岩土工程的发展趋势与开发利用

岩土工程(Geotechnical engineering)是以土力学(Soil mechanics)、岩体力学(Rock mechanics)及工程地质学(Engineering geology)为理论基础,运用各种勘探测试技术对岩土体进行综合整治改造和利用而进行的系统性工作。这一学科在国外某些国家和地区被称为"大地工程"、"土力工程"或"土质工学"。本文简要回顾了岩土工程的发展历史,分析了岩土工程的概念,指出未来岩土工程的研究方向,展望了岩土工程的发展趋势。     

浅谈岩土工程勘察中存在问题及改进建议

岩土工程勘察的主要目的是为设计施工提供各类土的设计参数,其报告质量对工程的安全和造价起到重要作用。勘察成果的质量将直接影响建设项目的工程安全和工程造价。一份高质量的岩土工程勘察报告在满足相应规范的基础上,不仅要真实客观地反映勘察场地的地形、地貌、地层构造、地下水、岩上性质和不良地质现象等问题,更重要的是应该进行正确合理的岩土工程分析评价。提供合理可信的岩土工程参数和建议。本文对岩土工程勘察中的一些问题进行了阐述,提出了一些方法和建议。     

岩土工程勘察方法优化研究

岩土工程勘察工作研究的主要对象是地基和基础以及地下工程的关系。由于地基土是因地而异的,在接受一项岩土工程勘察任务时,必须明确该工程的主要技术问题是什么,需要解决哪些主要技术问题。文章从岩土工程勘察的方法出发,对岩土工程勘察存在的问题进行分析,并提出相应的工作方法和措施。     

个旧德政家园·云锡保障性住房工程地质勘察

本工程布置勘察工作量较为适度,并采用多种原位测试和室内试验手段,查明了岩土结构、地基土工程性能及土层波速等有关数据、地下水赋存条件以及水文地质参数,满足了设计和岩土分析评价的要求。勘察充分利用区域地质资料,对场地稳定性和建筑适宜性进行了评价,场地地基土属中硬土类型,为建筑抗震有利地段;场地及地基稳定性好,适宜修建高层住宅楼。     

对岩土工程反分析的研究

岩土工程作为土木工程中的一个重要分支,是土木工程中不可或缺的一部分。岩石工程是指土木工程中涉及到的岩石、地下水以及土的总称。岩土工程作为土木工程范畴的边缘学科,其发展的好坏将直接影响到土木工程的进展。而反分析的方法在岩土工程中占据着举足轻重的地位,因此,本文将在介绍反分析的定义、发展现状、存在的问题、反分析方法在岩土工程中的运用以及未来展望等等基础上对岩土工程反分析做一定的研究。     

论述某商住楼建筑工程地质勘察

本工程布置勘察工作量较为适度,并采用多种原位测试和室内试验手段,查明了岩土结构、地基土工程性能及波速等有关数据、地下水赋存条件以及水文地质参数,满足了设计和岩土分析评价的要求。本次勘察充分利用区域地质资料,对场地稳定性和建筑适宜性进行了评价,并对地震效应等进行了综合分析,场地地基土属中硬场地土类建筑场地,为建筑抗震有利地段;场地及地基稳定性好,适宜修建高层商住综合楼。     

刍议岩土工程勘察中特殊土质的解决措施

在岩土工程勘察施工中,特殊性土指自然界中具有特殊的物理、力学、化学性质,并影响工程地质条件的土。本文根据实际工作经验,总结介绍了几种特殊性土的勘察方法,以及勘察过程中的一些常见问题,并提出了相应的解决措施。     

浅谈渠道工程中"弹簧土"的预防和处理

由"弹簧土"的产生原因及工程特性出发,阐述"弹簧土"的危害,并介绍了实际工程中常用的预防措施和治理方法,最后以某工程为例,分析如何对"弹簧土"的处理方案进行选择.     

岩土工程岩溶、土洞以及软弱土层的判别处理

本文主要阐述了岩土工程岩溶、土洞以及软弱土层的判别原则和处理办法，旨在为岩土工作者提供有益的参考和借鉴，以促进岩土工程验槽技术专业化、标准化。     

岩土工程勘察常见问题探讨

岩土工程勘察工作研究的主要对象是地基和基础以及地下工程的关系。由于地基土是因地而异的,在接受一项岩土工程勘察任务时,必须明确该工程的主要技术矛盾是什么,需要解决哪些主要技术问题。本文仅就岩土工程勘察存在的问题进行分析,并就相应的强化措施进行探讨。     

Leather waste--potential threat to human health, and a new technology of its treatment

