应力比对25Cr2Ni2MoV钢焊接接头近门槛值区疲劳裂纹扩展曲线转折点的影响

在常温下采用逐级降载法进行不同缺口位置、不同应力比下25Cr2Ni2Mo V钢焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展试验,研究疲劳裂纹扩展曲线上近门槛值区转折点的变化规律。结果表明,焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展曲线在近门槛值区内存在一个转折点,其对应的应力强度范围随应力比的增大而减小,其大小为疲劳门槛值的0.5~0.8。近门槛值区疲劳裂纹扩展转折点前后扩展曲线斜率发生变化表明裂纹扩展机理的改变,热影响区缺口处的转折行为对疲劳裂纹扩展影响较小。应力比R低于0.5时,循环塑性区尺寸总体接近于材料特征组织尺寸;应力比R高于0.5后,两者偏差加大。应力比低于0.5时转折点对应的循环塑性区尺寸同特征组织尺寸接近,驱动力由ΔK控制向Kmax主导的转变是引起转折点随应力比变化的原因。     

焊趾裂纹前沿扩展的动态数值仿真分析

采用半圆形表征焊趾初始表面裂纹,以应力强度因子幅值作为裂纹扩展的驱动力,基于NASGRO裂纹扩展速率模型,考虑应力强度因子幅值门槛值和断裂韧性的影响,研究了整个裂纹前沿的动态演变过程。揭示了复杂焊趾形貌处初始裂纹的位置对裂纹扩展模式的影响规律,得出不同扩展模式下的疲劳寿命分布;分析了裂纹前沿应力强度因子的分布状况以及其在不同方向上的分布特点。开展了十字焊接接头的疲劳对比试验,试验结果与仿真结果具有较好的一致性。     

2195铝锂合金火箭贮箱焊接接头强度分析

为确定火箭贮箱搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)焊接接头疲劳寿命,完成对贮箱结构的疲劳分析,对2195铝锂合金母材标准试件与搅拌摩擦焊焊接接头标准试验件进行静力试验与常幅疲劳试验,得出母材与FSW焊接接头的拉伸强度等力学性能参数,同时绘制其S-N曲线。在试验数据基础上,应用ABAQUS软件对贮箱进行静力分析,联合NCODE软件估算贮箱模型在给定工况载荷下的疲劳寿命。结果表明：应力最严重位置为筒段焊缝处,最先破坏位置发生在筒段横竖焊缝交接处。在疲劳寿命分析的基础上应用ABAQUS-FRANC3D软件联合仿真,在焊缝破坏位置处插入角裂纹,模拟三维裂纹扩展,当裂纹扩展为穿透裂纹时,计算终止。计算了三维表面裂纹的应力强度因子和裂纹扩展寿命,为贮箱损伤容限提供了评估思路。     

疲劳近门槛值区裂纹扩展模式变化的试验研究

利用扫描电镜观察疲劳门槛值区试样的裂纹表面形貌,研究了疲劳门槛值区裂纹扩展模式的分布,分析了裂纹扩展模式的变化对疲劳裂纹扩展速率da／dN的影响。结果表明,断口形貌存在面型断裂（沿晶或穿晶）（Faceted Fracture,FF）,面型断裂分数（Percentageof Faceted Fracture,PFF）最大值出现在循环塑性区尺寸接近原始奥氏体晶粒直径时。通过比较循环塑性区尺寸与晶粒尺寸,随着应力强度因子幅值AK的降低,裂纹先以辉纹型模式扩展,在PFF达到最大值后,裂纹以晶体学模式扩展。辉纹型模式扩展时,PFF的变化对da／dN影响不大;晶体学模式扩展时,由于FF诱发裂纹闭合,从而降低da／dN。     

航空发动机涡轮盘用GH4133B合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

材料的疲劳寿命由裂纹形成寿命和扩展寿命两部分组成。针对航空发动机涡轮盘用GH4133B合金,进行室温下不同应力比的疲劳裂纹扩展试验,测试疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值。Paris公式回归分析结果表明,裂纹扩展速率随应力强度因子和应力比的增大而增大,含门槛值的修正Paris公式能精确描述疲劳裂纹扩展行为。利用光学显微镜在线观测裂纹扩展路径,并利用扫描电镜考察试样断口微观形貌。结果发现,随应力强度因子增大,裂纹扩展路径由平直变得曲折。在疲劳裂纹萌生区、稳定扩展区和快速扩展区,断裂表面依次呈现为解理断裂、疲劳条带和沿晶韧窝混合断裂模式。基于断口反推理论反推载荷和裂纹扩展方程,结果表明,利用反推方程预测疲劳裂纹的扩展,可有效防范疲劳断裂的发生。     

