Application of a modified Eulerian model to study the particle deposition on a vertical surface in turbulent flow

In this study the v2-f model was used with the two-phase Eulerian approach to predict the particle deposition rate on a vertical surface in a turbulent flow. The standard Eulerian particle model was adopted from the literature and modified, considering the majority of particle transport mechanisms in the particle deposition rate. The performance of the modified model was examined by comparing the rate of particle deposition on a vertical surface with the experimental and numerical data in a turbulent channel flow available in the literature. The model took into account the effects of drag force, lift force, turbophoretic force, electrostatic force, inertia force and Brownian/turbulent diffusion on the particle deposition rate. Electrostatic forces due to mirror charging and charged particles under the influence of an electric field were considered. The predictions of the modified particle model were in good agreement with the experimental data. It was observed that when both electrostatic forces are present they are the dominant factor in the deposition rate in a wider range of particle sizes.     

Effects of air temperature and humidity on particle deposition

Particle deposition in a fully developed turbulent duct flow was studied. The random walk model of Lagrangian approach was used to predict the trajectories of 3000 particles with a density of 900 kg/m³. The effects of thermophoretic force and air humidity were also considered. The results were compared with the previous studies with a particle size range of 0.01–50 μm and air flow velocity of 5 m/s. The profile of dimensionless deposition velocity with relaxation time presents a V-shaped curve and the results are in good agreement with the previous studies.The effects of air temperature and humidity on particle deposition with a particle size of 1 μm were also investigated. The results show that thermophoretic force accelerates particle deposition onto the duct walls with increasing temperature difference between air flow and the duct wall surface. Meanwhile, it was found that particle deposition velocity increases with air humidity.     

Effect of Sub-Grid Scales on Large Eddy Simulation of Particle Deposition in a Turbulent Channel Flow

Large-eddy simulations (LES) of particle transport and deposition in turbulent channel flow were presented. Particular attention was given to the effect of subgrid scales on particle dispersion and deposition processes. A computational scheme for simulating the effect of subgrid scales (SGS) turbulence fluctuation on particle motion was developed and tested. Large-eddy simulation of Navier-Stokes equations using a finite volume method was used for finding instantaneous filtered fluid velocity fields of the continuous phase in the channel. Selective structure function model was used to account for the subgrid-scale Reynolds stresses. It was shown that the LES was capable of capturing the turbulence near wall coherent eddy structures.

The Lagrangian particle tracking approach was used and the transport and deposition of particles in the channel were analyzed. The drag, lift, Brownian, and gravity forces were included in the particle equation of motion. The Brownian force was simulated using a white noise stochastic process model. Effects of SGS of turbulence fluctuations on deposition rate of different size particles were studied. It was shown that the inclusion of the SGS turbulence fluctuations improves the model predictions for particle deposition rate especially for small particles. Effect of gravity on particle deposition was also investigated and it was shown that the gravity force in the stream wise direction increases the deposition rate of large particles.     

Analysis of non‐Brownian particle deposition from turbulent liquid‐flow

The deposition of non‐Brownian particles from turbulent liquid‐flow onto channel walls is numerically analyzed. The approach combines Lagrangian particle tracking with a kinematic model of the near‐wall shear layer. For nonbuoyant particles, direct interception is the main deposition mechanism and the deposition velocity scales as the particle diameter (in wall units) to the power of 1.7. When wall/particle hydrodynamic interactions are taken into account, the deposition velocity is significantly reduced and the correction factor scales as the cubic root of the wall roughness to particle diameter ratio. For buoyant particles, sedimentation is usually the predominant deposition mechanism and the hydrodynamic interactions significantly affect the deposition velocity when the drainage characteristic time driven by buoyancy is of the order of the particle residence time close to the wall. Last, a wall‐function for the suspended particles is proposed. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 891–904, 2016     

Prediction of Particle Deposition Using a Simplified Particle Model in Fully Developed Channel Flow

In this study the Eulerian particle model was modified to predict the particle deposition rate in fully developed channel flow. The modified model is less complicated and has much lower computation time. The performance of the simplified model was examined by comparing the particle deposition rate in a vertical channel with the experimental data for fully developed channel flow available in the literature. The effects of turbophoretic force, thermophoretic force, electrostatic force, gravitational force, Brownian/turbulent diffusion, and the wall roughness on the particle deposition rate were examined. The predictions of the modified particle model were in agreement with the experimental data.     