In this paper, the authors deal with the problem of processing various types of waste generated by leather industry, with special emphasis to chrome-tanned waste. The agent that makes this waste potentially hazardous is hexavalent chromium. Its compounds can have negative effects on human health and some CrVI salts are considered carcinogens. The authors present the risks of spontaneous oxidization of CrIII to CrVI in the open-air dumps as well as the possible risks of wearing bad quality shoes, in which the chromium content is not controlled. There are several ways of handling primary leather waste, but no satisfactory technology has been developed for the secondary waste (manipulation waste, e.g. leather scraps and used leather products). In this contribution, a new three-step hybrid technology of processing manipulation waste is presented and tested under laboratory, pilot-scale and industrial conditions. The filtrate can be used as a good quality NPK fertilizer. The solid product, titanium–chromium sludge, can serve as an inorganic pigment in glass and ceramic industry. Further, the authors propose selective collection of used leather products (e.g. old shoes), the hydrolysable parts of which can be also processed by the new hybrid technology.     

Impact of various leachate recirculation regimes on municipal solid waste degradation

Landfilled municipal solid waste can be treated by introducing leachate into the waste matrix. Increasing attention is being given to landfill leachate recirculation as a means for in situ leachate treatment and landfill stabilization. Landfills with leachate recirculation may be operated as municipal solid waste bioreactor treatment system rather than as a conventional waste dumping sites. In order to study the impact of various leachate recirculation regimes on municipal solid waste degradation, two landfill-simulating reactors, one with leachate recycle and one without, were constructed and placed at a constant room temperature (34 degrees C). Both reactors were filled with a municipal solid waste mixture representing the typical solid waste composition determined for the city of Istanbul. For the purpose of this experiment, leachate recirculation volume and frequency were changed periodically. This research showed that increased frequency of leachate recirculation accelerates the stabilization rate of waste matrix. About 2l of recirculated leachate and four times per week recirculation strategy were found to provide the highest degree of waste stabilization. Additionally, this research confirmed that leachate recirculation is a very feasible way for in situ leachate treatment.     

工业固体废弃物资源综合利用技术现状

工业固废的综合利用已经成为建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会的重要措施。详细介绍了近几年来我国工业固废产生和处理的总体情况;概括与总结了粉煤灰、炉渣、尾矿、副产石膏、赤泥以及煤矸石等几种总产生量较大、品种较为集中的大宗工业固废的利用现状;同时以煤矸石为例详细介绍了其综合利用概况以及产业化情况,特别是利用其制备高性能混凝土、新型耐火材料、新型功能材料等高值产品将是未来的重要发展方向;最后,展望了我国大宗工业固废资源化利用技术的发展趋势。     

Emission control with route optimization in solid waste collection process: A case study

Solid waste collection processes are usually carried out by using trucks with diesel engine. In solid waste collection process, the trucks emit to environment different emissions from its exhausts. For this reason, in solid waste collection process, it is necessary that route optimization should be performed in order to decrease the emissions. This study was performed in Trabzon City with 39 districts, a shortest path model was used in order to optimize solid waste collection/hauling processes to minimize emission. Unless it performs route optimization in solid waste collection/hauling process, emissions increase due to empty miles negativeness. A software was used as an optimization tool. The software provided Geographical Information System (GIS) elements such as numerical pathways, demographic distribution data, container distribution data and solid waste production data. In addition, thematic container layer was having 777 points for the entire city. By using the software, the optimized route was compared with the present route. If the optimized route in solid waste collection system is used, route distance and route time will be decreased by 24·6% and 44·3% as mean of nine routes, respectively. By performing the stationary container collection process and route optimization, it is determined that CO₂, NOx, HC, CO, PM emissions will be reduced 831·4, 12·8, 1·2, 0·4, 0·7 g per route, respectively.     

Research output analysis of municipal solid waste: a case study of China

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management in China draws particular attention as China has become the largest MSW generator in the world. The paper analyzed the growth and development of MSW research productivity in China in terms of publication output as reflected in science citation index for the period 1997–2011. The study revealed that the output of MSW research in China has rapidly increased over the 15 years in contrast with USA. Chinese authors contributed 730 publications out of which 708 were journal articles, 17 reviews, 3 editorial materials, 1 correction and 1 meeting abstract, from 421 institutions. About 13.70 % of publications were contributed by Chinese Academy of Sciences, followed by Tongji University, Shanghai (13.15) and Tsinghua University, Beijing (11.10 %). That impact factors of the top 20 journals publishing most papers were between 0.30 and 4.63. Leading 20 authors in the area of MSW research published at least 13 articles per person. The annual share of publications varied from 0.27 to 20.96 % per year. The share was highest in the year 2009 at 20.96 %. An analysis of the title-words showed that “landfill”, “incineration” and “management” were recent major topics of municipal solid waste research in China. The results could help researchers understand the characteristics of research output and search hot spots of MSW field in China.     

