PITCHING RATE IN HIGH GRAVITY BREWING

The optimal pitching rate in high gravity worts (12–16°P) was about 0.3 g/l wet weight (2.3 × 10⁶ counted cells/ml) and per one percent of original wort gravity. In very high gravity worts (20–23°P) the corresponding figure was 0.4 g/l (2.9 × 10⁶ cells/ml). Higher amounts of yeast did not improve the fermentation rate. With increased original wort gravity, flocculation of the yeast weakened and the amount of cropped yeast decreased. The viability of the crop yeast was good. In the conditions used, excessive production of acetate esters occurred only with pitching rates lower than the recommended rate. As the original wort gravity increased, more fermentable extract was metabolized to ethanol rather than utilized for yeast growth. The highest ethanol yield obtained was 10.9% (v/v).     

啤酒高浓酿造的研究

探讨了高麦汁浓度对酵母生长发酵的影响 ,研究了麦汁溶氧对酵母生长发酵的促进作用。实验结果表明 :随着麦汁浓度的增加 ,酵母糖降速率明显降低 ;相同浓度的麦汁 ,α 氨基酸含量低 ,酵母糖降速率下降 ;α 氨基氮含量高 ,酵母增殖密度明显增加 ,但单位α 氨基氮生成酵母细胞干重降低 ,即增加的α 氨基氮未被充分用于生成酵母细胞 ;充入纯氧能显著提高麦汁的饱和溶氧量 ,采用二次充氧比一次充氧能够显著提高啤酒发酵度 ,并缩短发酵时间     

高浓酿造技术研究进展

高浓酿造技术的主要优点通过有效降低糖化的用水，仅利用现有糖化、发酵和储存设备即可大幅度提高啤酒产量，缺点包括：降低糖化锅原料及煮锅酒花利用率，泡沫稳定性下降，酸洗效应，降低酵母存活率，酵母回用代数下降以及需要及时调整麦汁中二阶离子的浓度。     

高浓酿造法生产高辅料啤酒的研究

该文通过试验研究,确定了75%高辅料的糖化工艺、麦汁16°P高浓度的发酵工艺、高浓稀释工艺。采用上述工艺不仅生产的产品质量达到GB4927标准,而且感官指标和风味都比较稳定。从而提高了现有设备的利用率,增加了产量,降低了成本,提高了企业的经济效益。     

Acid Washing and Serial Repitching a Brewing Ale Strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in High Gravity Wort and the Role of Wort Oxygenation Conditions†

Acid washing pitching yeast is an effective method for removing bacterial contamination, but if the yeast is washed incorrectly decreased fermentation performance and beer quality problems may result. Various factors can affect the acid resistance of yeast strains during brewery fermentations. Yeast from shaking flask experiments was more resistant to the combination of high gravity and acid washing conditions than yeast cropped from static fermentations. Yeast harvested from static high gravity wort (20° Plato; 1.083 OG) fermentations was more adversely affected by acid washing than yeast from standard gravity (12° Plato; 1.048 OG) wort. Wort oxygenation resulted in enhanced yeast fermentation performance and healthier yeast crops when yeast was serially repitched into 20° Plato wort. Yeast cropped from fermentations with air saturated high gravity wort responded poorly when acid washed. These results suggest that the structure of the plasma membrane particularly the sterol and fatty acid composition, may have an important role in tolerating high gravity wort and acid washing conditions.     