焊接结构件疲劳裂纹扩展的数值研究

针对焊接结构件中出现地裂纹现象,建立塔式起重机起重臂有限元模型。采用有限元数值模拟,同时考虑残余应力的影响,计算QTZ40塔机起重臂下弦杆与水平腹杆焊接处在变幅小车满载和空载状态下,不同长度裂纹对应的应力强度因子,建立裂纹应力强度因子幅与裂纹长度的函数关系,进而估算塔机起重臂的疲劳寿命。结果表明:应力强度因子幅随裂纹长度的增加而增大,当裂纹长度到达某一值后,应力强度因子幅呈指数型加快形式,故采取有效措施防止裂纹的快速扩展,可提高结构的疲劳寿命。     

岸边集装箱装卸桥金属结构裂纹的诊断与控制

1断裂力学的裂纹扩展机理 断裂力学是研究具有初始缺陷的材料和结构强度的有力工具,它结合现代的无损探伤技术,能够克服传统研究方法中所表现出的弊端,如定量计入初始缺陷对疲劳寿命的影响,以裂纹的尺寸大小和裂纹的扩展速率作为结构损伤大小的判据,来判定剩余寿命和巡检周期等。裂纹尖端应力强度因子是这一方法的基础,在裂纹临界扩展阶段,当应力强度因子幅值△K小于门槛值△Kab时,裂纹扩展速率da／dN的对数和应力强度因子幅值△K的对数之间关系可用Paris公式描述。     

16MnR钢和TTStE36钢疲劳裂纹扩展速率对比试验研究

按ＧＢ６３９８－８６《金属材料疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验方法》对ＴＴＳｔＥ３６钢母材和焊缝进行了疲劳裂纹扩展试验。试验结果表明,在应力强度因子幅△Ｋ〉２０ＭＰａ后疲劳裂纹在焊缝区的焊缝区的扩展速率比在母材的大,但两者的差距并不是悬殊。并对ＴＴＳｔＥ３６钢、１６ＭｎＲ钢的疲劳裂纹扩展速率进行了比较,指出在对ＴＴＳｔＥ３６钢压力容器进行设计或疲劳断裂安全评定时,可直接采用考虑了安全系数的１６ＭｎＲ的ｄａ／ｄ     

汽车扭力梁加强板焊缝裂纹原因分析

汽车后扭力梁在四立柱耐久试验进行到规定里程近90%时,发现两处加强板和扭梁焊缝末端有明显裂纹。为找出裂纹产生原因,对两裂纹处进行了断口分析、化学成分分析和显微组织分析,并对该结构进行了仿真模拟受力分析。测试结果表明:一处裂纹起源于加强板和焊缝的未焊合处,另一处起源于加强板和焊缝的热影响区,焊缝裂纹的扩展属低应力疲劳扩展。扭力梁和加强板及焊缝的成分、显微组织、焊缝力学性能分析均满足设计要求;仿真分析表明,焊缝末端集中受力远低于屈服强度,存在未焊合缺陷并且服役应力小的区域先于其他服役受力大的区域先开裂。焊缝裂纹的根本原因是存在未焊合焊接缺陷,及焊接过程中的残余应力作用。     

TC21钛合金电子束焊接接头超高周疲劳行为研究

采用超声疲劳试验方法(20 k Hz),研究TC21钛合金电子束焊接接头的超高周疲劳性能与断裂机理。结果表明,TC21钛合金电子束焊接接头的疲劳性能要远低于母材的疲劳性能。在短寿命阶段,电子束焊接接头和母材的疲劳裂纹均在表面萌生;当寿命增大时,两者疲劳裂纹的萌生位置均由表面转向内部,母材的疲劳裂纹主要萌生于内部显微组织,而电子束焊接接头疲劳裂纹主要萌生于内部焊接气孔缺陷。当寿命较长时,疲劳源区会出现"鱼眼"形貌特征,源区附近有白色颗粒状细晶区,即细晶区(Fine granular area,FGA),其应力强度因子在2.90~3.33 MPa·m1/2,与疲劳寿命没有直接关系,可以认为是疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值。此外,基于AKINIWA小裂纹扩展理论,定量分析气孔尺寸与TC21焊接接头疲劳极限、疲劳应力的关系。     

