蔗渣碱法造纸黑液回收木质素的结构及其燃烧特性

以酸析法从蔗渣碱法造纸黑液中回收蔗渣木质素（BL）,通过红外光谱（FTIR）,核磁共振氢谱（¹H NMR）和凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）对其进行了表征。结果表明,BL主要由愈创木基丙烷单元（G）和紫丁香基丙烷单元（S）通过C-O、C-C键合方式连接而成,其分子量分布较宽,分子之间存在较大差异。通过热重分析法（TG）研究了BL的燃烧特性,结果表明BL的燃烧主要发生在300~500℃的阶段,在此过程中BL分子中的C-C键发生断裂形成挥发分和焦炭,并迅速燃烧,失重率超过80%。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X射线荧光光谱（XRF）研究了BL在300、600、900和1100℃燃烧灰渣（BLR）的微观形貌和元素组成,结果表明BL呈结实、饱满的颗粒状,而BLR则表现为多孔的疏松堆积体或规则的片状结晶颗粒。随着燃烧温度的升高,BLR中的Na和K质量分数逐渐减少,而其他元素质量分数变化不大。     

碱性条件下稻草NH4OH-KOH蒸煮黑液的絮凝处理

利用聚合氯化铝-聚丙烯酰胺处理稻草NH4OH-KOH蒸煮黑液。系统讨论了聚合氯化铝用量、聚丙烯酰胺用量、反应温度和黑液pH值等工艺参数对絮凝效果的影响,继而确定了适宜絮凝工艺条件。结果表明,该絮凝体系对黑液COD去除率为68%,木质素去除率为92%。仪器测试表明絮凝沉淀物中除含有大量木质素外,氮、钾等营养元素的含量分别为23. 73%、6. 24%(均为干基),为絮凝沉淀物制备固体有机肥料创造条件;上层清液pH 为9. 20,呈碱性,杂质含量低,补加NH4OH/KOH后可作为蒸煮液循环使用,使稻草制浆更易于实施清洁生产。     

膜辅助电解处理草浆黑液的碱回收可行性研究

针对碱法草浆黑液成份复杂、污染严重、不易治理的特性,运用膜辅助电解技术处理草浆黑液,对回收草浆黑液中残碱的可行性进行了研究。研究结果表明:草浆黑液经过处理后,90％的残碱可以被有效回收,吨碱平均能耗4200kW·h。     

阔叶木碱法造纸黑液提取物成分的研究

应用裂解-气相色谱-质谱、红外色谱、凝胶色谱、元素分析仪研究了阔叶木碱法造纸黑液提取物的成分.结果表明:黑液中含有木质素、有机酸等物质.其中,阔叶木木质素属愈创木-紫丁香(GS)型木质素,木质素分子中存在少量的α-β碳碳双键,紫丁香基结构单元的质量分数高于愈创木基结构单元,二者质量分数比为2.27;木质素的结构经验式为...     

预水解强度对相思木硫酸盐法制浆黑液性质的影响

经水热预水解技术处理木质纤维素,木片的主要成分发生变化,对后续的化学制浆性能及制浆黑液性质带来影响。本实验采用不同预水解强度（P因子）处理相思木片,并对其硫酸盐制浆行为和黑液性质进行分析。研究结果表明,随着P因子的增大,粗浆得率和细浆得率逐渐降低;浆料的卡伯值逐渐升高。当P因子＜200时,水解后木片的黑液固形物含量由空白组的138.48 g/L升高到162.86 g/L;木素含量由58.57 g/L升高到72.68 g/L;残碱量由4.37 g/L迅速降低到2.07 g/L。当200＜P因子＜600时,黑液固形物含量由162.86 g/L降低到142.71 g/L;黑液中木素含量由72.41 g/L降低到59.16 g/L;残碱量由2.07 g/L降低到1.26 g/L。当P因子＞600时,黑液中固形物含量由142.71 g/L升高到156.95 g/L;木素含量由59.16 g/L升高到62.16 g/L;残碱量由1.26 g/L升高到1.37 g/L。不同条件下,黑液中无机物含量变化不大;黑液固形物的热值由对照组的13.71 MJ/kg提高到14.63~15.09 MJ/kg。     