高浓酿造过程中几个技术问题探讨

高浓酿造具有降低生产成本、突出啤酒淡爽风格等优点。本文对原料选择、粉碎方法、辅料等技术问题进行了分析了和探讨。     

STEROL SYNTHESIS IN RELATION TO GROWTH AND FERMENTATION BY BREWING YEASTS INOCULATED AT DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS

The sterol contents of brewing yeasts harvested from an anaerobic fermentation and inoculated into air-saturated wort rise rapidly from ca. 1 mg/g dry yeast to ca. 10 mg/g and remain at this level until the oxygen is absorbed. After all oxygen is removed from the medium, sterol synthesis ceases and the concentration in the cells declines as growth occurs until a limiting value is reached, when reproductive growth ceases. In the presence of oxygen, sterols are present primarily as sterol esters; free sterols accumulate after oxygen uptake is complete. The total quantity of sterol which is synthesized in the presence of oxygen determines the extent of subsequent yeast growth. It is shown that the magnitude of sterol synthesis in the yeast population as a whole is influenced by the pitching rate.     

高浓麦汁中添加红枣汁对酵母发酵性能及啤酒风味的影响

该实验研究了红枣汁不同添加量（10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%）对啤酒高浓酿造中酵母发酵性能及风味物质的影响。结果表明,红枣汁的添加能显著提高酵母的发酵性能,发酵过程中红枣汁添加组总CO2质量损失均高于对照组,发酵结束后乙醇产量显著增加（P＜0.05）,其中,30%红枣汁添加量促发酵效果最好,发酵度为88.18%,酒精度为11.30%vol,与对照组相比,分别提高了4.16%和4.63%。添加红枣汁可显著影响啤酒的色值：红枣汁添加比例越高,啤酒L*值越低,a*值与b*值越高,总色差（ΔE值）与对照组差异越大。与对照组相比,红枣汁的添加减少了高级醇的形成,显著降低了啤酒的醇酯比。     

HYDROPHOBIC POLYPEPTIDE EXTRACTION DURING HIGH GRAVITY MASHING— EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES FOR ITS IMPROVEMENT

The aim was to establish if a substantial increase in hydrophobic polypeptides could be achieved during high gravity mashing. When worts with gravities ranging from 5–20°P were analysed for hydrophobic polypeptide content it was found that there was no appreciable increase in hydrophobic polypeptide levels. Remashing of the spent grains from low and high gravity mashes demonstrated that this resulted from inefficient extraction of hydrophobic polypeptide levels during the mashing process. For example, wort produced from remashed high gravity spent grains contained 150 mg/L hydrophobic polypeptides compared to only 10 mg/L in the low gravity remashed spent grains. Experiments were conducted, employing standard mashing techniques, in an attempt to increase the extraction of hydrophobic polypeptides during high gravity mashing. Thus the use of gypsum, proteolytic stands, varying liquor to grist ratios and wheat malt addition were all investigated for their effect on hydrophobic polypeptide extraction during high and low gravity mashing. Wort analysis demonstrated that none of the techniques employed had a significant effect on hydrophobic polypeptide extraction. When wort from remashed spent grains was used as mashing in liquor for a fresh mash and the resultant worts analysed for hydrophobic polypeptides it was observed that no increase in hydrophobic polypeptide extraction was achieved. For example, wort from the remashed high gravity spent grains, containing 140 mg/L hydrophobic polypeptides, when used as mashing-in liquor, produced no increase in hydrophobic polypeptide levels in the resultant high gravity wort (230 mg/L) when compared to a high gravity wort produced using distilled water as mashing-in liquor (255 mg/L). It is therefore concluded that a saturation point has been reached and no more hydrophobic polypeptides can be extracted during mashing regardless of the procedures employed.     

黔产市售绿茶中重金属的含量检测及浸出规律

为研究黔产市售绿茶中重金属的浸出规律,以五个生产加工地的黔产市售绿茶为研究对象,分析其9种重金属(Pb、Cr、Cd、 Hg、 Cu、 Zn、 Mn、 Ni和As)含量,考察浸泡温度、浸泡时间、浸泡次数对茶叶重金属浸出率的影响.结果 如下:茶叶中Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb含量分别为3.98～4....     

