控制FAST馈源的宏-微机器人系统

本文介绍了大射电望远镜FAST光机电一体化设计方案,给出了由贵州KARST地貌的地理位置 得到的线馈源扫描运动轨迹,对六悬索并联索系结构和Stewart平台组成的并联宏 微机器 人系统进行了运动学描述和分析．     

大射电望远镜轨迹跟踪模糊学习控制

1　引言“新一代大射电望远镜光机电一体化设计”[1～ 4 ]创新设计方案中 ,大跨度悬索拖动装有Stewart平台的馈源舱提供较大的工作空间 ,并实现馈源轨迹的粗调控制 ,Stewart精调平台在粗调的基础上实现馈源轨迹跟踪的精调控制 ,满足馈源轨迹跟踪精度要求 .馈源轨迹跟踪控制过程     

柔性支撑Stewart平台自适应交互PID隔振控制

为了实现500 m口径球面射电望远镜(five hundred meter aperture spherical radio telescope, FAST)二级精调稳定平台对馈源舱隔振控制的定位和指向精度, 首先提出了基于并联机构学原理的3维机动目标跟踪预测算法, 对柔性支撑Stewart平台的基座运动进行跟踪预测. 进而,在Stewart平台关节空间设计了自适应交互PID控制器, 引入自适应交互算法解决PID参数的实时调整, 以适应柔性支撑Stewart平台的参数变化对不同控制参数的需求. 采用现代机电系统仿真策略, 对柔性支撑Stewart平台隔振系统的动力学与控制问题进行了仿真, 结果表明: 与传统的PID控制器相比, 自适应交互PID控制器大大改善了隔振效果, 完全满足隔振目标的要求.     

基于PMAC卡的FAST馈源位姿主动减振控制系统

基于Stewart平台的馈源位姿主动减振定位机构的控制是五百米口径球面射电天文望远镜(FAST)项目实现的关键.考虑到控制系统对重量、体积和精度的要求,提出了在RTLinux环境下,采用工业计算机上下位机主从控制,配合PMAC运动控制卡对机构进行控制的软硬件控制方案.RTLinux 对中断处理的强实时性及PMAC运动控制卡强大的运动控制功能,保证了控制精度.实验取得了较好的减振控制效果,满足了FAST的指标要求.同时,PMAC运动控制卡提供了开放性的底层伺服环控制算法,这给今后的控制算法研究改进预留了方便的软硬件接口.     

大射电望远镜FAST 馈源舱位姿控制

针对大射电望远镜(FAST)馈源舱位姿控制问题进行了研究．根据馈源舱、塔柱的固定顶点及与其相联的6根钢索组成的stewart平台结构，提出利用自抗扰控制技术(ADRC)来调节6根钢索的长度，使馈源舱姿态跟踪给定理想轨迹．数字仿真表明了该方案的可行性．     

重心时变的多级混联支撑系统终端精度分析

为保证天文观测的跟踪精度,针对500m口径大型球面射电望远镜(FAST)的多级混联馈源支撑系统因重心实时变化带来的终端馈源接收机位姿误差问题,本文首先构建索并联机构的弹性力学模型,建立馈源舱的重心位置和馈源接收机位姿误差的关系模型.然后,研究馈源舱重心的时变规律.最后,采用Newton-Raphson法迭代确定重心时变...     

FAST馈源舱的静态定标和动态跟踪

根据计算机视觉和CCD图像分析测量原理,介绍了对FAST馈源舱多个位置和姿态的静态定标,以及对舱体特征点的图形坐标的摄取。推导了实验中所需馈源舱的空间坐标变换矩阵,实现了对馈源舱的动态跟踪,并为舱体的闭环控制提供了数据基础。     

基于OSG的FAST三维运动仿真系统

500米口径球面射电望远镜(FAST)具有零部件繁多、技术密集等特点，在进行观测活动时需要各部门之间协调配合，为了能够有效地对FAST观测活动进行模拟和规划，提出一种基于OpenSceneGraph(OSG)和Qt的FAST三维运动仿真系统。利用Qt建立交互式界面，OSG建立FAST的虚拟场景，分析了抛物面、馈源舱以及钢索的运动过程，对其主要的运动部件进行了运动仿真。并且建立了馈源舱位置姿态的Redis数据库，利用数据库中的数据驱动馈源舱和钢索进行运动，将三维仿真运动系统与FAST工程对接，为日后FAST数字孪生系统的实现打下基础。实验表明，该系统可以对FAST系统观测活动进行运动模拟，对FAST运动规划和作业指导具有重要的意义。     

TDIFLC算法在悬索定位系统中的应用仿真

该文在全面深入了解大射电望远镜FAST光机电一体化创新设计方案的设计思想和技术指标的基础上,针对悬索馈源系统为一非线性、时变、大滞后、多变量耦合系统,精确的数学模型难以建立,采用经典控制理论与现代控制理论进行系统的分析和设计比较困难,甚至无法获得比较理想的运行效果。因此,联系FAST50m模型的定位控制策略,提出了基于非线性跟踪微分器的插值模糊控制算法（TDIFLC）,并以FAST50m模型的悬索馈源定位系统为控制对象,对其进行分析和数值仿真,仿真结果证明了此种控制算法的可行性和高效性。同时,它结构简单,易于工程实现。     

民营资本带动的超算产业

时间回溯到2008年12月26日,在与贵州省黔南布依族苗族自治州都匀市接壤的平塘县,作为国家九大科技基础设施之一,概算总投资73263万元、世界最大的单口径500米的球面射电天文望远镜（Five hundred meters Aperture Spherical Telescope,简称FAST）这一世界“天眼”正式奠基,目前世界最大的单口径射电天文望远镜落户平塘在当时入选了“2007年贵州十大影响力事件”,并自此开始受到全国乃至世界的瞩目。依托于FA S T工程,中国将参加世界第一大射电望远镜阵列“平方公里望远镜SKA”大型国际合作项目。在今年7月,随着第一根主索的安装,FAST反射面索网制造与安装工程正式步入工程实施阶段,作为贵州省科技转型的重点工程, FAST和SKA的海量数据存储和处理均需要强大的超级计算系统的支撑,依托于FAST而建立的黔南超级计算中心在国内超算中心项目中的里程碑意义得到了越来越多的关注。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).