冲压模具设计两例

板料的冲压成形是靠凸模和凹模一对冲压副完成的,然而在设计模具时只要充分掌握工件的成形特点和要求,使工件的变形达到一定的成形要求就可以了,不一定要完全与工件形状一致。这样,可简化模具凹、凸模形状的设计,便于零件的制造加工。下面是我们具体应用的两个例子。     

基于变形均匀性的锻造模具形状优化设计方法

以直接设计预成形模具形状为目标,提出并建立了一种控制变形均匀性的灵敏度分析理论和模具形状优化设计方法。以任意单元的等效应变与所有单元的平均等效应变的差值的平方和作为目标函数,Ｂ样条曲线表示模具形状,Ｂ样条曲线控制点坐标作为优化设计变量,优化设计的目标是通过设计预成形模具形状使目标函数最小,即使整个工件的变形尽可能均匀。给出了目标函数的表达形式,详细推导了目标函数、单元等效应变率和单元各应变率分量对优化设计变量的灵敏度,给出了优化设计的步骤。应用该方法对圆柱体平模镦粗工艺进行预成形优化设计,给出了相应的优化设计结果,并提出了一种检验优化结果的变形均匀因子,优化与未优化结果的比较表明优化取得了良好的效果。     

非等温成形过程中的预锻模具形状优化设计

采用塑性有限元、灵敏度分析和工程优化算法相结合的方法,对非等温成形过程中预锻模具形状进行了优化设计。预锻模具形状采用三次B样条函数表示,B样条函数的控制点作为设计变量,通过优化预锻模具形状,可实现净形锻造,得到无飞边完全充满模腔的合格终锻件。给出了模具形状优化设计步骤,推导了速度灵敏度方程和温度灵敏度方程。最后以一轴对称圆盘锻造过程为例,对预锻模具形状进行了优化设计。     

基于ABAQUS的摩擦对拉深模具的影响研究

基于ABABQUS分析了一筒形件拉伸模具成型过程中受摩擦力作用的影响,通过各个分析步得出其工作部件的应力变化情况。结果表明,受摩擦力影响最大的位置分别在凹模圆角半径处,以及凹模端面与压边圈的相应部位处,该结果与理论分析的结果一致,从而验证了用ABAQUS对拉伸模具的摩擦分析进行模拟仿真的可行性。以不同凹模圆角半径为例,分析比较其对模具摩擦所造成的不同影响程度。利用有限元方法可以提高模具结构设计的合理性,降低模具成型过程中摩擦力的影响。     

双转辗弯曲模具设计

图1所示的承力隔架所用材料是Q235钢,料厚δ=2.0mm。这是一种典型的锐角U形件。成形该类零件的弯曲模通常有两种设计方法:一是采用斜楔式弯曲模结构,即由对称的两斜楔推动凸模水平移动,同时对工件的两侧边进行弯曲成形,这种模具结构复杂,且要求较大的工作台面尺寸;二是采用摆动式弯曲模结构,如双转辊弯曲模,此模具结构紧凑,弯曲成形力大,可以高效优质地弯曲90°或锐角U形件。 1.模具结构 承力隔架的弯曲成形采用图2所示的双转辊弯曲模。该模具采用导柱导套式的标准模架,凸模6和凹模8共同完成工件两侧边的弯曲成形;弹簧13为凹模8回复到起始位置提供拉力;定位板7和限     

用三次样条函数拟合模具型腔廓线

用样条函数拟合曲线具有型值点个数不受限制,保证曲线光滑,便于模具型腔曲线分析等优点。因此,这里采用三次样条函数拟合曲线构造模具型腔廓线,其型值点由已有模具型腔测得。然后分析构造出模具型腔廓线的成形规律,使型腔表面缺损处可获得精确的修正。     

基于粒子群算法的冷挤压模具结构参数优化设计

针对石油射孔弹挤压件,对一次挤压成形和先预挤压再终成形两种工艺进行了对比,确定了合理的工艺方案,模具结构采用预应力挤压组合凹模。采用拉丁超立方方法,分别对预挤压和终成形的组合凹模的径向直径比和过盈系数进行了抽样,应用有限元方法对抽样所得的不同结构进行数值模拟,将所得模拟结果作为响应,建立等效应力与组合凹模结构参数的Kriging模型。以降低凹模内壁最大等效应力为优化目标,分别对预挤压和终成形两个阶段的组合凹模结构参数进行了优化分析。应用Kriging模型结合粒子群算法,在结构参数的变量空间内进行全局寻优,得到了各组合凹模最佳的径向直径比和过盈系数,确定出优化的组合凹模结构尺寸,为该挤压组合凹模的设计提供了定量的优化依据。     