Evaluation of microbial stability of simulated solid and liquid waste forms using a refined biofilm formation method

A refined biofilm formation method was used to evaluate the stability of a simulated liquid waste form containing a simulated liquid waste (salts) and cement in three different proportions, and a simulated solid waste form containing a simulated solid waste (resin) and cement in three different proportions. The experimental samples of all the simulated liquid waste forms showed evidence of microbial growth on them after 3 days of evaluation as indicated by substantial increase in sulfate production, and exhibited considerable instability to microbial degradation as indicated by substantial leaching of calcium. The experimental samples of all the simulated solid waste forms showed evidence of inhibition of growth of Thiobacillus thiooxidans for about 18 days, after which the growth of the microbe became evident in two out of three. Within the growth inhibition period, the differences between experimental and control samples were minor. After the growth of T. thiooxidans became evident, comparatively higher degradations were observed for the experimental samples of the resin containing solid waste forms.     

Global trends of solid waste research from 1997 to 2011 by using bibliometric analysis

This study explores a bibliometric approach to quantitatively assessing current research trends on solid waste, by using the related literature published between 1997 and 2011 in journals of all the subject categories of the Science Citation Index. The articles acquired from such literature were concentrated on the general analysis by publication type and language, characteristics of articles outputs, country, subject categories and journals, and the frequency of title-words and keywords used. Over the past 15 years, there had been a notable growth trend in publication outputs, along with more participation of countries/territories. The seven major industrialized countries (G7) published the majority of the world articles, while their article share was being replacing by other countries represented by BRIC countries. An analysis of the title-words, author keywords and keywords plus showed that municipal solid waste and sludge were the major research types of solid wastes and “anaerobic digestion”, “wastewater” and “heavy metals” were recent major topics of solid waste research. Meanwhile, the analysis indicated the analysis technologies, represented by solid-phase extraction and tandem mass-spectrometry, were more and more widely used for solid waste research. Besides, life cycle assessment and health risk assessment were the most two frequently environmental assessment tools used for solid waste research in the 15-year research period.     

Greenhouse gases emissions from waste management practices using Life Cycle Inventory model

When exploring the correlation between municipal solid waste management and green house gas emission, the volume and physical composition of the waste matter must be taken into account. Due to differences in local environments and lifestyles the quantity and composition of waste often vary. This leads to differences in waste treatment methods and causes different volumes of greenhouse gases (GHGs), highlighting the need for local research. In this study the Life Cycle Inventory method was used with global warming indicator GHGs as the variables. By quantifying the data and adopting a region-based approach, this created a model of household MSWM in Taipei City, a metropolitan region in Taiwan. To allow analysis and comparison a compensatory system was then added to expand the system boundary. The results of the analysis indicated that out of all the solid waste management sub-models for a function unit, recycling was the most effective method for reducing GHG emissions while using kitchen food waste as swine feeding resulted in the most GHG emissions. As for the impact of waste collection vehicles on emissions, if the efficiency of transportation could be improved and energy consumption reduced, this will help solid waste management to achieve its goal of reducing GHG emissions.     

电厂灰渣库粉煤灰综合利用探讨

粉煤灰是燃煤电厂排出的固体废弃物,也是我国工业领域中排放量最大的固体工业废弃物.固体废弃物的直接抛弃或填埋,对环境造成污染和资源浪费,为节约资源、保护环境、发展循环经济,对局部地区电厂灰渣库粉煤灰有必要进行综合利用.     

Electroleaching and electrodeposition of zinc in a single-cell process for the treatment of solid waste

This work deals with zinc beneficiation of industrial solid waste by an electrochemical technique combining electroleaching and electrodeposition in a single-cell process. This technique is based on leaching of the solid waste by the protons generated at the anode and migration of the resulting ions toward the cathode where deposition takes place. A laboratory cell was built for testing the method. It consisted of three compartments, two electrode compartments and a solid waste chamber placed between these. Catholyte and anolyte were sulphuric/sulphate solutions at optimised concentrations. Experiments were first carried out using a zinc solution and an inert matrix in the central compartment, then using a synthetic waste prepared by dispersing zinc oxide in silicon dioxide. Best performance was obtained with treatment duration of 6h, at 4.5Adm(-2) and with catholyte circulation. In this case, a 97% of zinc oxide lixiviation and 75% of zinc-plated were achieved.