点焊熔核形成过程的有限元模型

介绍了模拟点焊熔核形成过程的轴对称电、热、力学有限元模型。提出了点焊过程导电、传热和力学行为之间耦合作用的模拟方法和接触电阻分析方法。模型中也考虑了焊机特性、随温度变化的材料性能以及各种边界冷却条件的影响。试验验证结果表明，数值模拟结果与实际吻合良好。该模型提供了一种有效的点焊过程理论分析手段。     

薄板点焊热过程的有限元分析

基于ANSYS有限元分析系统,建立用于点焊瞬态热过程分析的电热耦合有限元模型,考虑随温度变化的材料特 性参数、相变以及对流边界条件等,对点焊过程中的接触问题进行适当简化。通过对低碳钢薄板点焊过程的分析,得到 点焊接头的温度场及各部位的热历程,模拟了焊核形成过程,求得焊核及热影响区的形状和尺寸。     

薄板点焊瞬态温度场的有限元分析

本文基于ANSYS有限元分析系统,建立了用于点焊瞬态热过程分析的电热耦合有限元模型,考虑了随温度变化的材料特性参数、相变以及对流边界条件等,对点焊过程中的接触问题进行了适当简化.通过对低碳钢薄板点焊过程的分析,得到了点焊接头的温度场及各部位的热历程.     

电极深冷处理与铝合金点焊的铜铝合金化

进行了铝合金点焊电极的深冷处理实验，测试了深冷处理电极性能。分别对深冷处理电极和未深冷处理电极进行了铝合金点焊电极寿命试验，观测了铝合金点焊过程电极端面及焊点表面宏观形貌。在达到未深冷处理电极寿命时，测试了深冷处理和未深冷处理电极端面的显微硬度，采用X射线衍射方法对深冷处理和未深冷处理电极端面进行了分析。研究结果表明，深冷处理改善了电极的导电、导热等性能，使电极端面产热减少，降低了铝合金点焊过程的铜铝合金化倾向，提高了点焊过程深冷处理电极端面和焊点表面质量。     

异质金属Fe-Ni电阻点焊熔核形成过程三维数值模拟分析

介绍了异质金属Ｆｅ－Ｎｉ电阻点焊熔核形成过程的三维电、热学有限差分模型,提出了异质金属点焊过程导电、传热三维耦合作用的模拟方法、接触电阻分析方法和产热结构处理方法。模型中也考虑了随温度变化的材料性能以及各种边界冷却条件的影响,模拟过程分析了改善异质点焊接头的办法。数值模拟结果与实验吻合良好。该模型提供了一种有效的异质点焊过程理论的分析手段。     

铝合金点焊前期温度场特征的研究

铝合金点焊是一个高度非线性的力、热、电相耦合的复杂过程,其接触电阻同时具有分布上的随机性和变化上的高度非线性双重特征。在深入分析铝合金点焊电接触特点的基础上建立了一种新的接触电阻数学模型,并利用该模型对其点焊加热前期的温度场进行了数值模拟。结果表明,在通电的第一个1/4周波内,温度场分布极不均匀,电极的烧损与飞溅等缺陷主要发生在这一阶段;在第一个半波内,熔核已经基本形成;结果还表明,在铝合金的点焊中,电极的局部烧损与粘连是很难避免的。     

铝合金点焊过程的铜铝合金化研究

观测了LF2铝合金电阻点焊初期至达到电极寿命时焊点表面及Cr—Zr—Cu电极端面宏观形貌的连续变化过程。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)，对机加工状态及抛光处理的电极在点焊铝合金后进行了电极端面背散射分析，对机加工状态的电极在点焊铝合金后又进行了电极端面横向及纵向线扫描分析。采用X射线衍射仪，对沿电极轴向的3个不同电极端面进行了X射线衍射物相分析。结果表明，点焊初期，焊点表面即出现局部熔化及电极端面出现明显凹凸不平，电极端面的形貌及其尺寸发生变化，焊点表面成形质量恶化，电极端面加工状态对电极端面铜铝合金化影响不大，点焊过程电极端面存在较多铝，发生了铜铝合金化反应，合金化产物主要是铜铝金属间化合物(CuAl2)。     

基于MSC.NASTRAN的点焊模型及其比较分析

点焊是汽车车身结构常用的一种连接方式,为对这种结构进行有限元分析必须建立相应的点焊模型。本文介绍了MSC.NASTRAN中常用的3种点焊模型,并用一个例子说明了不同的点焊模型对分析结果的影响。     

粘接点焊技术及最佳工艺参数的研究

对粘接点焊接合技术的基本性能及其工艺条件进行了研究，采取一种简单的方法解决了结构胶接剂的导电性问题。在现有的条件下，根据拉剪试样的拉伸试验结果选择最佳的粘接剂，并通过正交试验确定最佳的点焊工艺参数。最后，与点焊接剪试件和粘接拉剪试件的静拉伸及疲劳试验结果进行比较分析，显示了粘接点焊技术的优越性。     

铝合金逆变点焊过程中预压阶段的有限元分析

预压接触分柝是进行点焊过程热电分析的基础,根据弹塑性理论和接触理论,针对点焊接头的几何特点和载荷加载特点建立了点焊预压阶段的轴对称有限元分析模型,并对预压接触行为进行数值模拟,分析了电极压力对预压接触行为的影响规律.     

