90°圆截面弯管内稠油流动特性分析

采用计算流体力学三维层流模型模拟,研究了温度50~75℃、雷诺数Re=300~800、弯管内径D=50.7~131.7 mm、弯径比B=0.75~3.0条件下稠油在90°弯管内的阻力特性,分析了弯管局域阻力系数波动的机理。结果表明,随温度升高、入口雷诺数下降、弯管直径增加,局域阻力系数提高;在弯管0~15°范围内阻力下降,原因是弯管内形成双纵向涡,75°到弯管后0.5D范围内阻力下降,原因是弯管内形成4个纵向涡;弯管的弯径比对局域流动阻力影响很大,B=0.75时相邻截面最大落差达B=3.0时的28.35倍,但管道进出口阻力仅为1.68倍,原因是弯径比B≤1.0时,弯管后1.0D范围内侧形成了局域低压区,对应位置出现流向涡旋,同时弯管后0.5D截面稠油剪切速率达到峰值。     

Analysis of the effect of small amounts of liquid on gas–solid fluidization using CFD‐DEM simulations

Gas–solid fluidization involving small amounts of liquid is simulated using a CFD‐DEM model. The model tracks the amount of liquid on each particle and wall element and incorporates finite rates of liquid transfer between particles and pendular liquid bridges which form between two particles as well as between a particle and a wall element. Viscous and capillary forces due to these bridges are modeled. Fluidization–defluidization curves show that minimum fluidization velocity and defluidized bed height increase with Bond number (Bo), the ratio of surface tension to gravitational forces, due to cohesion and inhomogeneous flow structures. Under fluidized conditions, hydrodynamics and liquid bridging behavior change dramatically with increasing Bo, and to a lesser extent with capillary number, the ratio of viscous to surface tension forces. Bed fluidity is kept relatively constant across wetting conditions when one maintains a constant ratio of superficial velocity to minimum fluidization velocity under wet conditions. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 5290–5302, 2017     

Study of the effect of porous particles on vapor‐liquid equilibrium using the headspace gas chromatography

The effect of certain porous particles on vapor‐liquid equilibrium (VLE) of ethanol + water, ethanol + ethyl acetate, acetic acid + ethyl acetate, and n‐hexane + n‐heptane systems was investigated using the headspace gas chromatography (HSGC) at 60, 50, 50, and 50°C, respectively. Four kinds of porous particles were studied: molecular sieves (3 Å, 4 Å, 5 Å, and 13 X), activated carbons (columnar activated carbon, powdered activated carbon), activated alumina balls, and nonpolar adsorption resins (D4006, D4020). Good agreement was noticed when the experimental results in the absence of porous particles were compared with the NRTL model's predictions. These results added to the validity of using the HSGC in studying the VLE of binary systems. The results obtained showed that the VLE of these four kinds of binary mixtures in the presence of molecular sieves and activated alumina balls was altered considerably. The presence of activated carbons had no effect on the VLE of these binary systems, but the VLE of n‐hexane + n‐heptane system was altered in the presence of D4006 or D4020 nonpolar adsorption resin. Other factors, such as pore size, type, weight, properties of porous particles, and solvents were also investigated. The results showed that the alteration in the VLE of a given binary solution was a function of the pore size, type, weight, properties of porous particles and the properties of solvents. In addition, the mechanism of the porous particles altering the VLE was also analyzed accordingly. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 256–263, 2016     

The effect of process parameters on the size and morphology of poly(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) micro/nanoparticles prepared by an oil in oil emulsion/solvent evaporation technique

For the past few decades, there has been a considerable research interest in the area of biodegradable polymeric micro‐ and nanoparticles for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, implants, stents, medical devices, and drug delivery systems. Poly(D,L ‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) is well‐known by its safety in biomedical preparations which has been approved for human use by the FDA. The goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of process parameters on size characteristics of PLGA microparticles prepared by oil in oil (o/o) solvent evaporation technique. This method has been introduced as one of the most appropriate methods for hydrophilic agents. Scanning electron microscopy showed that prepared particles were spherical with smooth surface without aggregation. Particle size varied from 570 nm to 29 μm in different experimental conditions. Stirring speed, polymer concentration, impeller type, and dropping size had a significant effect on the particle size. The polydispersity index of particles showed a strong relationship with the surfactant concentration, impeller type, and dropping size. It was concluded that increasing in temperature up to 50°C or changing in dropping rate has a little effect on reducing the size of PLGA particles. The residual solvent content in the final suspension was less than 0.1 ppm that is in appropriate range for biomedical application. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010