NiC/Ti中子多层膜的微结构和界面研究

NiC/Ti中子超镜是一种高性能的中子多层膜光学元件,是提升中子导管、聚焦装置等中子光学系统的中子利用率的关键之一。为了提升NiC/Ti中子超镜的性能,本文面向具有不同厚度NiC膜层的NiC/Ti多层膜,分别采用X射线掠入射反射和X射线衍射的方法表征了NiC/Ti多层膜的膜层厚度、界面粗糙度和膜层晶向结构。研究结果表明:随着NiC膜层厚度的增长,除了在较小尺度(≤2.5nm),NiC-on-Ti界面的粗糙度基本保持不变;而Ti-on-NiC界面的粗糙度却呈现出较大的变化。具有不同厚度的NiC膜层的NiC/Ti多层膜的界面粗糙度呈现不对称性的变化,主要原因在于NiC膜层的微结构随着膜层厚度的增长而产生了变化。     

磁控溅射制备碳化硼薄膜的结构与成分分析

近年来国际上³He资源的短缺造成了基于³He的中子探测器高昂的成本,而以碳化硼薄膜作为中子转换层的硼基中子探测器逐渐成为了最有前景的替代方案。通过直流磁控溅射制备了Ti/B₄C多层膜,并使用透射电子显微镜（TEM）、飞行时间二次离子质谱（ToF-SIMS）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等手段对薄膜的结构与成分进行表征。结果表明：Ti层存在结晶情况;H、O、N元素为薄膜内部的主要杂质,且多分布于Ti层与B₄C-on-Ti过渡层中;更高的本底真空度能够降低碳化硼薄膜内的杂质含量,提高B含量占比;中子探测效率测试结果证明本底真空度的提高能够有效提高碳化硼中子转换层的效率。     

反应溅射气体对Ni、Ti薄膜成膜特性的作用机制

反应溅射是降低薄膜表面和界面粗糙度的有效手段。为了研究反应溅射过程中氮气(N2)含量对所制备的Ni、Ti单层膜成膜特性的作用机制,利用掺氮气的反应直流磁控溅射方法制备了Ni和Ti的单层膜样品。首先,采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)方法测量了Ni和Ti单层膜样品的组分。其次,基于样品的组分测量结果,结合X射线掠入射反射(XRR)方法对样品的厚度和表面粗糙度进行了测量与分析。实验结果表明,随着反应溅射中氮含量的增大,Ti膜的沉积速率呈现快速降低后迅速趋于缓慢变化的趋势,而Ni膜的沉积速率几乎没有变化,Ni膜和Ti膜的表面粗糙度都呈现先减小再增大的趋势,且在氮的含量为8%的条件下,表面粗糙度达到最小值。     

掺杂对富-锆Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O3薄膜性能的影响

采用脉冲激光溅射方法将PZT/YBCO沉积在LaAlO3(LAO)基底上,所选择的烧结靶材分别是不掺杂的Pb(Zr0.94Ti0.06)O3和掺有2%Bi2O3的Pb(Zr0.94Ti0.06)O3.沉积这两种薄膜时所选择的工艺参数均相同.通过X射线衍射分析比较了两种薄膜的结晶状态,利用P-V曲线比较了两种薄膜的电学性质,并测量出这两种薄膜的介电常数与频率(ε-f)以及介电损耗与频率(tanδ-f)的关系曲线.     

低辐射涂层玻璃的XPS剖析

利用X射线光电子能谱（XPS）剖析了低辐射涂层玻璃涂层表面到玻璃基面的元素浓度分布。结果表明,低辐射涂层具有多层结构,涂层表面由Ti和O组成,表面以下是Ag,Ag的下面又是Ti和O。低辐射涂层玻璃的结构可表述为：玻璃／TiO/Ag/TiO2,各层之间及底层与玻璃基体之间有互扩散现象。     

用离子束溅射法制备X射线多层膜的实验和工艺

叙述了用离子束溅射镀膜机进行X射线波段多层膜镀膜实验及制备X射线多层膜光学元件方面的工作，简述离子束溅射镀膜机的工作原理，X射线多层膜的制备过程，主要工艺参数及注意事项，以及用X射线小角衍射仪对制备样品进行检测的部分结果。     

脉冲激光溅射及富-锆PZT薄膜的性能研究

采用脉冲激光溅射方法将PZT/YBCO沉积在LaAlO3(LAO)基底上,所选择的烧结靶材是Pb(Zr0.94Ti0.06)O3+2%Bi2O3.沉积YBCO和PZT薄膜的基底温度分别为710℃和570℃.整体结构PZT/YBCO/LAO在600℃的基底温度下退火15min.本文通过X射线衍射分析观察了薄膜的结晶状态,利用P-V曲线估计PZT薄膜的电学性质,并测量出薄膜的介电常数与频率(ε-f)以及介电损耗与频率(tanδ-f)的关系曲线.     

