一种圆柱度测量基准的误差分离方法

通过对主轴回转误差运动的分析，结合三点法圆度误差分离技术，提出了一种完全分离圆柱度测量基准误差的分离方法，即利用主轴回转轴线平均线、测量传感器及直行导轨之间的空间位置关系，建立相应的坐标系，在分离出被测截面圆度误差、最小二乘圆心初始坐标的基础上，完整地分离出影响圆柱度精密测量的径向回转运动误差和导轨的直行运动误差。该技术不仅可以消除测量基准误差对圆柱度测量精度的影响，还可以实现主轴回转误差、导轨直线度以及导轨对主轴平行度误差的精密测量，对高精度误差补偿加工和机床的精度检验也具有重要意义。     

机床导轨对主轴回转轴线平行度的精密测量

机床导轨与主轴回转轴线之间的平行度是影响机床加工精度的重要因素．也是影响测量圆柱度测量精度的主要因素。提出了一种完全分离机床导轨与回转轴线平行度的新方法。即以主轴平均回转轴线为坐标轴所建立的绝对坐标系内，利用三点法圆度误差分离技术。通过分离各截面的圆度误差及回转误差，结合绝对坐标系与各截面测量坐标系的关系。计算出在绝对坐标系的两个坐标平面内直行导轨上对应点与主轴平均回转轴线的关系。从而实现导轨与回转轴线平行度的精密测量。     

圆柱体临床测量及其直线性误差补偿

本文在圆度误差分离的基础上进一步提出了圆柱体临床测量及其直线性误差的补偿法。用三点法误差分离法将圆度误差与回转误差分离开,由回转误差运动又可求得回转中心。在此基础上本文证明了圆柱体在作平面运动和微小角运动的情况下各截面的回转中心的连线是空间的一根固定直线,并进而定义它为回转轴线。由于圆柱体临床测量中必然会引入轴向运动误差,因此要测得真实的圆柱体形状就必须消除这一误差的影响。本文在以上理论的基础上提出了一种直线性误差的补偿方法,从而能较可靠地测得工件的实际形状。更有意义的是,用这种方法可以同时测得工作台轴向运动所引入的误差。     

圆柱表面重构基准的曲线拟合提纯法

提出了一种新的重构基准提取方法一曲线拟合法,即采用分离出的回转误差运动中一阶谐波分量代替偏心误差运动。试验表明,该方法是可行的,有效地解决了圆柱度测量中重构基准难以确定的问题。     

精密圆柱形貌重构及三维显示方法

利用三点法圆柱度误差分离技术得到截面圆度误差、截面最小二乘圆圆心位置、截面半径差,从而得到了圆柱形貌重构所需的圆柱表面被测点的坐标,对精密圆柱形貌进行了重构。在C++Builder环境下,采用OpenGL三维图形编程语言实现了圆柱表面形貌的三维显示,并在渲染过程中应用颜色表示圆柱误差的分布、大小,使得圆柱形貌更逼真、更易于观测和评价。     

圆柱体零件圆度与圆柱度非接触测量系统

圆度和圆柱度是圆柱体零件的重要检测项目.针对目前圆柱体零件圆度与圆柱度采用人工接触式测量,存在效率低、精度差、易损伤零件等缺点,设计了基于激光位移传感器的圆柱体零件圆度与圆柱度非接触测量系统.这一测量系统基于误差分离技术,利用标准球和标准环规测量,分离出偏心误差、回转运动误差、导轨误差,进而提高检测精度.通过自律验证法,基于这一测量系统对不同圆柱体零件进行多组对比检测试验.试验结果表明,这一测量系统检测精度达到10 μm,可以实现圆柱体零件圆度和圆柱度的检测,提高检测效率和检测质量.     

