硅钙渣制备碱激发胶凝材料的实验研究

采用正交实验法对硅钙渣制备碱激发胶凝材料的配比进行了研究,探讨了水玻璃模数及其掺量、硅钙渣用量对碱激发胶凝材料强度的影响.正交实验结果表明,水玻璃掺量是影响强度的主要因素,硅钙渣用量和水玻璃模数是影响强度的次要因素;硅钙渣制备碱激发胶凝材料优化配合比为:硅钙渣70％、矿渣微粉30％、水玻璃掺量5％、水玻璃模数2.40;微观形貌分析表明,随着水玻璃模数的逐渐提高,反应产物C-(A)-S-H凝胶的数量逐渐增多,试样密实程度逐渐增高;当模数超过2.40后,随模数的增高,水玻璃溶液的粘度增大,试样制备过程中引入的气泡难以排出,从而导致试样密实程度降低.     

锂渣-CaO胶凝体系的火山灰反应性研究

锂渣的火山灰反应性是其在水泥基材料中发挥活性的重要因素之一.本文采用锂渣-Ca(OH) 2-H2O胶凝体系来简化锂渣与水泥的化学反应过程,研究不同CaO含量的胶凝体系中锂渣反应程度、硬化浆体强度、水化产物组成及微观结构等火山灰反应性能,并建立锂渣反应程度与体系强度之间的关系.结果 表明,在锂渣-Ca(OH)2-H2O胶凝体系中,锂渣反应率随CaO含量及龄期的增长而增大,90 d反应率在21.46％～ 25.68％.体系发生火山灰反应主要生成了C-(A)-S-H凝胶、钙矾石(AFt)、单硫型水化硫铝酸钙(AFm)和沸石相等产物,各产物间早期联系较弱,体系结构松散,后期形成了致密的板状结构.其中CaO/锂渣值为0.25时,试样具有相对较高的强度,且能够相对充分地激发锂渣活性,促进C-(A)-S-H凝胶生成;CaO掺量过高会抑制锂渣初期水化反应,且未反应的CaO则以游离态(f-CaO)形式存在,对强度产生不良影响;未掺加CaO的锂渣自身没有水硬性.锂渣反应程度与胶凝体系强度呈现良好的e指数关系,在锂渣反应率大于11％时,浆体强度开始显著增大.     

电石渣-矿渣复合胶凝材料性能研究

电石渣作为一种工业废渣,其碱度较高,综合利用率较低。为了解决过量的电石渣,利用电石渣的强碱性,研究了电石渣对矿渣胶凝体系的碱激发性能。利用电石渣碳化反应可生成碳酸钙的特性,探索了不同碳化制度对电石渣碱激发矿渣胶凝体系的性能影响规律。结果表明:大掺量电石渣对矿渣胶凝材料有很好的碱激发效果,生成大量的C-(A)-S-H凝胶,而复掺粉煤灰和偏高岭土胶凝体系性能最佳;电石渣-矿渣复合胶凝体系经过不同碳化制度处理后,胶凝体系力学性能有效提升;使用CO₂气体作为外部碳化源,材料基体表层生成致密结构,基体力学性能提升;使用尿素作为内部碳化源,基体内部碳化均匀,胶凝体系力学性能提升。     

养护条件对硅钙渣基碱激发胶凝材料性能、反应产物及微观结构的影响

采用X射线衍射、红外光谱、热重-差示扫描量热分析、压汞法及扫描电子显微镜等手段,分别对恒温潮湿空气(MA)、自然密封空气(SA)、高温潮湿空气(HA)3种养护条件下,硅钙渣基碱激发胶凝材料的性能及反应产物、微观结构进行研究。结果表明:在3种养护条件下,虽然主要产物均为水化硅铝酸钙凝胶,但试样的致密程度及强度性能不同,其中经HA养护试样的致密程度及强度最高。与MA相比,在HA养护条件下,由于温度提高对碱激发反应的促进作用,产物数量增加,试样的致密程度及强度性能显著提高;在SA养护条件下,虽然温度提高对碱激发反应的促进作用会导致产物数量增加,使试样中毛细孔分布向低孔径方向移动,但由于试样内部相对湿度降低的阻碍作用,因此SA养护对试样致密程度及强度性能的提高作用微弱。     

MgO热处理过程对碱激发水泥的影响

碱激发水泥凭借其早期强度高、强度发展快、良好的孔结构、水化热低、耐侵蚀性优异等诸多优点,得到人们广泛的关注和研究,但其水化产生的凝胶类的水化产物,导致其高收缩开裂敏感性,限制了碱激发水泥的应用与发展.活性氧化镁在与水反应生成Mg(OH)2的过程中体积膨胀,能够弥补C-(A)-S-H凝胶干燥收缩过程中产生的体积收缩,可有效改善水泥浆体的收缩开裂性能.热处理方式影响了氧化镁的活性进而影响了碱激发水泥性能.本文研究不同热处理方式的活性氧化镁对碱激发水泥的凝结时间、强度和干燥收缩性能的影响.     

