基于Web Service的电力多Agent广域协作平台初探

针对电力各种异构子系统在不同层次进行广域协作和共享信息的需求，提出了一种将Web Service和代理（Agent）技术相结合的电力多Agent广域协作平台。首先给出广域协作模型，分析所构建平台的框架工作原理和特点，阐述协作Agent的设计模式、Web组件的设计、基于业务事件的协商机制等关键技术。通过广域后备保护原型系统的设计与实现，验证该平台能保证广域协作的双向快速通信和系统的智能性。     

遵循IEC 61850标准的广域电流差动保护IED

应用多点信息的广域继电保护已经成为当前继电保护领域研究的热点,IEC 61850系列标准的颁布使广域继电保护应用于现场成为可能。文中以广域电流差动保护智能电子设备（IED）为例,借鉴IEC 61850功能分层结构、统一对象建模和抽象通信服务接口的特点,对其进行了建模,扩展了广域电流差动保护新逻辑节点,实现了各IED之间的互操作性。对广域电流差动保护IED的硬件实现进行了设计,采用插件式的硬件构成,阐述了逻辑设备与硬件插件间的一一映射关系。     

基于IEC 61850标准的变电站二次系统精细化管理探讨

为了提高变电站二次系统的设计与管理水平,研究了基于IEC 61850标准的数字化变电站二次系统精细化管理模型。信息流与镜像逻辑节点、合理通信网络、保护实现方式等影响着系统的运行,成为精细化管理的对象。文中设计了相关数据库,对信息流、虚拟输入/输出量、网络拓扑连接、虚拟局域网（VLAN）与多播组、镜像节点等进行信息管理。以某实际变电站为例进行了系统与网络的规划设计,对多种功能应用进行分析,提出了实现精细化管理的建议,是对变电站二次系统设计的有益补充与完善。     

快速后备保护研究

电力系统继电保护中后备保护按阶梯形配置整定，必然带来主干电网和发电厂后备保护动作时间太长、影响电网安全的问题。提出建立一种新的快速后备保护系统的思想，描述了变电站快速后备保护系统的结构和运行原理，建立了动作逻辑方程式。采用文中所述方法，变电站后备保护动作时间将小于1 s，从而可大大缩短整个电网的后备保护动作时间。     

基于IEC 61850的保护功能交互模型

为了更好地实现基于IEC 61850的分布式功能的标准化设计、促进系统的工程实施，需要对保护功能在智能电子设备（IED）之间、IED内部逻辑节点（LN）之间的交互关系进行严谨的描述。文中为IED的交互过程构建了一个较统一的功能模型，阐述IED之间、IED内部LN之间的交互类型，采用扩展协作图和时序图分别刻画分布式保护功能下各LN之间的协作和时序关系，设计了IED的软件结构，为互操作测试实验提供了一定的参考。     

基于面向Agent Petri网的广域后备保护建模与分析

提出一种面向Agent Petri网改进型模型，给出了该Petri网模型的一般性结构、网络的形式化描述和结构特性属性的定义及其定理，将Agent的自治性、协作性、容错性在模型中予以具体的表达。针对一种广域后备保护算法为其建立较精确的面向Agent Petri网模型，对其进行 L3 -活性和多Agent动态行为跟踪有效性的分析。通过算例分析了电力系统发生故障时Petri网的推理过程，验证了所构建的多Agent Petri网模型的正确性和有效性，能较好地构造广域后备保护分布式系统的内部结构和活动，有效地跟踪系统的动态行为，使得广域后备保护系统的设计更加系统化。     

基于二维节点控制的馈线后备保护原理

从实现复杂配电网的区域性故障快速识别及保护的角度，提出了一种基于二维拓扑关系的面向具有特殊保护功能的配电终端（配电网控制节点）的馈线快速保护新原理的后备保护，这种面向二维平面节点控制的馈线后备保护方案，针对故障处理中通信报文丢失的情况，采用保守措施切除故障，实现馈线快速保护的后备保护。给出了该后备保护多种动作情况的分析结果。     

基于遗传算法的区域电网智能保护

通过对广域保护应用基础研究，提出一种利用区域电网信息的智能保护系统，与现有主保护协同工作，加强电网继电保护水平，简化后备保护。同时，针对广域信息采集易受干扰而出现信息丢失或畸变等实际问题，以及现有广域保护原理对此考虑不足的情况，提出了包括基于状态关联的区域保护原理与基于遗传算法故障判别原理的区域电网智能保护的决策模块及其工作机制。建立了基于遗传算法的故障数学模型，仿真试验验证了该模型的有效性及高容错性。     

东北电网负荷模型的分类与应用

为了建立东北电网负荷模型参数库，须选择有代表性的负荷节点布设负荷特性测量装置。文中采用模糊聚类的数学方法，对变电站（负荷节点）分类，最终将东北电网中234个变电站分为7类，在每一类中选择一个变电站安装负荷特性测量装置，由测量数据得到相应的负荷模型，并对同类未布测点的变电站采用相同的负荷模型，从而解决了大电网中负荷节点数目巨大、难以逐一测辨的难题。     

基于IEC61850标准的广域后备保护系统应用研究

电网快速发展与日益复杂给电力系统稳定控制带来巨大挑战,继电保护第一道防线的作用更加凸显。由于缺乏全局考虑的传统继电保护整定配合存在整体时间过长等不足,随着通信技术的发展尤其是IEC61850标准的推进,广域保护控制成为解决复杂电网系统稳定控制问题的有效方法之一。鉴于此,笔者分析了现有传统继电保护存在的问题,研究了广域后备保护系统主要功能及原理,包括自适应广域差动保护、广域开关失灵保护等,并研究了广西电网基于IEC61850的广域后备保护系统建模方案,给出了基于IEC61850标准的广域后备保护控制系统架构及功能。该系统已在广西来宾110 kV电网中试运行,运行情况良好。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。