Statistical aspects of fatigue crack growth life of base metal,weld metal and heat affected zone in FSWed 7075-T651 aluminum alloy

The statistical aspects of fatigue crack growth life of base metal (BM), weld metal (WM) and heat affected zone (HAZ) in friction stir welded (FSWed) 7075-T651 aluminum alloy has been studied by Weibull statistical analysis. The fatigue crack growth tests were performed at room temperature on ASTM standard CT specimens under three different constant stress intensity factor range controls. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of statistical aspects of fatigue crack growth life on stress intensity factor ranges and material properties, namely BM, WM and HAZ specimens. In this work, the Weibull distribution was employed to estimate the statistical aspects of fatigue crack growth life. The shape parameter of Weibull distribution for fatigue crack growth life was significantly affected by material properties and the stress intensity factor range. The scale parameter of WM specimen exhibited the lowest value at all stress intensity factor ranges.     

30Cr2Ni4MoV转子钢II型裂纹的疲劳扩展行为

材料疲劳裂纹扩展(Fatigue crack propagation,FCP)速率是表征材料抗疲劳破坏的重要力学性能指标,是对核反应堆工程、化工、航空、航天、高铁等关键工程进行结构完整性评价的重要依据。采用Arcan试样对30Cr2Ni4MoV转子钢的II型裂纹疲劳扩展行为进行研究,结合已有裂纹扩展方向预测准则对II型裂纹疲劳扩展方向进行预测,结果表明,最大周向应力准则可以较好地预测II型裂纹疲劳扩展方向。采用紧凑拉伸(Compact tension,CT)试样获取30Cr2Ni4MoV转子钢的I型裂纹疲劳扩展速率,对比I型裂纹和II型裂纹的疲劳扩展试验获得的FCP速率与J积分范围关系趋势,二者较为接近。针对30Cr2Ni4MoV转子钢,依据Arcan试样获得的II型裂纹疲劳扩展速率试验结果可用于结构裂纹扩展剩余寿命的预测。     

核电汽轮机转子在低周疲劳与高周疲劳交互作用下裂纹扩展寿命的研究

提出核电汽轮机转子在低周疲劳与高周疲劳交互作用下裂纹扩展寿命的计算与评定方法。介绍核电汽轮机转子的低周疲劳与高周疲劳的应力幅与应力范围、低周疲劳裂纹扩展寿命与高周疲劳扩展寿命的计算方法。给出了核电汽轮机转子在低周疲劳与高周疲劳交互作用下裂纹扩展日历寿命的计算与评定方法,以及1 000 MW级核电汽轮机焊接低压转子疲劳裂纹扩展日历寿命的计算与改进的应用实例。结果表明,高周疲劳对汽轮机转子疲劳裂纹扩展日历寿命有比较大的影响,新研制核电汽轮机的转子结构设计和在役核电汽轮机的转子安全性评定,需要评估转子在低周疲劳与高周疲劳交互作用下裂纹扩展 寿命。     

Effect of Lack of Penetration on the fatigue strength of high strength steel butt weld

Fatigue tests are performed to evaluate the fatigue strength of high strength steel containing partial penetration butt weld and full penetration butt weld. The influence of the unwelded ligament (Lack of Penetration) in the partial penetration welds on the fatigue life is analyzed for various LOP sizes. For full penetration welds, the fatigue crack initiated at the weld toe and propagated to the HAZ. For partial penetration welds, however, the fatigue cracks initiated at the LOP section and propagated to the weld metal (or weld toe) for the considered LOP sizes (from 2mm to 4mm) reducing the fatigue strength. Consequently, the increament of the LOP size yield in the fatigue life degradation by some extent.     