大工件高精度内孔圆柱度的自动测量方法研究

针对非回转体类大尺寸工件的高精度内孔圆柱度测量难题,提出一种新的测量方法。通过对圆柱度误差的评定方法和采点方式的分析对比,确定比对式接触测量方式。以卫星观测跟踪支架为例,确定测量点提取方案采用鸟笼法,评价方法采用最大内接圆柱法,圆柱度测头采用高精度传感器3个截面布置,每个截面圆周均布8个传感器方式,高精度驱动机构带动测头进入内孔自动完成测量,通过圆柱度的软件算法自动计算出圆柱度,并分析测量结果,其测量误差符合测量仪器的最大允许误差为工件公差的1/10原则,测量结果完全符合工件的精度要求。整体测量方案集成三坐标测量机和圆柱度测量专机,实现整个工件的自动化智能检测。     

形位误差测量的误差分析

分析了影响形位误差测量精度的各种误差因素,指出回转精度是测量仪器最重要的精度指标,轴向导轨直线度误差将影响被测工件圆柱度误差和素线直线度误差的测量精度,轴向导轨对回转轴线的平行度误差主要影响圆柱度误差评定结果,工件安装误差对测量结果的影响可以忽略。     

基于误差分离的圆柱度仪研发

介绍了圆柱度测量仪的仪器结构、运动控制、数据采集以及误差分离重构过程。运用三点法圆柱度误差分离技术,结合模板滤波与最小二乘圆心提纯技术,解算出精确的圆柱表面形状误差与所有测点的位置坐标,消除了被测件安装偏心对测量结果的影响,又利用OpenGL图形技术对圆柱形貌进行了重构及三维显示,并进行了试验验证。     

用轴线转换法求圆柱度误差

本文提出的数据处理方法,是在测量轴线直线度和圆跳动(或圆度)的基础上,通过对实际轴线进行转换,确定其理想轴线,并按最小条件来评定圆柱度误差。一、原理简述设被测零件如图1所示,O—O连线为测量回转轴线,F_A、F_C及F_B分别为零件两端及中间三个截面的轮廓。由于实际轴线可能有弯曲、扭曲和各截面不相同的形状误差,三个截面轮廓的实际圆心都不一定和     

Precision modeling of form errors for cylindricity evaluation using genetic algorithms

A heuristic approach is proposed in this paper to model form errors for cylindricity evaluation using genetic algorithms (GAs). The proposed GAs method shows good flexibility and excellent performance in evaluating the engineering surfaces via measurement data involved with randomness and uncertainty. The numerical-oriented genetic operator is used as a basic representation for error modeling in the paper. The theoretical basis for the proposed Gas-based cylindricity evaluation algorithms is first presented. The performance of the method under various combinations of parameters and the precision improvement on the evaluation of cylindricity are carefully analyzed. One numerical example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and to compare the Gas-based modeling results with those obtained by the least-squares method. Numerical results indicate that the proposed GAs method does provide better accuracy on cylindricity evaluation. The method can also be extended for solving difficult form error minimization and profile evaluation problems of various geometric parts in engineering metrology.     

误差均化的拼接技术

利用相关拼接技术实现光学波面检测,可以用较小的测量口径实现较大面积的测量,并保持高的测量精度、高的空间分辨率和系统的低成本.获得高精度的子孔径波面分布和有效的拼接方法是这一技术的关键.最简单的两两拼接的方法由于在拼接过程中存在误差积累,对全孔径拼接精度有很大的影响.采用误差均化的拼接方法,要求所有拼接区中相差值的平方和同时达到最小.从本质上看,这是一种并行算法.给出了在平面直角坐标系下误差均化拼接的数学模型和求解方法,进行了计算机仿真.结果证明该方法是切实有效的.     