弧齿锥齿轮塑性成形工艺研究

针对弧齿锥齿轮开式模具存在的问题,提出了弧齿锥齿轮闭式挤压新工艺及其模具结构,该模具采用浮动凹模和浮动凸模结构,工件在2个凹模和2个凸模形成的封闭模腔中成形,生产的工件无飞边。工艺试验表明,新工艺可显著降低挤压变形力、材料消耗和生产成本,提高模具寿命和生产效率。     

铝合金与静音钢异种材料匹配无铆钉铆接成形特性

无铆钉铆接以其无热入、自动化程度高等优势成为异种材料连接的重要手段之一,已在汽车工业得到广泛应用。通过实验方法,研究了铝合金与静音钢这一特殊异种材料匹配的无铆钉铆接接头成形机理。结合成形过程力-位移曲线和接头各阶段断面宏观形貌,将无铆钉铆接接头成形过程分为三个阶段,并具体分析了接头形貌特征的演化规律,得到了特定模具匹配下的最优压入深度参数。通过不同模具匹配实验,研究了凸模铆头直径和凹模沉孔深度对接头几何形貌的影响规律,为工艺优化提供借鉴。     

采用波形端面凸模的齿轮精锻工艺优化

采用数值模拟和物理试验相结合的方法，对直齿轮精锻工艺进行了分析。试验结果既说明此工艺方案可行，也验证了数值模拟的可靠性，为该工艺方案的优化设计奠定了基础。结合正交试验设计方法和数值模拟技术，以分流角、凸模成形角、反向凸模成形角和分流距4个模具设计的关键参数作为设计变量，以成形时所需工作载荷最小为优化目标，对工艺方案进行了优化。最后引入浮动凹模设计的思想，模拟了采用浮动凹模结构的优化方案的成形过程，采用浮动凹模的优化方案与传统方案和优化方案的模拟结果的对比分析发现，采用浮动凹模可以进一步降低工作载荷。     

Wear at the die radius in sheet metal stamping

In sheet metal stamping, it is known that wear is unevenly distributed over the die radius and that multiple wear mechanisms may occur simultaneously. However, there has been little or no work that details the types of wear mechanisms, and quantifies the locations at which they occur. Furthermore, the link between recently identified time-dependent contact conditions and the wear response is currently unknown. An experimental study is presented in this paper to examine the location, type and severity of wear that occurs over the die radius during a typical sheet metal stamping process. It is found that the wear over the die radius consists of a combination of ploughing and galling mechanisms. The relative severity of the ploughing mechanism is divided into two distinct zones on the die radius, which correlate well with the contact pressure and sliding distance behavior predicted in our recently published numerical study. The galling mechanism results in failure of the stamping process and is, therefore, critical to the overall tool wear response. Our analysis indicates that the severe contact pressure/small sliding distance conditions, which occur during the initial stage of the process, cause the galling behavior observed over the radius. Therefore, it is concluded that the overall tool wear response and tool life is primarily dependent on the initial transient stage of the stamping process.     

Galling initiation due to frictional heating

The lifetime of sheet metal forming (SMF) tools is often limited by galling, a wear type that affects the surface quality of the products and the lifetime of SMF tools. Since SMF tools represent high economical value, it is clear that improvement and prediction of tool life is of high industrial importance. Therefore, models are required that can predict friction and wear related phenomena in SMF-processes, in particular galling. This paper demonstrates the application of a wear model, which is able to predict the initiation of galling in lubricated sheet metal forming processes, to laboratory results gained with the TNO slider-on-sheet tribometer. Experiments are conducted with different (coated) tool surfaces, in sliding contact with stainless steel sheet, using two lubricants. By comparing the critical temperature of the generated boundary layer with the flash temperature at the interface of the sheet and individual tool summits, it is possible to predict whether or not galling initiation will occur. It is shown that the laboratory results are in good agreement with the predicted results of the presented wear model. Galling initiation in lubricated sheet metal forming processes, can be avoided by the application of smooth tool surfaces with enhanced thermal conductivity and lubricants which form boundary layers with a high critical temperature.     