Modeling small-scale resistance spot welding machine dynamics for process control

Electrode displacement is generally regarded as a variable that can provide real-time information useful for monitoring and controlling resistance spot welding (RSW) process quality. However, in small-scale RSW production, it is difficult to measure the displacement because its magnitude is very small. By contrast, force signals are relatively large and thus are less susceptible to measurement noise. In this article, an empirical model is proposed to simulate the dynamics of an SSRSW head with the objective of calculating electrode displacement from the variation of electrode clamping force measured during welding. The parameters in the model were determined by fitting experimental force and displacement signals with polynomials and then performing an optimization search for parameters of first-order dynamic models. To verify the models’ accuracy, they were subsequently applied to simulate the electrode displacement curves of welds with expulsion and without expulsion. The calculated displacement curves agreed well with experimental measurements, and the occurrence of expulsion was clearly indicated by the model predictions. A more comprehensive model is under construction with an objective to eliminate displacement sensor in the monitoring and control of SSRSW process.     

Finite element analysis with deformation behavior modeling of globular microstructure in forming process of semi-solid materials

The behavior of alloys in a semi-solid state depends on the imposed stress state and on the morphology of the phase which can vary from dendritic to globular microstructure. An estimation of characteristic behavior in a compression simulation with semi-solid materials (SSMs) is made using the finite element method (FEM) and a proposed, new stress–strain relationship formulation with a separation coefficient. The proposed theoretical models for the compression forming process involve simultaneous calculations performed with solid-phase deformation and the liquid-phase flow saturating the interstitial space. A simulation process considering solidification phenomena is implemented with non-isothermal conditions in two-dimensions. To analyze the compression process of SSMs, a new stress–strain relationship is described, and the compression analysis is performed by using a compressible visco-plastic model for the solid phase and Darcy’s law of fluid flow through a porous medium for the liquid phase. The validity of the proposed models is investigated by comparing the calculated results with experimental data for the relationship between engineering stress and true strain, and the distributions of solid fraction, temperature effective strain, etc., are calculated.     

不锈钢焊接温度场的三维无网格对称粒子法模拟

提出了模拟焊接温度场的无网格对称粒子法,编制了相应的计算程序。建立了不锈钢钨极氩弧焊的三维数值模型,应用无网格对称粒子法进行求解,得到了焊件的温度分布和焊接熔池的形状、尺寸,将模拟结果与有限元法的结果和试验结果进行对比,结果表明无网格对称粒子法与有限元法的精度相近,而前者的效率更高。建立并应用渐进变化的非均匀无网格粒子模型对焊接温度场进行了模拟,计算效率得到了进一步提高。在此基础上,研究了高斯热源模型和双椭球形热源模型对模拟结果的影响,数值结果表明基于后者能给出与试验更相符的熔池形状。     

True stress–strain analysis on weldment of heterogeneous tailor-welded blanks—a novel approach for forming simulation

This paper presents a novel experimental method of analysis to determine the tensile properties of weldment of the heterogeneous tailor-welded blank (TWB) and its base metal. A real-time microscopic recording system was developed to acquire the true stress–strain data of the weldment during tensile testing. Specially designed tensile specimens of the weldment were cut from the prepared stainless steel (AISI 304) TWBs with a thickness combination of 1 mm/1.2 mm. With the aid of a newly developed measurement system, the real-time deformation of laser-marked circular grids on the surface of the tensile specimens was captured. The deformation recorded made possible the determination of the stress and strain values of the weldment based on the assumption of plastic incompressibility. The accurately measured tensile data of the weldment is used to determine the localized necking based on the vertex theory. The localized necking criterion is implemented into a computer program, LS-DYNA, which is critical in the numerical simulation of the TWB forming. The simulation makes it possible accurate determination of the strain distributions in TWBs along the centerline perpendicular to the weldment. The predicted strain distributions were compared with those measured and found to be satisfactory, thus demonstrating the validity of the proposed experimental method to accurately determine the true stress–strain values of the weldment and the parent metals.     

