四氟乙烯五聚体氧基苯磺酸钠与辛基三乙基溴化铵的相互作用

研究不同摩尔比的正负离子碳氢-碳氟表面活性剂——辛基三乙基溴化铵〔C8H17N(CH2CH3)3Br,C8NE〕与四氟乙烯五聚体氧基苯磺酸钠(C10F19OC6H4SO3Na,6201)混合溶液的表面张力,得到其临界胶束浓度(CMC)、最低表面张力(γCMC)、总饱和吸附量、不同表面张力时表面吸附层的组成;利用Gibbs-Duhem方程求得CMC处的胶团组成。采用规则溶液理论计算胶团中分子间相互作用参数(βm)以及CMC后的胶团组成。C8NE-6201复配体系的CMC明显小于单体系,这与βm负值很大相符(胶团内分子相互作用强)。但复配体系γCMC较6201单体系变化很小,这可能由于6201疏水链过长导致和C8NE复配后溶解性较差。6201自身的强疏水性使其成为表面吸附层和胶团在初始形成时的主导组分,而反电性C8NE参与提供协同作用。但是CMC后的胶团组成中6201的摩尔分数x6201m基本维持在0.6~0.7附近,说明对于CMC后胶团的形成正负电性作用占主导。     

十二烷基磺酸钠/十二烷基硫酸钠及十二烷基磺酸钠/十六烷基三甲基溴化铵复配体系胶团的研究

本文研究了阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠(SAS)分别与阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)及阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)复配体系的胶团。结果表明:任何比例的两复配体系均形成非理想混合胶团;对于SAS/SDS体系高活性组分在胶团中所占的摩尔分数高于它在体系中的摩尔分数;而在体系SAS/CTAB中,两组分在胶团中的摩尔比却趋近于1:1,并不与它们在体系中的摩尔比相对应;复配体系SAS/SDS和SAS/CTAB的β~M值分别为-2.94和-26.47,表明前者偏离理想混合不大,而后者则偏离较远,但两体系在形成胶团能力方面均出现增效作用。     

可裂解Gemini型季铵盐表面活性剂的合成与性能

合成了一系列可裂解Gem in i型季铵盐表面活性剂:烷基-α,ω-双(二甲基酰氧乙基溴化铵),标记为Ⅱ-m-n(m=12,14;n=3,4,6);采用红外光谱和核磁共振进行结构表征。测定了相关的性能,结果表明,可裂解Gem in i型季铵盐表面活性剂具有很强的胶束生成能力,其临界胶束浓度(CMC)为2.63×10-4~4.17×10-4mol/L(m=12)及2.88×10-5~4.46×10-5mol/L(m=14),分别比相应的单季铵盐表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(CMC)低两个数量级;其泡沫稳定性、乳化性能和杀菌性明显优于相应的单季铵盐表面活性剂。     

荧光探针法研究新型Gemini表面活性剂在水溶液中的聚集行为

以芘为荧光探针、二苯酮为猝灭剂,用稳态荧光探针法测定了新型Gemini表面活性剂的临界胶团浓度(CMC)、胶团聚集数(Nagg)及胶团微极性.研究了Gemini表面活性剂结构和氯化钠浓度对CMC、Nagg、胶团微极性的影响.结果表明,新型Gemini表面活性剂的CMC比常规表面活性剂的CMC低1—2个数量级.当疏水基碳原子数增加时,CMC依次降低,Nagg增大,胶团微极性减小.当氯化钠浓度增大时,Nagg增大,胶团微极性减小.     

琥珀酸二异辛酯磺酸钠/月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚-7混合体系在水中的溶液行为研究

研究了琥珀酸二异辛酯磺酸钠(062)和月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚-7(AEO-7)混合体系在水中的表面性质和胶团化行为,并对理想混合胶团临界胶束浓度(CMC)~(dea)和混合体系中各组分在表面吸附层和胶团中的组成、相互作用参数和热力学参数进行分析计算。结果表明,062/AEO-7混合体系在水中不存在协同效应,但是AEO-7的加入明显降低了062的临界胶束浓度,混合胶团的形成为自发过程,胶团中062与AEO-7分子具有较弱的相互作用,表面吸附层和胶团中均富含非离子表面活性剂AEO-7。     

菊粉季铵盐的复配性能研究

考察了菊粉季铵盐与十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)复配体系的表面化学性质,计算了二者在混合胶束和表面吸附层中的协同作用参数。结果表明,复配体系的表面化学性能明显优于单一体系,在混合胶束和表面吸附层中都表现出强烈的协同效应。当n(菊粉季铵盐)∶n(SDS)=8∶2时,复配体系的临界胶束浓度(CMC)和临界表面张力(γCMC)分别为2.81μmol/L和23.81 mN/m。     

环保型餐具洗涤剂用表面活性剂复配体系研究

表面活性剂的许多特性在单独使用时往往不能充分发挥。但当一种表面活性剂与其他表面活性剂复配时 ,溶液的物理化学性质会发生明显的变化 ,其表面活性优于各个组分的性能。从表面活性剂复配着手 ,选择阴离子型表面活性剂仲烷基磺酸钠 (SAS)、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠 (AES)和非离子型表面活性剂烷基多糖苷 (APG)进行复配实验。改变不同表面活性剂之间的配比 ,通过对临界胶团浓度 (CMC)的分析研究 ,解释了胶团的形成过程和胶团的具体组成。APG SAS、APG AES体系分子间相互作用系数 βm 为负值 ,表明它们在胶团中分子间的相互作用比同种分子间的相互作用要强 ;而且| βm|的值在 3附近 ,表明APG SAS、APG AES体系分子间存在中等强度的相互作用 ;同时在形成胶团能力方面符合增效作用判断准则 ,这些结论将有助于实际配方的确定     

Gemini双季铵盐表面活性剂与SDBS和SDS的复配行为

采用荧光分光光度法和Zeta电位法考察了系列Gemini双季铵盐表面活性剂与阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)的复配效果。结果表明,Gemini双季铵盐表面活性剂疏水链和连接基越长,cmc越小,且疏水链长度对表面活性剂性能的影响较大;Gemini双季铵盐表面活性剂的加入可显著提高阴离子表面活性剂SDBS和SDS的表面活性,当Gemini双季铵盐表面活性剂与SDBS或SDS的摩尔比为3:7时,复配体系的cmc最小,且与SDS复配体系的性能优于与SDBS的复配体系。     

阳离子型双子表面活性剂的合成及表面活性

合成了一种季铵盐型双子表面活性剂Gem in i 12-3-12,采用红外光谱、元素分析和两相滴定法对其结构和纯度进行了分析,测定了不同浓度表面活性剂水溶液的表面张力,并得到临界胶束浓度(CMC)、饱和吸附量(Γm ax)、单分子饱和吸附面积(Am in)。结果表明,Gem in i 12-3-12的收率为77.2%,纯度为98.4%,它与相应的单尾基十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB)的表面活性相当,但CMC比DTAB低14倍左右。     

新型Gemini阳离子表面活性剂的合成及其性能研究

在中性或弱酸性水溶液中,二乙胺和环氧氯丙烷反应生成季铵盐中间体,再与十二烷基二甲基胺反应制备了新型多烷基多季铵盐Gemini型阳离子表面活性剂.其临界胶团浓度(CMC)为4×10-6 mol·L-1、克拉夫点(Krafft point)＜0℃.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。