冲击板用镁质浇注料的组成对其性能的影响

以高纯镁砂、电熔镁砂、α-Al2O3微粉、亚白刚玉粉、镁铝尖晶石粉及SiO2微粉为原料,制备了冲击板用镁质浇注料。研究了添加MA尖晶石(质量分数分别为0、5%、8%、12%)及α-Al2O3微粉与亚白刚玉粉混合物(质量分数分别为5%、10%、15%、20%)对浇注料性能的影响。结果表明:(1)MA尖晶石添加量为8%时,经1550℃3h和1100℃3h烧后试样的抗折强度都比较高,两者强度比接近1,可判断材料的抗剥落性和抗热震性较好;固定MA尖晶石添加量为6%,α-Al2O3微粉与亚白刚玉粉混合物加入量在5%～10%范围内,试样高、中温烧后强度比更趋近1,具有更好的抗剥落性和抗热震性。(2)SEM分析显示了方镁石与MA尖晶石颗粒多呈直接结合,这有利于提高材料的高温强度。(3)添加的MA尖晶石作为晶核,能促进α-Al2O3微粉和亚白刚玉粉与MgO反应形成原位尖晶石,同时促进烧结和部分抑制MA尖晶石生成时过度的体积膨胀。     

三种微细粉加入量对刚玉-尖晶石质透气座砖性能的影响

以板状刚玉(10~5、5~3、3~1、≤1 mm)为骨料,板状刚玉细粉、工业氧化铬细粉、铝镁尖晶石细粉、活性α-Al2O3微粉、纯铝酸钙水泥作为粉料,配以复合添加剂制备了刚玉-尖晶石质透气座砖。以MA细粉、α-Al2O3微粉、CA-70水泥加入量三因素进行正交设计,每因素各选取3个水平,分析各因素对试样体积密度、显气孔率、线变化、抗折强度、耐压强度和抗热震性的影响。结果表明:纯铝酸钙水泥为主要影响因素;重点考虑烧后强度的最优试验方案为A2B2C1,即尖晶石粉、α-Al2O3微粉和纯铝酸钙水泥的最佳加入量(w)为9%、9%和3%。     

白云石微粉对刚玉-尖晶石质浇注料物理性能的影响

以电熔白刚玉、电熔镁铝尖晶石、氧化铝微粉、白云石微粉以及铝酸钙水泥为主要原料,研究了白云石微粉加入量(质量分数分别为0、1.5%和3%)对刚玉-尖晶石质浇注料物理性能的影响。结果表明:加入1.5%白云石微粉对浇注料的线变化率影响不大,并能够明显提高浇注料800～1100℃烧后的冷、热态抗折强度,对1400℃烧后的冷、热态抗折强度影响不大,但1600℃烧后冷、热态抗折强度降低。加入3.0%的白云石微粉使各试验温度烧后浇注料的线变化率增大且不利于浇注料强度的提高。与1400℃烧后相比,1600℃烧后所有试样冷、热态强度均有所降低,而且随白云石微粉加入量的增加降低幅度增大。白云石微粉的加入能够明显提高刚玉-尖晶石质浇注料的强度保持率,但试样热震前后的抗折强度均明显降低。     

氧化铬对无水泥刚玉浇注料矿相、显微结构和强度的影响

以电熔白刚玉颗粒及细粉为主要原料,以α-氧化铝微粉和水合氧化铝为结合剂,研究了加入氧化铬对无水泥刚玉基浇注料矿相、显微结构和抗折强度的影响.结果表明: 氧化铬1100℃开始向刚玉中固溶,随温度升高固溶程度增加,使浇注料各组分间的结合不断增强,明显提高了浇注料≥1400℃烧后的强度.氧化铬质量含量由0增加到4.0%时,1400℃烧后的热态抗折强度由5.1MPa增大到14.2MPa.1600℃烧后氧化铬通过固相和气相2种传质方式,在刚玉颗粒表面形成环状的固溶带,将刚玉彼此连接在一起,形成了较强的结合.加入质量分数2.0%的氧化铬可使1600℃烧后刚玉基浇注料在1400℃下的热态抗折强度由不含氧化铬的9.7MPa增大到18.6MPa.     

纯铝酸钙水泥对刚玉-尖晶石浇注料性能的影响

以板状刚玉为骨料,电熔白刚玉、电熔尖晶石、Al2O3微粉和纯铝酸钙水泥(Secar71)为基质,研究了纯铝酸钙水泥加入量对刚玉-尖晶石浇注料常温性能、高温强度和抗热震性能的影响.用X射线衍射仪分析了材料的物相组成.结果表明: 随纯铝酸钙水泥加入的增加,烧后试样的抗折强度先增加后降低.1600 ℃烧后试样的热态强度在600～1000 ℃时变化不大,1000 ℃后快速下降.随纯铝酸钙水泥含量的增加,热震后试样的残余抗折强度和残余抗折强度保持率增加,抗热震性有所改善;纯铝酸钙水泥对浇注料的性能有显著的影响,主要与水泥中的CaO与Al2O3之间的反应产物有关.     