Novel silicon-contained lignin-based carbon fibers derived from bamboo pulping black liquor with improved electrochemical performance for supercapacitors

Carbon fibers (CFs) are a promising candidate as electrode materials for flexible supercapacitors given its light weight and moderate cost. In this study, the lignin used was partially separated from kraft bamboo pulping black liquor and the higher molecular weight fraction, unavoidably contains a small amount of silicon compounds, so named silicon-contained lignin. Novel CFs were prepared using commercial polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and the lignin by electrospinning and further carbonization. Even in the presence of silicon compounds, the fibrous morphology of precursor fibers was significantly good, and the CFs with uniform fiber diameter and high specific surface area up to 182 m²/g were obtained with an increase in silicon-contained lignin. The CFs fabricated from silicon-contained lignin and commercial PAN had higher specific capacitance (22.20 mF/cm² at 10 mA/cm²) and superb cycling stability (94.21%) than that from silicon-free lignin or pure PAN separately.     

利用草浆黑液制备两性木质素絮凝剂

用硫酸沉淀回收造纸黑液中的木质素,经与Na2SO3磺化和季铵盐接枝聚合,合成出两性木素基絮凝剂.研究表明:用制备出的两性絮凝剂处理蒙脱土悬浮液和印染废水,可有效降低浊度和色度,当絮凝剂质量浓度分别为25mg/L和300 mg/L时,除浊率和脱色率均＞85%.     

草浆黑液降低稠油粘度的研究

将碱法制浆黑液与稠油混合，可明显降低稠油的粘度．用均匀设计法设计试验，讨论了黑液浓度、稠油酸值、水油比（体积）、温度及水的矿化度对稠油降粘作用的影响．结果表明，黑液浓度为5％～15％，酸值为3～4.5mg／g（KOH／油）时，体系粘度最低，在试验范围内，水油比越大，温度越高，矿化度越小体系的粘度越低．     

连续处理造纸黑液的研究

采用微波辐射处理麦草浆蒸煮黑液,由正交实验来确定其最优工艺奈件是：麦草浆蒸煮黑液流速u为0．11mL／s,微波辐射功率P为400W,活性炭催化剂床层高度L为18cm,处理后的黑液吸光度为0．061．木素去除率为n=90．2％。根据极差判断：微波辐射功率对处理效果的影响最大,活性炭催化剂床层高度次之．流速对黑液处理效果影响最小。     

草浆造纸黑液用于人造板胶粘剂的研究

用造纸黑液、酸析后的木质素为原料制取了不同固含量的木质素酚醛树脂，采用热压机在1．2MPa压力、热压时间5min、温度140℃进行固化成型，分别测试了直接采用黑液和采用酸析后的木质素制成胶粘剂的剪切强度，并分析了苯酚取代量与剪切强度的关系。     

从造纸黑液中提取木质素制备工业水处理剂M-03

以造纸黑液为原料,用絮凝—酸析联用技术从中提取木质素,对木质素磺化改性处理后,加入有机磷、锌盐和苯并三唑等与其复配,制备工业水处理药剂M-03。探讨了主原料配比、药剂用量、反应温度、反应时间等对药剂处理性能的影响,得出最佳复配条件:m(改性木质素)∶m(有机磷)∶m(氯化锌)∶m(苯并三唑)∶m(水)∶m(乙醇)=10 3∶0∶15∶2 4∶0∶3、反应时间2 h、反应温度(70±2)℃。并用静态实验法评价了M-03药剂的缓蚀阻垢性能,结果表明,该药剂缓蚀阻垢性能优良。     

Bioconversion of hemicelluloses of rice hull black liquor into single-cell protein