Modeling particle deposition and distribution in a chamber with a two-equation Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes model

A Lagrangian simulation for aerosol particle transport and deposition in a chamber is developed. The eddy interaction model (EIM) is adopted to generate the instantaneous turbulent fluctuating velocity field. It is found that a satisfactory result can be obtained only when the near-wall grid is sufficiently fine and the near-wall turbulent kinetic energy is damped effectively according to its component normal to the wall. Seven particle size groups ranging from 0.01 to are studied. A comparison between the current numerical model and a semi-empirical expression indicates that improved deposition fraction results were obtained. The particle deposition and particle fate in the chamber are also presented.     

Convective diffusion of particles deposition under electrostatics from turbulently-mixed conditions

A theoretical model is presented to describe inertialess particle deposition onto smooth surfaces under the influence of electrostatic force. Both Boltzmann and combined diffusion and field charging mechanisms are investigated. A modified Fick's law equation accounting for Brownian and turbulent diffusion, spatially-independent external force, i.e. gravitational and Coulombic force, is presented based on the simplified three-layer model. The results show that the concentration boundary layer thickness is very thin and the previous three-layer model can be further simplified. The Coulombic force influences the particle deposition significantly and for considerably high charge and electric field, deposition is independent on turbulent intensity. The model predictions agree very well with the literature DNS results.     

Dispersion and Deposition of Spherical Particles from Point Sources in a Turbulent Channel Flow

The dispersion and deposition of particles from a point source in a turbulent channel flow are studied. An empirical mean velocity profile and the experimental data for turbulent intensities are used in the analysis. The instantaneous turbulence fluctuation is simulated as a continuous Gaussian random field, and an ensemble of particle trajectories is generated and statistically analyzed. A series of digital simulations for dispersion and deposition of aerosol particles of various sizes from point sources at different positions from the wall is performed. Effects of Brownian diffusion on particle dispersion are studied. The effects of variation in particle density and particle-surface interaction are also discussed.     

SIMULATION OF PARTICLE TRANSPORT AND DEPOSITION IN A COMBUSTOR

A computational model for Lagrangian particle tracking for studying dispersion and deposition of particles in a combustor with swirling flow and chemical reaction is developed. The model accounts for the effect of thermophoretic force, as well as the drag and lift forces acting on particles, in addition to the Brownian motion and gravitational sedimentation effects. The mean turbulent gas flow, temperature fields and chemical species concentration in the combustor are evaluated using the stress transport turbulent model of the FLUENT code. The instantaneous fluctuation velocity field is generated by a Gaussian filtered white noise model.

The simulated axial, radial and tangential mean gas velocities are compared with the existing experimental data. Ensembles of particle trajectories are generated and statistically analyzed. The effects of size and initial distribution on particle dispersion and deposition are studied. The particle concentration at different sections are also evaluated and discussed. The results shows that the turbulence dispersion effect is quite important, while the thermophoresis effect is small.     

A new model for the simulation of particle resuspension by turbulent flows based on a stochastic description of wall roughness and adhesion forces

We propose in this paper a new model aiming at simulating particle reentrainment in turbulent flows using stochastic Lagrangian methods. The resuspension model presented here emphasizes the role played by surface roughness in the reentrainment process, both in the stochastic calculation of adhesion forces based on a random model of large-scale and fine-scale wall asperities and in a newly proposed kinetic scenario of resuspension. The whole model has been implemented in a dedicated code and statistics of interest are obtained through Monte Carlo simulations. A step-by-step validation process is carried out by first assessing the adhesion-force sub-model, before analyzing the ability of the model to predict particle onset along the wall as measured in recent experimental studies. The complete particle resuspension model is then validated by comparing numerical outcomes to experimental data, where it is seen that the model is able to capture the various phenomena quite well. The present work follows a precedent study devoted to the modeling of particle deposition [Guingo, M., & Minier, J.-P. (2007). A stochastic model of coherent structures in boundary layers for the simulation of particle deposition in turbulent flows. In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on multiphase flow. Leipzig, Germany; Guingo, M., & Minier, J.-P. (2008). A stochastic model of coherent structures for particle deposition in turbulent flows. Physics of Fluids 20, 053303].     