C形板预应力组合框架的预紧梁形状优化

针对某模锻液压机的1∶30模型,采用平面有限元分析模型将预紧梁与C形板接触的表面简化为一轮廓型线,进而将预紧梁表面形状优化问题简化为轮廓型线优化问题。分别以三次样条曲线、圆弧曲线和B样条曲线为目标曲线,应用序列二次规划法并借助于有限元分析软件对曲线的参数进行了优化。根据优化结果制作了不同表面形状的预紧梁,将其应用于该模锻液压机1∶30预应力组合框架实验装置并对预紧工况下的应力状态进行了测试。与测试结果比较,模拟结果的平均差值为9.87MPa,相对偏差的平均值为18.1%。测试结果与模拟分析结果均表明,以优化轮廓型线制作的曲面预紧梁,可不同程度地改善采用平面预紧梁时C形板与预紧梁接触区域的局部高应力现象。     

热电偶特性曲线样条函数拟合的优化

介绍了优化的三次样条插值原理及对热电偶特性曲线的插值拟合应用。通过对样条函数三次非线性的分析，求算出优化的插值节点间距，并利用非等距最小二乘样条插值来拟合特性曲线，通过插值节点的不断调整以优化插值，使拟合精度提高。利用拟合结果，只需各三次的乘法与加法的运算量，普通微处理器就可实现优化的三次样条插值。     

自由曲线轮廓加工的圆弧样条刀具路径研究

给出了一种平面曲线轮廓的圆弧样条拟合及刀具路径生成算法，该算法面向零件轮廓的光顺性刀具路径生成，通过应用曲线的曲率关系，对以NURBS表示的被拟合自由曲线按参数递增的方向用G^1连续的圆弧或直线段逐段拟舍，并生成相应的圆弧样条刀具路径，从而实现零件曲线轮廓表面的光顺加工。实例计算和分析结果证明了该算法具有计算稳定性好、计算效率高的优点，易于在数控加工中实现。     

基于修正Archard磨损理论的挤压模具磨损分析

基于修正的Archard磨损理论,应用有限元数值模拟软件计算模具挤压成形阶段每个节点的瞬时温度、压力和速度场,以此计算锥形和弧形两种挤压模具型腔的磨损。计算结果表明:挤压模具磨损集中在入口,弧形凹模磨损较锥形凹模磨损大,但弧形凹模磨损均匀,模具寿命较高。磨损计算结果与实际情况较吻合,为预测模具寿命和优化模具型腔奠定了基础。     

A study on cubic boron nitride (CBN) milling of hardened cast iron for productive and quality manufacturing of machine tool structural components

To improve efficiency and cost performance of cast iron machine tool component fabrication, an alternative process must be developed in order to replace the grinding process, which often causes a bottleneck in production. As an alternative manufacturing approach, this research applies cubic boron nitride (CBN) hard milling operations to eliminate the grinding process in order to improve the overall manufacturing process. A variety of hardened cast iron materials with Al and Mg additives and CBN tool types were prepared and tested based on a design of experimentation (DOE) to observe their effect on surface quality and tool life. Al and Mg were added to raw cast iron to achieve generation of oxide layers at the cutting edge during milling to protect the tool from wear. By executing the DOE, the optimal cutting conditions for achieving the best surface quality were introduced. Also, additional machinability tests were conducted with the optimal conditions in order to evaluate tool wear characteristics and surface quality of the machined workpieces. Based on the observation of the used tool by electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA), a protective oxide layer of additives was observed at the cutting edge. Hardened cast iron with Al and Mg additives is found to show preferable wear and surface quality characteristics.     

凸轮位移数据的数学处理及误差分析

分别对凸轮轮廓曲线的实测位移数据应用三次样条插值和多项式最小二乘拟合两种处理方法进行处理，并对两种数学处理方法的误差进行分析，结果证明：仿制凸轮时对凸轮轮廓曲线的实测位移数据采用多项式最小二乘拟合方法比三次样条插值处理更为合理，利用多项式最小二乘法进行曲线拟合得到的类加速度曲线的光滑程度明显优于用三次样条插值得到的类加速度曲线。     

基于插补的三维网络曲面的一种光顺方法

常常要通过控制网格曲面片和控制点的法线来产生光滑、视角效果佳的多分辨率曲面.通过应用分段光滑Hermite样条曲线,为曲面网格的所有边界构造分段光滑样条曲线;然后,在初始网格上对边界进行采样,通过插补,非均匀构造分段三次Hermite样条的近似网格,并将原始曲面网格细分成多分辨率的曲面.提出了一种基于插补的、由低分辨率网格曲面产生多分辨率网格曲面的方法.