Rice hulls were treated using several sodium hydroxide concentrations and temperatures. The black liquor contents of silica, lignin and hemicelluloses increased with increase in temperature or sodium hydroxide concentration. Hexoses constituted the major part and pentoses the minor part of the black liquor hemicelluloses. The ratio of pentoses to hexoses increased slightly with the increase of treatment variables. The pentose content of the black liquor consisted of arabinose and xylose, while the hexose composition was mannose, galactose, rhamnose and glucose. On increasing the alkali concentration, the xylose and mannose concentrations increased greatly, while galactose and glucose increased only slightly. Using 10 soil samples several isolates of fungi and actinomycetes were obtained. These were identified as five species of the genus Aspergillus, three species of Paecilomyces, two species of Penicillium, one species each of Alternaria, Trichoderma, Chaetomium and Actinopolyspora. These fungi were cultivated on black liquor basal salts medium. The highest bioconversion rate of black liquor hemicelluloses into biomass and single-cell proteins was achieved by Aspergillus terreus, followed by Paecilomyces simplicissima then Actinopolyspora sp.     

Preparation of microporous activated carbon and its modification for arsenic removal from water

Arsenic removal from water was investigated using activated carbon. The chemical activated carbon (CAC) prepared using H₃PO₄ from jute stick largely featured micropore structure with surface functional groups, while meso- and macropore structures were mainly developed in physical activated carbon (PAC). The CAC and PAC reduced arsenic concentration to 45 and 55 μg L⁻¹, respectively, from 100 μg L⁻¹ while iron-loaded CAC reduced to 3 μg L⁻¹, which is lower than the upper permissible limit (10 μg L⁻¹). The micropore structure of CAC along with complexation affinity of iron species towards arsenic species attributed to enhanced separation of arsenic.     

利用稻草制浆黑液制备活性炭的研究

利用稻草制浆黑液中提取的木质素/二氧化硅复合材料为前驱体制备了活性炭.研究了活化剂KOH用量、活化反应的温度和活化反应的时间对活性炭吸附性能的影响.最佳的反应条件为:浸渍比(KOH于复合材料的质量比)为3:1,活化反应的温度为750℃,活化反应的时间为1h,此时制备的活性炭碘吸附值最大.制备的活性炭碘吸附值达到816.26 mg/g,BET比表面积为532.6 m2/g.活性炭大部分为介孔结构,含有少量微孔结构,平均孔径在6 nm.     

煤焦油沥青制球形活性炭的研究

实验室研究利用煤焦油沥青研制球型活性炭,在活化温度850℃,活化时间6h,烧失率67.5%时制得的球形活性炭碘值为778.8mg/g,亚甲蓝值为77.32mg/g,并具有球形度好、装填密度均匀、比表面积较大、强度高、耐磨损、耐腐蚀等优点,达到了净化用颗粒活性炭质量标准。     

有序介孔碳和活性炭对阿莫西林的吸附研究

阿莫西林是废水中一类典型的药品与个人护理品类新型有机污染物,会对周围环境和人体健康造成潜在威胁。以蔗糖为碳源、以SBA-15为模板制备有序介孔碳（OMC）。采用动态吸附法研究其对阿莫西林的吸附行为,并与常规吸附材料商用活性炭（GAC）作对比。探讨了废水中阿莫西林的初始浓度、温度及流速对动态吸附的影响。结果表明：在同等条件下,OMC的吸附能力远强于GAC,以OMC为吸附剂可有效去除废水中的阿莫西林类新型有机污染物。     

芒杆山竹碱法纸浆黑液中提取木质素探析

本文研究了芒杆山竹碱法制浆黑液酸析木质素工艺过程及其影响因素,获得了最佳工艺条件,木质素析出率、色度去除率分别达到82％、91％以上,COD、BOD去除率达到60％以上,所得木质素为土黄色疏松颗粒。     

黑液双液法堵剂的研究

本文对黑液在酸的作用下同时生成凝胶和泡沫进行了研究。由于凝胶的沉积作用和泡沫的Jamin效应，使其在采油工艺中能改变非均质地层中的渗透规律，起到堵水作用，是一种新型的双液法堵剂。在25℃条件下将黑液分别用2．5mol·L－1H2SO4、6mol·L－1HCl和CO2进行处理，当pH值分别达到10．16、9．60、10.08时凝胶沉淀完全。实验结果表明，凝胶的粘度为13．2～26．6mPa·s，泡沫的寿命为32～34min。当pH为13．5～13.9时可使凝胶溶解。