Particle dispersion in a turbulent natural convection channel flow

Direct numerical simulations of particle dispersion in the turbulent natural convection flow between two vertical walls kept at constant but different temperatures are reported. It is assumed that the particles do not affect the flow (i.e. the dilute phase approximation is adopted). Particles with different levels of inertia, or Stokes numbers (0.843≤St≤17.45), are tracked according to the drag force imposed by the fluid. The gravity force is included for two cases, St=0.843 and St=17.45. The different levels of turbulence near the wall and near the center of the channel produce, as in isothermal turbulent channel or pipe flow, a larger concentration of particles near the wall. This effect becomes more important, and the deposition velocity of particles on the wall increases, as the particle inertia is increased. The simulations at St=8.38 and St=17.45 predict similar concentration profiles and deposition velocities according to the large inertia of these particles. The deposition velocities, obtained when the gravity force is ignored in the particle equations, follow the trend observed and measured for isothermal turbulent channel flows in the diffusion impaction regime. For the conditions considered, the gravity vector imposes a strong descending motion on the particles and this produces the increase of the particle concentration near the wall and a reduction of the deposition velocities in comparison with the results without the gravity force.     

沉流式滤筒除尘器气固两相流动的数值模拟与分析

为掌握滤筒除尘器内部流动特征 ,应用FLUENT 5 .4 .8软件对DFT3 12型滤筒除尘器内部紊流气固两相流动进行了数值模拟 ,采用k ε紊流模型和壁面函数法模拟气相流动 ,采用双向耦合拉格朗日法追踪颗粒运动轨迹。对连续相速度和压力分布特征以及颗粒相运动轨迹进行了分析 ,得出了不同工况条件下的系统阻力和颗粒沉积量分布规律 ,对比分析了重力、布朗运动和紊流扩散作用对颗粒运动和沉积的影响     

Appraisal of three-dimensional numerical simulation for sub-micron particle deposition in a micro-porous ceramic filter

A computational, three-dimensional approach to investigate the behavior of diesel soot particles in the micro-channels of a wall-flow, porous-ceramic particulate filter is presented. Particle size examined is in the PM2.5 range. The flow field is simulated with a finite-volume Navier-Stokes solver and the Ergun equation is used to model the porous material. The permeability coefficients were obtained by fitting experimental data. Particle flow, dispersion, deposition and wall-particle interactions are investigated tracking large swarms of 2 and diameter particles in a Lagrangian frame of reference. Particle dynamics included rarefied gas hypotheses (the Knudsen number being larger than unity) and bounce/capture models based on impact kinetic energy loss. The influence of gas molecules-particle interaction on overall particle behavior is also examined by including Brownian motion and partial slip in particle equation of motion. Simulations help to highlight three-dimensional non-uniform particle deposition, mainly due to flow distribution in the micro-channel. All particles deposit onto the porous filter wall following the distribution of the through-wall velocity. The larger, , particles show a larger tendency to deposit at the end of the filter. Due to the flow contraction at the inlet, virtually no particle deposit in the inlet section of the filter. Reasons for the scarce influence on particle deposition due to particle-flow slip and Brownian motion are given.     

A Stochastic Model for Particle Deposition and Bounceoff

A new model for particle deposition and bounceoff that combines current knowledge of turbulent bursts with the stochastic properties of turbulent fluctuations is presented. The model predictions for deposition velocities agree with experimental results in the literature for dimensionless particle relaxation time τ_p ⁺ > 2. For τ_p ⁺ > 10, most of the particles delivered to the edge of the viscous sublayer are able to deposit onto the surface due to their inertia; the deposition velocity approaches an asymptotic value because the process becomes limited by the rate of turbulent delivery to the viscous sublayer. Because of the penetration of turbulent fluctuations into the viscous sublayer, the minimum values of vertical velocities needed for particles to deposit onto the surface are smaller than those predicted by the free flight model. Most of the deposition occurs from those turbulent fluctuations at the upper tail of the distribution of the vertical component of air velocity.

In addition to the deposition velocity, the model is able to provide the distribution of particle velocities on reaching the surface which is used to compute the fraction of particle bounceoff. The model predictions for the fractions of rebound agree reasonably with the measured results from a wind tunnel experiment for τ_p ⁺ > 2. However, both the deposition velocity and the fraction of rebound are underestimated by the model for τ_p ⁺ < 2. Other mechanisms such as Brownian diffusion must be included in further revisions to this model in order to obtain satisfactory predictions for smaller values of τ_p ⁺.     

Eulerian Model for Prediction of Particle Transport and Deposition in Turbulent Duct Flows with Thermophoresis

The Reynolds-averaged equations for turbulent particle population/transport in an Eulerian framework must be closed by specifying models for several terms: a turbophoretic force; a turbulent thermophoretic force; and a turbulent particle-diffusion term. In this article, new models are proposed for the turbophoretic term, as a particle-size dependent extrapolation of the corresponding turbulent fluid-velocity correlation, and for the turbulent thermophoretic term as an eddy-viscosity-scaled multiple of the corresponding mean thermophoretic term, appropriate for small low-inertia particles with τ⁺_p < 10. When the turbophoresis model is incorporated in a system of equations that describes particle motion within the surrounding fluid, it predicts particle deposition velocities that are in good agreement with experimental data over a range of particle sizes. When this equation system is included in a computational model to predict particle transport in turbulent pipe flows, the efficiency of particle deposition in pipes with upstream heating and downstream cooling is found to be in fair agreement with experimental measurements at two different Reynolds numbers, and over a range of particle sizes and temperature differences.