HG80钢及其焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展

为适应大型工程机械焊接用钢需要，对低合金高强度钢HG80及其焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展速率进行了研究。结果表明，疲劳裂纹扩展速率对钢板的轧制方向不敏感，焊缝及热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展速率明显低于基材。在排除焊接残余应力导致的裂纹闭合效应后，焊缝及热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展速率与基材相当。     

Environmental strength evaluation of welded steel joint in sea water

Corrosion fatigue crack growth behaviours were experimentally evaluated for the parent metal, as-welded and PWHT specimens of SM53B steel. Multi-pass welding was done by a submerged arc welder. Metallographic observations along the weld fusion boundary were made to investigate the variation of microstructures through the thickness direction. PWHT was carried out at 650°C with holding time of 1/4hr and 40hr. The corrosion fatigue test was conducted in 3.5% NaCl solution with the frequency of 3Hz. In all cases, crack growth in corrosive environment was faster than that of in air. Besides, at the low †K region, crack growth was greatly influenced by corrosive environment and the heat treatment condition.     

Fatigue strength depending on position of cracks for weldments

This is a study of fatigue strength of weld deposits with transverse cracks in plate up to 50 mm thick. It is concerned with the fatigue properties of welds already with transverse cracks. A previous study of transverse crack occurrence, location and microstructure in accordance with welding conditions was published in the Welding Journal (Lee et al., 1998). A fatigue crack develops as a result of stress concentration and extends with each load cycle until fatigue occurs, or until the cyclic loads are transferred to redundant members. The fatigue performance of a member is more dependent on the localized state of stress than the static strength of the base metal or the weld metal. Fatigue specimens were machined to have transverse cracks located on the surface and inside the specimen. Evaluation of fatigue strength depending on location of transverse cracks was then performed. When transverse cracks were propagated in a quarter-or half-circle shape, the specimen broke at low cycle in the presence of a surface crack. However, when the crack was inside the specimen, it propagated in a circular or elliptical shape and the specimen showed high fatigue strength, enough to reach the fatigue limit within tolerance of design stresses.     

Mechanical cyclic behaviour of 316L welded joint

To take into account the reduced fatigue strength of welded joints, a reduction factor on the fatigue curves was introduced into the RCC-MR French nuclear design and construction code. To better assess this factor, a previous work on large plates showed that the mechanical behaviour of a welded assembly is influenced by the geometry of the weld and by the interaction of the different cyclic plastic behaviour of the two materials: base metal (BM) and weld metal (WM). A new program was performed consisting in tests on butt welded pipe connections (4 points bending), fatigue tests on uniaxial specimens (uniaxial tensile-compressive load) and finite elements calculations. The uniaxial fatigue tests have been carried out on specimens extracted form a butt welded pipe connection manly at 600 °C. Some tests have been carried out at ambient temperature and have permit to realise some ESPI measurements to have a better knowledge of the strain gradients at some stage of the fatigue tests. But the use of ESPI sensor requires some experimental conditions which are hardly adaptable to real fatigue test conditions. Nevertheless, by using concurrently some classic extensometers sensors, new observations can be done on the fatigue specimens behaviour.     

核电汽轮机低压焊接转子模拟件接头高周疲劳性能研究

研究并对比了25Cr2Ni2MoV焊接转子模拟件埋弧焊和氩弧焊接头高周疲劳性能,发现氩弧焊接头高周疲劳性能优于埋弧焊接头高周疲劳性能。观察高周疲劳断口发现：埋弧焊接头高周疲劳裂纹启裂于气孔与夹杂物;而氩弧焊接头启裂于气孔。针对内部启裂源为气孔的情况,提出通过测量启裂区(不含启裂源)特征尺寸求得高周疲劳裂纹启裂速率的途径来评价高周疲劳性能。通过白光干涉形貌仪测量启裂区特征尺寸,发现埋弧焊接头高周疲劳裂纹启裂速率高于氩弧焊接头高周疲劳裂纹启裂速率,与实际高周疲劳性能测试结果一致。     

SPV490Q钢焊接接头在不同浓度硫化氢溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂行为

对SPV490Q钢焊接接头的楔形张开加载(WOL)预裂纹试样在不同浓度硫化氢溶液中进行了应力腐蚀试验,测定了焊缝的应力腐蚀临界应力强度因子KISCC和应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率da/dt。结果表明:随着H2S浓度的升高,SPV490Q钢焊缝的应力腐蚀临界应力强度因子KISCC下降,应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率da/dt增大,焊接接头的应力腐蚀抗力降低。