基于响应面法的碱激发地聚物固化淤泥质土试验研究

为实现滩涂淤泥质土和工业废料资源化利用,定量优化地聚物固化淤泥质土的关键因素,基于Box-Behnken响应面法对碱激发矿渣-粉煤灰基地聚物固化淤泥质土的配合比进行优化,选取矿渣掺量、碱激发剂模数和碱激发剂掺量为主要考察因素,并结合宏观性能和微观形貌进行固化机理分析。结果表明：固化土最优配合比为矿渣掺量86.5%(质量分数),碱激发剂模数0.84,碱激发剂掺量7.3%(质量分数),此时固化土7和28 d无侧限抗压强度分别为5 823和7 027 kPa,预测值与实际值误差较小,所建立的模型与实际数据拟合准确可靠;固化土的水化产物主要为无定形凝胶水化硅铝酸钙(C-(A)-S-H)和硅铝酸盐聚合物(N-A-S-H),可增强土体的密实程度和骨架结构,以此提高固化土的强度。本研究为碱激发地聚物固化淤泥质土提供了理论依据和实验基础。     

碳酸钠、氢氧化钠与水玻璃复合激发对地聚物胶凝材料性能的影响

采用碳酸钠替代氢氧化钠调节水玻璃模数制备复合碱激发剂,研究不同碱掺量下碳酸钠掺入比例对地聚物胶凝材料净浆流动度、凝结时间及抗压强度的影响,并通过FT-IR、XRD和SEM试验分析地聚物胶凝材料水化产物的物相组成及微观形貌。结果表明,氢氧化钠与碳酸钠共同复合水玻璃的激发剂激发效果优于二者单独与水玻璃复合的激发剂,当碱掺量为6%(质量分数)、碳酸钠替代比例为40%(质量分数)时,地聚物胶凝材料净浆流动度为185 mm, 28 d抗压强度为94.4 MPa。碳酸钠替代比例增加可延长地聚物胶凝材料凝结时间,当替代比例为100%时,地聚物胶凝材料初凝时间、终凝时间可达372和420 min。不同碱组分激发剂作用时,地聚物胶凝材料水化产物相似,均以无定形铝硅酸盐C-(A)-S-H凝胶为主。     

NaOH和Na2CO3对磷渣水化过程的影响

采用NaOH和Na2CO3作为磷渣的激发剂。通过测定磷渣的凝结时间、化学结合水和反应率,研究碱激发剂对磷渣水化程度的影响。利用X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析,研究碱激发磷渣水化产物的物相组成和微观形貌。结果表明,这两种碱激发剂均能加快磷渣的水化速率,其中NaOH对磷渣的激发效果明显优于Na2CO3。NaOH和Na2CO3对磷渣水化过程的影响主要表现为促进磷渣玻璃体溶解,生成更多的C-S-H(B)和托贝莫来石,从而形成致密的结构。     

石膏-矿渣胶凝材料的碱性激发作用

采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、差示扫描量热分析-热重分析表征了碱激发石膏-矿渣胶凝材料的水化产物.研究表明:添加质量分数为0.5%的碱性激发剂时,石膏-矿渣胶凝材料的各项强度和耐水性能最好.碱激发石膏-矿渣胶凝材料的水化产物主要为二水石膏(CaSO4·2H2O)、水化硅酸钙凝胶(C-S-H)以及少量的钙矾石(ettringite,AFt)和莱粒硅钙石[Ca5(SiO4)2(OH)2].C-S-H凝胶含量越高,材料的强度越高、耐水性能越好.     

碱激发矿渣水泥水化C-A-S-H凝胶微观结构的研究

通过核磁共振、扫描电镜和纳米压痕技术研究了普通波特兰水泥和碱激发矿渣水泥水化28 d形成的C-S-H和C-A-S-H凝胶的微观结构.结果表明,波特兰水泥水化形成的C-S-H凝胶的结构主要由5链14 nm的托贝莫来石(60％)和2链硅钙石(40％)组成;碱激发矿渣水泥的主要水化产物是C-A-S-H凝胶,随激发剂的性质不同而具有不同的组成和结构:当激发剂为NaOH溶液(Na2 O含量为矿渣质量的4％)时,形成的C-A-S-H凝胶是介于5链14 nm和14链11 nm的托贝莫来石之间的中间结构;当激发剂为水玻璃溶液(Na2 O含量为矿渣质量的4％)时,C-A-S-H凝胶的结构主要由11链14 nm和14链11 nm的托贝莫来石组成,与NaOH作激发剂一样,以水玻璃作激发剂的碱激发矿渣水泥水化的C-A-S-H凝胶不具有超高密度状态.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。