Copyright 2015 American Association for Aerosol Research     

Diffusional deposition of particles in a model alveolus

Particle deposition by Brownian diffusion in a lung model alveolus during breathing is studied numerically. The transient and steady-state fractional deposition are obtained for different particle sizes.     

A unified Eulerian theory of turbulent deposition to smooth and rough surfaces

This paper presents a simple, unified theory of deposition that is applicable for particles of any size, and reproduces very closely experimentally measured variation in deposition velocity with particle relaxation time. Apart from providing physical insight, the theory offers a simple, fast and reliable computational tool of practical use to aerosol engineers. The predictions are at least as accurate as the state-of-the-art particle-tracking calculations but require much less computational time. The theory includes the effects of thermophoresis, turbophoresis, electrostatic forces, gravity, lift force and surface roughness. The theory consists of writing the particle continuity and momentum conservation equations in their proper form and then performing Reynolds averaging. This procedure results in an expression for the particle flux which consists of three distinct terms for each of which a clear physical interpretation is available. The first term is a diffusive flux due to Brownian motion and turbulent fluctuation, the second is a diffusive flux due to temperature gradient (thermophoresis), and the third is a convective flux that arises primarily as an interaction between particle inertia and the inhomogeneity of the fluid turbulence field (turbophoresis). The lift force and electrostatic forces also contribute to this convective flux. It is shown that it is crucial to include the particle momentum equation in the analysis as this gives an estimate of the mentioned convective slip velocity of the particles. Absence of this equation in many previous studies which included only the particle continuity equation necessitated postulations such as stopping distance models. Only the dominant terms in the continuity and momentum equations are retained in the present analysis which give almost the same answer as with a calculation retaining all terms, but the former is more amenable to direct physical interpretation. The method of Reynolds averaging is general, and other effects not included in this study, e.g. pressure diffusion can easily be incorporated by including the appropriate forces in the particle momentum equation. The present study includes the effects of surface roughness, and the calculations show that the presence of small surface roughness even in the hydraulically smooth regime significantly enhances deposition especially of small particles. Thermophoresis can have equally strong effects, even with a modest temperature difference between the wall and the bulk fluid. For particles of the intermediate size range, turbophoresis, thermophoresis and roughness are all important contributors to the overall deposition rate.     

Effect of particle deposition on the reduction of water flux in reverse osmosis

The phenomenon of particle deposition from a liquid stream flowing inside a membrane duct was studied. The rate of particle deposition is determined by trajectory calculation. Deposition occurs if a particle trajectory intersects the membrane surface.The forces considered include the gravitational force, the drag force and the surface forces. The major contribution to particle deposition is due to radial flow. At low water flux, both Brownian and surface forces are important. Furthermore, with a repulsive double layer force, a barrier may be present near the membrane surface, which would limit particle deposition significantly. Comparison with experimental data on water flux reduction indicates that the analysis given in this work provides a useful framework which can be applied for the assessment of water flux reduction due to particle deposition.     

The dependence of particle deposition velocity on particle inertia in turbulent pipe flow

Recent measurements of particle deposition velocities on the walls of a pipe in turbulent flow (Liu and Agarwal, 1974) show a decline with increasing particle size beyond a critical particle size. A stochastic model of particle deposition is presented which explains this result. As in other models, the deposition process is composed of turbulent diffusion, together with inertial projection through the boundary layer; in this model, both processes are particle inertia dependent, in opposing ways. The observed decline is due to the increased fractional penetration of the boundary layer with increasing particle size being insufficient to compensate for the reduced rate of transport to that region.

A simple expression is given for the particle deposition velocity in terms of the r.m.s. velocity at that point and the fractional penetration of the boundary layer. The inertial dependence of the particle velocity is expressed in terms of the particle's response to the turbulent velocity fluctuations of its neighbouring fluid by relating the velocity spectral densities of the particle and fluid using a linear dimensionless form of the equation of motion of the particle. The fractional penetration of the boundary layer is based on Stokes' drag with a quiescent fluid.

The deposition profile shows good agreement with the experiments of Liu and Agarwal.