碱土金属改性HZSM-5催化乙醇脱水制乙烯的反应研究

考察了碱土金属镁、钙、钡和锶浸渍改性的固体酸性催化剂HZSM-5分子筛在乙醇脱水制乙烯反应中的催化性能,发现锶改性HZSM-5催化效果最佳,然后在此基础上对反应条件进行了优化实验。结果表明0.5%Sr/HZSM-5的催化性能最好,在220℃、质量空速2.5 h-1、乙醇浓度50%的反应条件下,乙醇的转化率为99.3%,乙烯的选择性高达99.3%。     

过渡金属改性HZSM-5催化乙醇脱水制乙烯

分别考察了过渡金属铁、锰和钴改性HZSM-5对乙醇脱水制乙烯的影响,并对催化效果最好的催化剂进行了反应条件的优化.结果表明:Co/HZSM-5的催化性能最好,使用该催化剂在220℃、质量空速2.5 h-1、乙醇体积分数为60%的反应条件下,乙醇的转化率和乙烯的选择性分别高达99.6%和99.3%.     

稀土改性HZSM-5催化乙醇脱水制乙烯

采用浸渍法制备La、Ce、Sm、Eu等稀土（RE）金属改性的HZSM-5分子筛催化剂（RE/HZSM-5）,考察它们在乙醇脱水制乙烯反应中的催化性能.通过X射线衍射（XRD）、N2吸附-脱附（BET）和氨程序升温脱附（NH3-TPD）等手段对其物化性能进行表征,并讨论反应温度对La/HZSM-5催化性能的影响.结果表明：少量稀土引入不破坏HZSM-5分子筛的骨架结构,只对表面酸性产生了较大的影响;表面酸量决定RE/HZSM-5催化乙醇脱水制乙烯的性能,酸量的增大有利于乙醇转化率的提高;在不同稀土改性的催化剂中,2%La/HZSM-5的催化性能最佳,在反应温度240℃、55%原料乙醇、进料质量空速（WHSV）2.5h^-1的条件下,乙醇转化率和乙烯选择性分别达到99.3%和98.6%.     

SAPO-11/HZSM-5对乙醇脱水制乙烯反应的催化性能

测定HZSM-5与SAPO-11复合催化剂(SAPO-11/HZSM-5)对乙醇脱水制乙烯反应的催化性能,考察反应工艺条件;对比HZSM-5、SAPO-11和SAPO-11/HZSM-5催化乙醇脱水制乙烯反应性能;分析三种催化剂表面酸量及酸强度,以及对反应产物组成的影响。结果表明:SAPO-11/HZSM-5催化乙醇脱水制乙烯反应的适宜条件为:压力0.1 MPa,温度240℃,空速1.2 h-1,乙醇浓度99.7%;乙醇转化率、乙烯选择性分别为99.19%和98.77%;气相产物中乙烯含量达到98.92%,C3、C4组分含量分别为0.37%和0.40%,未检测到C5以上组分。SAPO-11/HZSM-5催化乙醇脱水制乙烯反应温度比HZSM-5、SAPO-11低60℃。适度增加催化剂表面弱酸量及强度,并使其具有相当比例的强酸量,有利于提高乙醇脱水制乙烯反应活性和乙烯选择性。     

改性HZSM-5分子筛在乙醇脱水制生物乙烯工业小试中的应用研究

主要研究了改性HZSM-5分子筛在固定床反应器上催化乙醇脱水制生物乙烯的应用情况,考察了反应温度、质量空速、乙醇质量浓度以及催化剂粒度等工艺条件对改性HZSM-5分子筛催化性能的影响,同时考察了催化剂的单程寿命。结果显示,反应温度在200~300℃,乙醇质量空速为1.2 h~(-1)的条件下,采用470 g/L的乙醇溶液,催化剂粒度在10~20目之间,乙醇转化率为99%以上,乙烯选择性为98%以上,单程可连续运转1 104 h,表明改性HZSM-5在乙醇脱水工业小试中的催化性能优异。     