六铝酸钙引入形式对刚玉-尖晶石浇注料性能的影响

为探究六铝酸钙在钢包浇注料中应用的可行性,以板状刚玉、电熔尖晶石、活性α-Al2O3微粉、预合成六铝酸钙及纯铝酸钙水泥为原料制备刚玉-尖晶石浇注料。在保证Ca O、Mg O、Al2O3成分一致的情况下向浇注料中通过两种方式引入六铝酸钙(直接加入预合成六铝酸钙,通过Secar 71水泥与活性α-Al2O3微粉高温煅烧时原位生成引入六铝酸钙),并研究了1 550℃保温3 h烧后试样的物相组成、显微结构和性能。结果表明:引入原位生成六铝酸钙的浇注料的高温性能与直接加入预合成六铝酸钙的浇注料相差不明显,引入预合成六铝酸钙的浇注料传热慢、保温性能好,但是抗剥落性有可能劣化。     

MgCO3对刚玉浇注料物理性能的影响

以电熔白刚玉、α-Al2O3微粉、水合氧化铝和MgCO3亚微粉等为原料,固定骨料与基质料的质量比为70∶30不变,分别用质量分数为0、0.5%、1%、2%、3%和4%的MgCO3替代等量的α-Al2O3微粉,制成含Mg-CO3的刚玉浇注料。按照浇注料的基质组成配料并浇注成25 mm×10 mm的基质试样,研究了含MgCO3的刚玉浇注料基质矿相随热处理温度(分别为800℃、1 100℃、1 400℃和1 600℃)的变化,以及MgCO3加入量对不同温度处理后浇注料试样的显气孔率、体积密度、线变化率及冷、热态抗折强度的影响,并对热态抗折试验后试样进行了显微结构分析。结果表明:MgO通过固熔而稳定刚玉原料中的β-Al2O3,并促进其生成板状晶体;与冷态抗折强度相比,MgCO3对浇注料的热态抗折强度(特别是1 400℃的)影响较显著;加入0.5%~1.0%的MgCO3时,板状β-Al2O3的生成使试样的热态抗折强度提高;加入2.0%以上的MgCO3亚微粉时,液相数量的增加以及晶粒细化使热态抗折强度降低。     

α-Al2O3含量对刚玉-莫来石材料物理性能的影响

以电熔莫来石、板状刚玉为骨料,加入不同量α-Al2O3细粉,在1600℃保温3 h烧成。检测了试样的体积密度、显气孔率、抗折强度、抗热震性,并结合X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和EDAX分析了试样的显微结构。结果表明,试样在经过1600℃烧成后,随着α-Al2O3微粉含量的提高,试样体积密度和高温抗折强度呈先升高后降低的趋势,耐压强度逐渐降低;α-Al2O3微粉含量为8%的刚玉-莫来石材料,经1600℃烧成后α-Al2O3颗粒长大,分布均匀,结合紧密,形成连续的交错网络骨架结构,具有较好的物理性能。     

Al2O3-MA-SiC-C质浇注料的抗渣性能

以电熔白刚玉、镁铝尖晶石、SiC细粉、活性α-Al2O3微粉、球状沥青、Si粉、ρ-Al2O3、氧化硅微粉和铝酸钙水泥为原料制备了Al2O3-MA-SiC-C质浇注料。振动浇注成型后采用静态坩埚法测定了浇注料抗渣侵蚀性,利用X射线衍射、电子探针仪和能谱等手段分析了1500℃埋炭处理3h后试样的物相、显微结构和微区成分,以研究结合剂种类(ρ-Al2O3 氧化硅微粉和铝酸钙水泥 氧化硅微粉)、尖晶石和SiC的加入量对浇注料抗渣性能的影响。结果表明:采用ρ-Al2O3 氧化硅微粉结合的浇注料的抗渣性能明显高于采用铝酸钙水泥 氧化硅微粉结合的,这主要与其在高温下形成的物相有关;随着镁铝尖晶石加入量的增多,浇注料的抗渣性能总体上呈升高趋势;随着SiC加入量的增多,浇注料的抗渣性能显著提高,当SiC加入量(质量分数,下同)为25%时,浇注料的抗渣性能最好;加入过多的镁铝尖晶石和SiC对浇注料的抗渣性能不利,这主要同高温下材料中MgO-Al2O3-SiO2系低熔物的形成有关。     

尖晶石加入量、水泥种类对刚玉-尖晶石浇注料高温抗折强度的影响

以板状刚玉、烧结尖晶石、氧化铝微粉和铝酸钙水泥为主要原料制备了铝酸钙水泥结合刚玉-尖晶石浇注料,研究了镁铝尖晶石加入量(质量分数分别为4%、7%、9%、11%、13%和15%)、铝酸钙水泥的类型(CA-270、CA-25R、CA-14M和Secar 71)对刚玉-尖晶石浇注料高温抗折强度的影响。结果表明:刚玉-尖晶石浇注料具有良好的高温抗折强度,试样的高温抗折强度受CA6高温结合相生成量、Al2O3固溶尖晶石的作用和原料带入的杂质高温下产生玻璃相共同作用的影响。在1 500~1 600℃范围内试样的高温抗折强度随着温度的升高而降低;在相同温度条件下,试样的高温抗折强度在尖晶石加入量为15%(w)时表现最好;不同种类水泥对试样高温抗折强度的影响主要表现为对高温结合物相CA6生成量的影响,同时水泥的细度和杂质含量对强度有明显影响,水泥越细,杂质越少,高温抗折强度越大。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。