基于激光三维扫描的人体特征尺寸测量

提出了一种利用三维人体点云数据测量人体关键尺寸的方法。应用线结构光激光三维扫描仪对特定站姿的人体进行扫描,获得完整三维人体点云。根据人体视线和脚尖的同向性及两腿的自然分开特征,对点云进行方位调整,使人体朝向z轴正方向。利用手动删除和最大连通域删除相结合删除噪声点。确定人体的6个特征点和20个特征平面,分别应用对应截面y坐标差值法测量长度尺寸,凸壳法测量截面周长,测量了34个人体关键长度和周长,对影响测量精度的因素进行了分析。结果表明,典型尺寸测量误差小于3%,可满足人类工效学等领域快速测量人体特征尺寸的要求。     

直角坐标系下计算圆柱度误差的一种实用算法

建立了采样数据为直角坐标值、坐标原点可以任意选取、各离散采样点之间也不要求为等角度间隔情况下，圆柱度误差评定的最小二乘数学模型。通过精度分析，证明该模型具有理论的正确性与实际的可行性。     

Method for cylindricity error evaluation using Geometry Optimization Searching Algorithm

According to the geometrical characteristics of cylindricity error, a method for cylindricity error evaluation using Geometry Optimization Searching Algorithm (GOSA) has been presented. The optimization method and linearization method and uniform sampling could not adopt in the algorithm. The principle of the algorithm is that a hexagon are collocated based on the reference points in the starting and the end measured section respectively, the radius value of all the measured points are calculated by the line between the vertexes of the hexagon in the starting and the end measured section as the ideal axes, the cylindricity error value of corresponding evaluation method (include minimum zone cylinder method (MZC), minimum circumscribed cylinder method (MCC) and maximum inscribed cylinder method (MIC)) are obtained according to compare, judgment and arranged hexagon repeatedly. The principle and step of using the algorithm to solve the cylindricity error is detailed described and the mathematical formula and program flowchart are given. The experimental results show that the cylindricity error can be evaluated effectively and exactly using this algorithm.     

A cross-target-based accurate calibration method of binocular stereo systems with large-scale field-of-view

This paper presents an accurate calibration method of binocular 3D measurement systems for industrial on-site inspection, which uses a cross target with ring coded points. The cross target can be used to calibrate large-scale field-of-view stereo measurement systems and obtain higher measurement precision conveniently. The world coordinates of these ring coded points are not required. All we need is the distance of two ring coded points as a scale. A new calibration model with 10 distortion parameters for each camera is proposed. The calibration initial values are computed using the relative orientation method and the Direct Linear Transform (DLT) method of photogrammetry. The bundle adjustment algorithm is used to optimize the calibration parameters as well as the 3D coordinates of the ring coded points. Experiment results show that the RMS error of the reprojection in our method is less than 0.05 pixels and the measurement error is 0.011 mm compared with the Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM).     

柴油机连杆加工误差综合检测装置设计

介绍了一种柴油机连杆加工误差综合检测装置,它能对不同型号的连杆的尺寸、形状和位置精度进行高精度的自动检测.介绍了检测装置的结构,检测原理和检测方法,建立了评定各项误差的数学模型.由计算机程序软件按选定的误差评定方法对实时采集的数据进行分析处理,实现了连杆的中心距、平行度、垂直度、圆柱度误差的计算机辅助智能检测.     

Cylindricity modeling and tolerance analysis for cylindrical components

The circular and cylindrical features are fundamental geometric features in machines. Cylindricity error affects the fitting conditions of cylindrical components and impacts the performance of the precision products. In this paper, the cylindricity error was modeled using L-F functions and evaluated by particle swarm optimization algorithm. Then the contact method is developed to determine the position accuracy through the virtual assembling of the bore and shaft using Monte Carlo simulation. The effects of the cylindricity error and the number of lobes on the position error were analyzed in detail. The results indicate that the cylindricity error has more significant influence on the position accuracy between the cylindrical parts than the roundness error. Using the suggested method in the paper, the position accuracy can be rapidly predicted after the design tolerances are allocated or the geometrical errors are measured on manufactured parts.     

基于Labview的圆柱度误差测量软件设计

圆柱度误差是评价轴类零件表面形状误差的重要指标,决定着回转部件的回转精度,还影响零件的振动、噪声及使用寿命。首先建立评定圆柱度误差的数学模型,然后利用步进迭代法对最小区域评定进行优化,最后基于Labview开发平台设计出了圆柱度误差测量软件。测试结果表明,该软件能满足测量精度,人机界面友好。