La-HZSM-5催化乙醇脱水制乙烯

以HZSM-5分子筛改性得到的3%LA-HZSM-5分子筛为催化剂,在小型的固定床反应器中(φ45 mm×600 mm)考察了乙醇浓度、反应温度和液时空速对乙醇脱水制乙烯反应的影响.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、NH3程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、N2吸附-脱附和热重-差示扫描量热仪(TG-DSC)等手段对3%La-HZSM-5分子筛反应前后催化剂的物性变化进行分析,并考察了催化剂的稳定性.结果表明,该催化剂对乙醇脱水反应具有良好的催化性能,较好的再生性能、强度和稳定性.乙醇脱水反应的合适反应条件为催化剂180 g,乙醇质量浓度50%,液时空速1.1 h-1,反应温度260℃.在此条件下,乙醇转化率和乙烯选择性均高于98%,催化剂单程使用寿命达900 h.     

Zn与Mn复合改性HZSM-5催化低浓度乙醇脱水制乙烯

对浸渍法锌锰复合改性HZSM-5分子筛用于催化低浓度乙醇脱水制备乙烯进行了研究. 探讨了改性溶液类型、HZSM-5原粉硅/铝比和改性条件(改性溶液浓度、浸渍时间、浸渍温度、焙烧温度)对Zn/Mn/ZSM-5催化乙醇脱水效果的影响,通过XRD、孔体积与比表面积、微观形貌分析等方法对改性前后的HZSM-5进行了表征. 结果表明,当HZSM-5原粉硅/铝比为25,改性温度为40℃, Zn(NO3)2和MnCl2浓度分别为2%和6%条件下改性1 h,再于550℃焙烧获得的分子筛催化效果最好,乙醇转化率和乙烯选择性分别达到99%和92%以上. 表征结果表明,Zn2+和Mn2+进入了分子筛骨架中,分子筛能很好地保持原有的结构,并且B酸中心量减少,L酸中心量增多,这有利于乙醇催化脱水制乙烯.     

乙醇催化脱水制乙烯催化剂的制备与性能评价

采用混捏法制备乙醇脱水制乙烯EDE-104催化剂,并引入活性金属氧化物E对催化剂进行改性,通过正交实验得到较优的工艺条件:反应温度360℃,液体空速0.5 h-1,原料乙醇质量分数60%,并在此条件下进行了1 000 h的寿命实验。结果表明,乙醇催化脱水制乙烯催化剂中引入活性金属氧化物E,提高了乙烯选择性,增强了催化剂的稳定性,乙烯选择性97.5%,乙醇单程转化率97.5%,乙烯收率96%。     

V-P/HZSM-5催化乙醇流化床脱水制乙烯

分别采用P、V和V-P改性HZSM-5,在自行设计的流化床装置上评价其对乙醇脱水制乙烯的催化性能。采用X射线荧光光谱（XRF）、X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、吡啶吸附红外光谱（Py-IR）、比表面积分析（BET）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等手段对催化剂的物化性能进行表征,同时考察了不同催化剂制备条件和催化反应条件等工艺因素对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,V-P复合改性HZSM-5比P和V单独改性的催化效果好,在P和V原子比为7.5、焙烧温度300 ℃、反应温度220 ℃、乙醇进样流速0.1 mL·min^-1和催化剂用量3.0 g条件下,乙醇的转化率和乙烯的选择性分别高达96.9%和93.5%,具有稳定的初期活性。同时,该催化剂对低浓度乙醇的脱水反应表现出较佳的催化活性。     

杂醇对La/HZSM-5催化乙醇脱水制乙烯反应的影响

分别考察了异丙醇、异丁醇和异戊醇对2.0% La/HZSM-5催化乙醇脱水制乙烯反应的影响,结合NH₃-TPD、BET、TG等催化剂表征结果,对杂醇的影响机理进行了深入分析。研究表明,所考察的3种杂醇在2.0% La/HZSM-5作用下均能发生脱水反应生成诸多易聚合的烯烃类产物,对其催化乙醇脱水的性能产生了明显的影响;而且随着加入杂醇的碳原子数的增加,催化剂的积炭情况逐渐加重,催化性能也有明显下降的趋势。2.0%La/HZSM-5与HZSM-5原粉相比,具有较大的比表面、孔容和表面酸量,拥有强度更强的弱酸中心和强度较弱的强酸中心,催化含杂醇的乙醇脱水制乙烯反应时其催化性能和抗积炭能力得到了明显提升。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。