Yeast Proteolytic Activity During High and Low Gravity Wort Fermentations and its Effect on Head Retention

The aim was to discover the effect of high gravity brewing on yeast protease activity during fermentation, on the loss of hydrophobic polypeptides from wort during fermentation, and on the foam stability of stored beer. The hydrophobic polypeptide content of low (10° Plato) gravity worts showed a steady decline throughout fermentation, but for the 20° Plato wort there was a rapid decline over the first 8 days of fermentation, followed by little change over the remaining period. The decrease in hydrophobic polypeptides was greater in the high gravity fermentation. Proteinase A increased during fermentations with the highest levels being present at the end of fermentations. High gravity fermentations exhibited levels of yeast protease that from the 3rd to 11th day of fermentation were at least twice the values of the low gravity fermentations. The high gravity brewed beer contained significantly higher levels of proteinase A activity than the low gravity brewed beer. The inclusion of FERMCAP™, an antifoam, in high gravity wort did not affect either the hydrophobic polypeptide levels or foam stability of the resultant beer. This suggests that proteinase A, rather than fermenter foaming, must be the major contributor to the lack of foam stability of high gravity brewed beer. Head retention measurements conducted on the high and low gravity brewed bottled beers, over a five month period, demonstrated a steady decline in foam stability for both beers. The declines in head retention did not occur in high and low gravity beers that had been pasteurised.     

小麦面筋蛋白活性肽对啤酒超高浓度酿造的影响

研究了不同分子段小麦面筋蛋白活性肽对啤酒超高浓度酿造的影响,结果表明:在超高浓度酿造条件下,不同分子段的小麦面筋蛋白活性肽对酿酒酵母的促增殖和发酵效果不同,其中小分子肽段WGP-III(Mw3 ku)具有更合理的氨基酸组成比例,表现出最强的促酵母增殖和发酵效果。不同分子小麦面筋活性肽段WGP-?(Mw=5~10 ku)、WGP-II(Mw=3~5 ku)、WGP-III与CK相比,初始FAN含量分别提高了27%、33%和47%。WGP-III增加了最多的麦汁初始FAN水平,且发酵结束时FAN利用率为58%,较空白提高了11%。向20 oP麦汁中补充0.3%(m/V)的小麦面筋蛋白肽WGP-III,可使稳定期酵母生物量提高30%,乙醇浓度提高5%,氨基氮利用率提高11%,发酵时间缩短4 d。同时总醇增加68%,总酯降低17%,小分子肽段的添加并不影响啤酒的感官品质,使啤酒风味更加协调。     

高浓酿造与啤酒风味协调柔和性

本文主要介绍了啤酒风味物质、风味类型，在此基础上对当前啤酒界普遍采用的高浓酿造技术进行了总结和阐述，并分析了此工艺对啤酒风味物质组成及感官品评特性的影响。     

高浓酿造啤酒发酵周期的研究进展

高浓酿造是采用高浓麦汁发酵,之后进行稀释的啤酒酿造技术,该方法可显著提高生产效率,被广泛应用于啤酒生产中。虽然高浓酿造技术基本发展成熟,但仍存在发酵周期长以及后稀释造成风味不平衡的问题。由于高浓麦汁的特性,会导致发酵不彻底、发酵缓慢以至于延长发酵周期。该文分别从原料、发酵条件、菌株质量方面对高浓酿造啤酒发酵周期影响因素作了综合阐述,并对解决发酵周期长这一问题进行了讨论,提供可行思路。     

紫外诱变筛选高耐性低产高级醇优良啤酒酵母及其高浓发酵后啤酒风味的研究

以啤酒酵母泥X为出发菌株,经筛选,得到高耐渗,高耐酒精的酵母菌Y,并与以诱变得到高耐性低产高级醇菌株MS-5,经研究发现些菌株在高耐性发酵条件下能有效降低高级醇含量。对该菌株在28°P麦芽汁培养基中的发酵性能和发酵终止时啤酒的风味物质含量进行分析,与出发菌种X及菌株Y作对比,菌株MS-5更适合于高浓酿造。