用X射线反射测量法表征双层结构中 低原子序数材料的特性

介绍了用X射线反射测量术表征双层薄膜中低原子序数材料特性的方法。由于低原子序数材料的光学常数与Si基板材料的光学常数非常接近,用X射线反射法确定镀制在Si基板上的低原子序数材料膜层结构的变化十分困难,因此,提出了在镀制低原子序数材料前,首先在基板上镀制一层非常薄的金属层的方法。实验中,选用Cr作为金属层材料,制备并测试了三种不同C膜镀制时间的Cr/C双层薄膜。反射率曲线拟合结果表明,C膜密度约为2.25 g/cm³,沉积速率为0.058 nm/s。     

X射线超反射镜设计

阐述了一种新的X射线超反射镜的设计方法,它是基于经验理论公式的解析设计方法和基于计算机的数值优化设计方法相结合的产物。利用前者提供比较好的初始膜系,再利用后者对该初始膜系进行优化处理,从而获得比较好的设计结果,并大大减少了计算时间。讨论了实际制作出的多层膜存在的表面粗糙度及膜层材料间的相互扩散对多层膜反射性能的影响,并给出了模拟计算的结果。依据上述方法,在比较大的掠入射角情况下,设计出了具有较宽反射带宽的W/CX射线超反射镜。     

W/B4C、W/C、W/Si多层膜的研究

给出了W/B₄C、W/C、W/Si(钨/碳化硼、钨/碳、钨/硅)周期多层膜的制备和测量研究。用超高真空直流磁控溅射方法制备出周期在1.1~7.2 nm范围内的多层膜样品,采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)小角度测量方法检测多层膜的光学性能,并用透射电镜(TEM)对样品的微观结构进行了研究。结果表明:周期大于1.3 nm的多层膜样品的结构质量高,膜层结构清晰,界面粗糙度小;周期为1.15 nm的多层膜的膜层结构不是很明显;所有膜层均为非晶态,没有晶相生成。结果还表明:采用目前的溅射设备和工艺过程能够制备出满足同步辐射荧光光束线上单色器用多层膜。     

X射线超反射镜的设计与制备

介绍了一种可用于X射线成像望远镜中的高能X射线反射元件的设计和制备。结合Spiller和Yamamoto方法选择了W、C作为膜层材料,用Yamshita设计方法给出初始膜系,经单纯形调优算法设计出掠入射角为8.7mrad时,对波长范围在0.0475nm～0.0886nm范围内的X射线计算反射率达21%宽波段X射线超反射镜。样品采用高精度磁控溅射方法制备,并用X射线衍射仪(XRD)测得在8.7mrad～15.7mrad内反射率为15%左右。     

Synergy Between Corrosion and Wear of Electrodeposited Ni–W Coating

In this study, a block-on-ring wear tester was employed to investigate the tribocorrosion behavior of the electrodeposited Ni–W coating. Columnar grains embedded with lamellar and nanocrystalline microstructure were found in the fabricated Ni–W coating. The passivation of the Ni–W alloy was observed in the potentiodynamic polarization curve measured in 5 wt% NaCl solution. The result showed that with the raise of the applied overpotential, both the wear rate and the surface W-content of the coating increased. On the contrary, the accompanying coefficient of friction decreased with the potential. Small pitting and cracking occurred on the tested specimen. This microcracking structure was also observed in the corroded zone of the Ni–W coating by using TEM microscopy. A further XPS analysis determined the corrosion film was composed of Ni(OH)₂, NiO, and WO₃ on the corroded surface. The formation of this porous corrosion film at high overpotential was found to cause an accelerated weight loss and thereby, the interaction between wear and corrosion, of the Ni–W coating under tribocorrosion.     

超镜因子对会聚导管输运特性的影响模拟

针对水平散射几何中子反射谱仪中导管设计的客观要求,采用Mcstas模拟计算软件对会聚导管内表面超镜因子的不同选择模型进行了模拟计算,获得了不同超镜因子组合模型聚焦导管的中子传输特性。由于水平散射几何中子反射谱仪对中子束流水平方向发散要求比较严格,导管水平面的超镜因子可选用较大的超镜因子m=3,垂直面的超镜因子可根据要求的发散不同,选择超镜因子小于3的超镜或吸收材料。不同组合设计模型模拟计算结果可为中子散射谱仪设计中子导管以及内表面超镜因子的选择提供理论参考。     