Evaluation of fracture strength and material degradation for weldment of high temperature service steel using advanced small punch test

This paper presents an effective and reliable evaluation method for fracture strength and material degradation of the micro-structure of high temperature service steel weldment using advanced small punch (ASP) test developed from conventional small punch (CSP) test. For the purpose of the ASP test, a lower die with a minimized Φ1.5 mm diameter loading ball and an optimized deformation guide hole of Φ3 mm diameter were designed. The behaviors of fracture energy (E_sp), ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) and material degradation from the ASP test showed a definite dependency on the micro-structure of weldment. Results obtained from ASP test were compared and reviewed with results from CSP test, Charpy impact test, and hardness test. The utility and reliability of the proposed ASP test were verified by investigating fracture strength, behavior of DBTT, and fracture location of each micro-structure of steel weldment for test specimen in ASP test. It was observed that the fracture toughness in the micro-structure of FL + CGHAZ and ICHAZ decreased remarkably with increasing aging time. From studies of all micro-structures, it was observed that FGH AZ microstructure has the most excellent fracture toughness, and it showed absence of material degradation.     

焊接工艺参数对FGH96合金惯性摩擦焊过程材料塑性流动行为的影响

采用数值模拟方法对FGH96合金惯性摩擦焊过程进行分析,获得温度、轴向缩短量、材料流动与飞边四者之间的关系,着重研究初始转速与轴向压力等焊接工艺参数对材料塑性流动行为的影响规律。研究结果表明:在惯性摩擦焊初始阶段,材料温度与流动速度较低,无飞边产生;随着焊接过程的进行,材料的温度与流动速度呈现先升高后降低的规律;在焊接过程进入稳态后,摩擦面中心区域的材料主要沿试件的旋转方向流动,而摩擦面上两边界附近的材料向面外流动并形成飞边,飞边尺寸与弯曲程度随焊接时间的增加而增加。同时,随到摩擦面距离的增加,材料的流动速度逐渐降低且材料沿轴向流动的速度分量增大。结合FGH96合金惯性摩擦焊轴向缩短量的数值模拟结果,解释了从提高材料流动速度的幅度上看增加轴向压力优于初始转速的原因。     

基于声发射信号的铝合金点焊裂纹神经网络监测

铝合金热加工过程的冶金行为比较复杂,在电阻点焊快速加热和冷却条件下,极易产生裂纹缺陷。基于虚拟仪器技术,以Lab VIEW为软件平台,结合Matlab数值分析软件,构建了电阻点焊过程声发射信号采集分析及铝合金点焊裂纹监测系统。以2A12铝合金电阻点焊熔核冷却结晶过程,即点焊焊接循环维持阶段的声发射信号为研究对象,提取与声发射信号强度相关的振铃计数、能量、有效电压及5层小波分解125~250 k Hz频带能量系数4个特征参数作为输入矢量,裂纹作为输出矢量,建立3层BP神经网络铝合金点焊裂纹的监测模型,并利用测试样本对该模型进行验证。结果表明,裂纹监测的正确率达到89.1%,为监测铝合金电阻点焊裂纹提供了一种有效的方法。     

Analysis of transient temperature and residual thermal stresses in friction stir welding of aluminum alloy 6061-T6 via numerical simulation

Residual stress is lower in friction stir welding (FSW) compared with other melting weldment processes. This is due to being solid-state process in its nature. There are several advantages in utilizing stir welding process. Lower fluctuation and shrinkage in weldment metal-enhanced mechanical characteristics, less defects, and ability to weld certain metals otherwise impractical by other welding processes are to name just a few of these advantages. These have caused an ever increasing attention by the concerned to the process of FSW. In this investigation, three-dimensional numerical simulation of friction stir welding was concerned to study the impact of tool moving speed in relation with heat distribution as well as residual stress. Simulation was composed of two stages. Firstly, thermal behavior of the piece while undergoing the welding process was studied. Heat is generated due to the friction between tool and the piece being welded. In the second stage, attained thermal behavior of the piece from previous stage is considered as inlet heat of an elasto-plastic, thermo-mechanical model for the prediction of residual stress. Also, in the second stage, tool is eliminated and residual stress distribution is found after complete cooling of the piece and disassembly of the clamp. Material characteristic are introduced into the proposed model as temperature-dependent parameters. Obtained residual indicate that heat distribution along thickness varies and is asymmetrical enormously. Moreover, longitudinal residual stress in the weld which increases as speed of process and tool movement ascends. In the prediction of results of residual stress, only heat impact was studied. This was recognized as the main element causing minor difference in results obtained for simulation in comparison with that of actual experiment.     

筒形件强力内旋压有限元模拟

采用动态显式有限元程序LS DYNA3D对强力内旋压变形过程进行了数值模拟 ,并对有限元建模提出了一些自己的看法。分析了毛坯周向、轴向、径向的应力应变分布及变化过程 ,对强力内旋压变形过程建立了整体的认识。分析了工艺参数不合理时产生内表面裂纹的主要原因。