考虑空气阻力作用的分层土壤降雨入渗模型

基于室内试验资料,建立了非稳定降雨条件下考虑空气阻力作用的Green-Ampt模型(Modified Green-Ampt Model,MGAM),其包括非稳定降雨条件下土壤积水入渗过程和非积水入渗过程、湿润锋运移过程、积水入渗状态和非积水入渗状态相互转化过程。为了量化空气阻力作用影响程度,引入了饱和度系数Sa,并提出饱和度系数计算方法。同时应用MGAM和传统的Green-Ampt模型(Tranditional Green-Ampt Model,TGAM)模拟了径流强度、土壤累计入渗量和土壤剖面含水量,并和实测值进行了对比分析。结果表明:MGAM模型模拟的土壤累计入渗量、土壤含水量和径流强度均与实测结果吻合良好,而TGAM模型模拟土壤累计入渗量、剖面含水量均大于实测值,而径流强度小于实测值。     

膨胀性土壤降雨入渗产流模型

膨胀性土壤吸水会发生膨胀变形,这对降雨入渗产流过程有显著影响。本文以Green-Ampt模型为基础,提出了考虑土壤膨胀性的非稳定降雨入渗产流模型(GJGAM)。为量化土壤膨胀性对降雨入渗产流过程的影响,文章引入了考虑土壤膨胀性的土壤饱和导水系数及饱和含水量,并提出了两参数的计算方法。同时,应用GJGAM和传统的不考虑土壤膨胀性模型(TGAM)分别模拟了径流强度和土壤累计入渗量的室内试验过程,并与试验观测值进行了对比分析。结果表明:利用GJGAM模拟得到的土壤累计入渗量和径流强度与其实测结果吻合良好,而TGAM模拟得到的土壤累计入渗量大于实测值,而径流强度小于实测值。     

考虑禁锢空气影响的层状土壤Green-Ampt入渗模型及试验验证

为考虑土壤孔隙中禁锢空气对入渗水流的阻滞作用,引入饱和度系数Sa（Sa小于1）来量化湿润区的饱和程度,建立了改进的层状土壤Green-Ampt入渗模型（MGAM）,并提出了由土壤物理特性参数估算Sa的计算公式。为检验MGAM的适用性,分别在室内长土柱和田间进行层状土壤的积水入渗试验,并采用MGAM、传统的Green-A...     

土石山区山坡降雨入渗产流模型

在分析土石山区下垫面特性的基础上,引入碎石体积比例系数量化土壤中碎石对入渗的影响,并考虑山坡基岩凹凸面及封闭裂隙储留,构建了一种包括植被截留、洼地储留、土壤入渗、壤中流、基岩凹凸面及封闭裂隙储留等计算模块的土石山区山坡降雨入渗产流模型;采用径流小区天然降雨产汇流试验对模型进行验证,并与现有山坡降雨入渗产流模型的模拟结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:与现有模型相比,构建的入渗产流模型可以较好地模拟地表径流强度和土壤入渗率,实测值与模型模拟值较为吻合;暴雨期土壤入渗率的模拟值远小于实测值,可能原因在于该模型忽略了碎石与土壤的直接接触面间可能形成的水流快速通道,未考虑土石山区山坡土壤层和基岩层中可能存在的优先流,模型尚需进一步完善和改进。     

基于辽西小流域模拟降雨入渗产流特征研究

本文采取人工模拟和自然降雨两种形式进行了小流域的入渗产流试验,分别对坡耕地、林地、草地和裸地的降雨入渗产流的特征进行了系统研究,并利用Philip入渗理论和逐步线性回归基本方法对试验结果进行处理,建立了入渗产流及相关因子数学方程。结果表明:相对于裸地,林地和草地具有更明显的拦蓄径流和减少土壤侵蚀的作用,地表径流和拦蓄泥沙效率分别增加了36.20%、86.70%和44.50%、81.40%;降雨强度、土壤孔隙率、植被覆盖率、地下坡度及土壤初始含水量是影响小流域产流系数的关键性因素。本文揭示的辽西小流域的入渗产流变化特征,可为其他小流域的降雨径流蓄积利用和水环境生态治理提供决策依据和理论支撑。     

坡面降雨入渗产流规律的数值模拟研究

本文采用运动波理论和两次改进后的Green-Ampt入渗模型建立了坡面降雨入渗产流的动力学模型，并得到了实验资料的良好验证。运用该模型研究了简单坡面上降雨入渗产流的动力学规律，分析了雨强，土壤初始含水量，渗透系数，坡面阻力，以及坡长，坡度等因素对坡面产流过程的影响规律，得出了一些有益的结论。     

土壤空间变异下田间降雨入渗率的分布特性

本文通过Green-Ampt模型矩形剖面的假定来近似土壤水分运动方程,结合土壤地表饱和导水率的空间分布、降雨强度和历时,将土壤地表分为饱和区和非饱和区,根据各区对应的降雨阶段地表自由入渗状态、自由与积水综合入渗状态以及退水阶段的上边界条件,分别推导出各阶段相应的土壤剖面的降雨入渗率的解析解以及平均降雨入渗量的时空变化过程。研究成果为土壤地表空间变异下降雨、入渗和径流之间的关系以及土壤剖面水流的滞后现象提供具有物理基础的计算方法。     

太湖流域平原区非饱和带降雨入渗规律分析

为分析太湖流域平原区非饱和带的降雨入渗规律,基于野外试验基地资料,对实测降雨径流过程进行分析,总结了降雨要素的变化对土壤含水量、地下水的影响规律.在此基础上计算入渗量、径流深等产流要素,并进行了Spearman相关分析.结果表明,入渗量与降水量减径流深的相关关系最为明显,可认为该区域产流模式以蓄满产流为主.以土壤水库容...     

黄土区土壤溶质径流迁移过程影响因素浅析

根据室内降雨—入渗—产流过程中溶质迁移模拟实验研究结果，对降雨、有效雨滴动能、坡度、坡长、土壤溶质化学特性对土壤溶质随地表径流迁移全过程影响进行了分析。分析结果表明了雨强和有效雨滴动能与雨后表面土壤饱和含水量、土壤入渗能力、土壤水分运移深度、径流溶质浓度、径流溶质迁移总量以及径流溶质平均浓度间关系。并根据Ｇｒｅｅｎ－Ａｍｐｔ入渗模式，推求了有效动能对土壤饱和导水率间关系。为进一步研究土壤溶质随地表径流迁移提供指导。     

黄土区土壤溶质径流迁移过程影响因素浅析

根据室内降雨－入渗－产流过程中溶质迁移模拟实验研究结果，对降雨，有效雨滴功能，坡度，坡长，土壤溶质化学特性以土壤溶质随地表径流迁称全过程影响进行了分析，分析结果表明了雨强和有效雨滴动能与雨后表面土壤饱和含水量，土壤入渗能力，土壤水分运移深度，径流熔质浓度，径流溶质迁移总量以及径流溶质平均浓度间的关系，并根据Ｇｒｅｅｎ－Ａｍｐｔ人渗模式，推求了有效动能对土壤饱和导不率间关系，为进一步研究土壤溶质随地     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。