中子反射谱仪的闸门与会聚导管组合设计

为提高水平散射几何中子反射谱仪的前端束流特性，针对前端闸门与会聚中子导管的组合设计进行了优化计算。根据闸门通道截面、会聚导管入出口截面及相应内表面超镜因子不同分成多组，采用数值方法对多个组合设计进行优化计算，结合水平散射几何中子反射谱仪的特点需求通过比较分析，选取比较理想的组合。计算结果表明：会聚导管的最佳组合最好采用上下面会聚，垂直面不会聚，宽度为10mm,闸门内表面超镜因子为2，会聚导管上下面超镜因子为3，左右面超镜因子为2。通过多组比较分析，获得了水平散射几何中子反射谱仪的前端闸门与会聚导管的相关物理参数的优化组合，为谱仪的概念设计奠定了理论基础。     

1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢耐蚀性能研究

从1Cr18Ni9Ti耐蚀机理分析入手，对采用常规热处理方式处理后的1Cr18Ni9Ti耐蚀性能进行了对比研究，为不同成分(Ti／C)的1Cr18Ni9Ti选用热处理方式提供参考。     

ALCHEMI for coexistent Heusler and half-Heusler phases in TiNi1.5Sn

Atomic location by channeling-enhanced microanalysis (ALCHEMI) is an effective technique to clarify the atomic configurations in multicomponent compounds. Recent development of the theory on the characteristic X-ray emission has made ALCHEMI a more reliable and expansive technique. In this revised ALCHEMI, the characteristic X-ray intensities are measured at various electron-incidence directions, and are compared with the X-ray intensities calculated from first principles. In the present work, this technique was applied to coexistent Heusler and half-Heusler phases in a thermoelectric material, TiNi_1.5Sn. The X-ray intensities calculated for both phases were significantly dependent on the fitting parameters of the atomic occupancy on each site and the sample thickness. Using the Levenberg–Marquardt least-squares method, the residual errors between the experimental and the calculated X-ray intensities were minimized to determine the fitting parameters quantitatively. In the Heusler phase, the ordered structure was observed because the atoms of each element almost occupy each site. On the other hand, in the half-Heusler phase, the “Heusler-like” structure was observed because the occupation probabilities of Ni atoms on the Ni-site and on the vacancy-site were measured as 0.49±0.01 and 0.49±0.01, respectively, whereas 1 and 0 is expected for the normal half-Huesler structure.     

Structures and High Temperature Friction and Wear Performances of Ti/Ni-Doped Carbonaceous Mesophases

Metallic elements Ti and Ni were doped into the coal tar pitch-derived carbonaceous mesophase (CM) through mechanical alloying in a high-energy ball milling apparatus. The structures for the raw and Ti/Ni-doped carbonaceous mesophases were characterized by X-ray diffractometer. The friction and wear behavior of the Ti/Ni-doped CMs as lubricating additives at different applied loads and temperatures were investigated using a MMU-5G high temperature friction and wear tester. Worn morphologies of the lower 45^# carbon steel specimens were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The carbonaceous substances on the worn surfaces were examined by Raman spectroscopic technique. The results have shown that the Ti/Ni-doped CM through mechanical alloying shows an increase in the crystallinity in comparison to that for the raw CM, implying a transition to the more ordered structures caused by the catalytic graphitization at lower temperatures due to the doped Ti/Ni. The Ti/Ni-doped CMs through mechanical alloying, when used as lubricating additives, displayed an obvious high temperature anti-friction and wear resistant effect, and the lager the applied load, the lower the friction coefficient and the wear severity. In addition, as the applied load increases, the carbonaceous substances on the worn surfaces show a rise in the ordered degree, and the corresponding microcrystalline planar size (L _a) for the carbonaceous substances becomes larger.     

Wear Behavior of (TiB2–TiC)–Ni/TiAl/Ti Gradient Materials Prepared by the FAPAS Process

(TiB₂–TiC)–Ni/TiAl/Ti functionally gradient materials were prepared by field-activated pressure-assisted synthesis processes. (TiB₂–TiC)–Ni composite ceramic, the top layer of the functional gradient materials, was prepared in situ by the combustion synthesis process using Ti and B₄C powders as raw materials. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the ceramic layer revealed that the TiB₂ and TiC particles in the composite were fine and homogeneously dispersed in the Ni matrix. The friction and wear properties of the (TiB₂–TiC)–Ni ceramic were evaluated by sliding against a GCr15 disk at temperatures from ambient up to 400 °C. The experimental results showed that the friction coefficient of the (TiB₂–TiC)–Ni ceramic decreased with the increasing testing temperature, load, and sliding speed. However, the loss rate decreased at higher temperature and increased at higher load and higher sliding speed. The wear mechanisms of (TiB₂–TiC)–Ni ceramic mainly depend upon thermal oxidation at higher temperature, load, and sliding speed. The worn topography and phase component of the worn surfaces were analyzed using SEM, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The oxide films of Fe₂O₃, TiO₂, and B₂O₃ formed during the friction process play an important role in lubrication, which results in a smaller friction coefficient.