水的经济性选择。     

Improvement of organics removal by bio-ceramic filtration of raw water with addition of phosphorus

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of phosphorus addition on biological pretreatment of raw water. Experiments were conducted in pilot-scale bio-ceramic filters with raw water from a reservoir located in Beijing, China. The results demonstrated that phosphorus was the limiting nutrient for bacterial growth in the raw water investigated in this study. The measured values of bacterial regrowth potential (BRP) and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) of the raw water increased by 50-65% and 30-40% with addition of 50 microg of PO4(3-)-PL(-1), respectively. Addition of 25 microg of PO4(3-)-PL(-1) to the influent of bio-ceramic filter enhanced the percent removal of organics by 4.6, 5.7 and 15 percentage points in terms of COD(Mn), TOC and BDOC, respectively. Biomass in terms of phospholipid content increased by 13-22% and oxygen uptake rate (OUR) increased by 35-45%. The ratio of C:P for bacteria growth was 100:1.6 for the raw water used in this study. Since change of phosphorus concentrations can influence the performance of biological pretreatment and the biological stability of drinking water, this study is of substantial significance for waterworks in China. The role of phosphorus in biological processes of drinking water should deserve more attention.     

再生水处理中混凝剂最佳投量与助凝剂选择试验研究

针对天津市某再生水厂原水水质情况,通过烧杯试验确定了混凝剂聚合氯化铝(PAC)的最佳投加量及助凝剂种类.结果表明,PAC的最佳投加量为12～ 16 mg/L;粉煤灰对原水的强化混凝作用不明显;粉末活性炭可以提高色度去除率及泥渣的沉降性能;前加氯可以明显提高氨氮及色度的去除效果,且加氯量宜控制在4 ～6 mg/L.     

Adsorption of microcystin-LR by activated carbon and removal in full scale water treatment

Removal of microcystin toxins from drinking water was evaluated at two full scale treatment plants that employed coagulation-sedimentation, dual media filtration and chlorination combined with either granular activated carbon filtration or powdered activated carbon. The influence of natural organic matter on the adsorption of the cyanobacterial toxin, microcystin-LR, by activatedcarbon was also evaluated in laboratory studies over a range of toxin concentrations similar to those typically observed in raw water at these plants. The sensitive protein phosphatase inhibition bioassay was used to quantify microcystin. Conventional treatment processes combined with activated carbon generally removed more than 80% of microcystin from raw water, but a residual concentration of 0.1-0.5 μg equivalents of microcystin-LR per liter was observed considering both (GAC and PAC) treatment facilities. Most values of residual microcystin-LR were at the low end of this range, but the upper end approaches the guidance level being considered by Health Canada for these toxins in drinking water