Laser photothermal non-destructive inspection method for hairline crack detection in unsintered automotive parts: A statistical approach

A statistical non-contacting and non-intrusive method for revealing the presence of cracks in unsintered (green) parts manufactured by powder metallurgy (PM) technology was developed based on photothermal radiometry (PTR). The technique relies on the interaction of a modulated laser-generated thermal wave with the crack resulting in change of amplitude and phase of the detected signal. The crack existence at points in high stress regions of a group of green sprockets was evaluated through the proposed method. The results were validated by an independent destructive technique—microscope observation of the tested green sprockets following sintering, sectioning, and polishing at the locations where signal changes were observed in the green state. Statistical analysis confirmed the excellent sensitivity (91%) of the method in detecting the presence of hairline (～5–10 μm) cracks. This PTR diagnostic technique may lead to a simple and reliable on-line inspection methodology in high-stress locations of PM manufactured industrial steel products. Ultimately, the method can be developed for non-destructive quality and feedback control of the metal forming process of green automotive parts.     

Density improvement of alumina parts produced through selective laser sintering of alumina-polyamide composite powder

A powder metallurgy (PM) process to fabricate alumina parts through indirect selective laser sintering (SLS) of spherical alumina-polyamide composite powder is presented. The PM process includes powder production, SLS, debinding and furnace sintering. Three different strategies are investigated in order to improve the density of the final alumina parts: laser remelting, warm isostatic pressing (WIP), and different infiltration techniques which use alumina containing suspensions: pressureless infiltration and infiltration under pressure (i.e. squeeze infiltration). Furthermore, microstructural and geometrical changes which occur during the PM process are investigated.     

粉末高速钢的研究进展

粉末高速钢是通过特殊方法把高速钢微细粉末成形并烧结而制成的高速钢材产品,简称PMHSS。粉末高速钢具有碳化物颗粒细小、夹杂物含量少、分布均匀等的显微组织特点,使高速钢的抗弯强度、硬度和切削性能得到了显著提高。本文综述了粉末高速钢的发展历程、钢种开发以及高速钢粉末制备技术和成形等方面的研究中一些引人注目的研究进展和发展动向。     

高速钢坯料制备工艺的问题与对策

现行的高速钢坯料制备工艺主要是电渣重熔和粉末冶金两大类。其中电渣重熔锭比普通冶炼模铸钢锭的组织致密,明显改善了初始共晶碳化物的分布,但是电耗过高,生产中产生的氟化物对环境的污染严重;粉末冶金虽然从根本上解决了碳化物偏析和粗大的问题,但其工艺复杂,成本过高,应用受到限制。而半固态连铸工艺既解决了初始碳化物偏析和粗大问题,又克服了电渣重熔中电耗高、环境污染以及粉末冶金成本高的缺点,是值得重视的一个新工艺。     

特征喷涂参数对等离子喷涂纳米 Al2 O3 -13%TiO2涂层微观结构及耐磨性能的影响

目的研究等离子喷涂纳米Al2O3-13%TiO2的特征喷涂参数(CPSP)对涂层微观结构及耐磨性能的影响,探索更合理的等离子喷涂工艺参数。方法采用等离子喷涂,在Q235钢表面制备过渡层为NiCrAl、陶瓷层为纳米Al2O3-13%TiO2的涂层系统。对涂层试样进行高温和常温磨损性能测试,并对比分析喷涂粉末、涂层的微观结构和相组成。结果纳米涂层为微观双模结构,由部分熔化区和完全熔化区组成,存在裂纹、孔隙等缺陷,其主要物相为α-Al2O3,γ-Al2O3和rutile-TiO2。纳米涂层磨损失效的主要原因是内部板条的分层剥落和涂层表面材料的塑性变形切削。结论随着CPSP的增大,纳米涂层的耐磨性能增强,且高温磨损性能较室温磨损性能为差。纳米Al2O3-13%TiO2涂层微观结构中部分熔化区结构和纳米晶粒的存在显著提高了涂层的耐磨性。     

钛及钛合金粉末的制备现状

钛及钛合金具有优良的综合力学性能，在航空航天、航海、化工等领域得到日益广泛的应用。用粉末冶金法制造零部件，材料的利用率几乎可以达到100％，是降低钛及钛合金零部件生产成本的重要途径。本文评述了钛及钛合金粉末的制备技术及其现状,指出HDH钛粉和雾化钛粉是当今工业中主要应用的钛粉。伴随着钛粉末制备技术的成熟与发展，还原法直接生产钛粉和新兴的TiO2熔盐电解法生产钛粉，将成为制备低成本、高性能钛粉新的工业生产方法，是降低钛粉末冶金零部件成本的新的发展方向。元素混合法制备钛合金粉，因其较预合金化法成本低廉，工艺成熟。且性能优越，必将成为钛合金粉的主要生产方法。     

Processing and mechanical properties of porous 316L stainless steel for biomedical applications

Highly porous 316L stainless steel parts were produced by using a powder metallurgy process, which includes the selective laser sintering（SLS） and traditional sintering. Porous 316L stainless steel suitable for medical applications was successfully fabricated in the porosity range of 40%-50% （volume fraction） by controlling the SLS parameters and sintering behaviour. The porosity of the sintered compacts was investigated as a function of the SLS parameters and the furnace cycle. Compressive stress and elastic modulus of the 316L stainless steel material were determined. The compressive strength was found to be ranging from 21 to 32 MPa and corresponding elastic modulus ranging from 26 to 43 GPa. The present parts are promising for biomedical applications since the optimal porosity of implant materials for ingrowths of new-bone tissues is in the range of 20%-59% （volume fraction） and mechanical properties are matching with human bone.     

Deposition Mechanisms and Oxidation Behaviors of Ti-Ni Coatings Deposited in Low-Temperature HVOF Spraying Process

Three kinds of Ti-Ni powders were deposited on 316L stainless steel by low-temperature high-velocity oxygen fuel (LT-HVOF) spraying process, respectively. Deposition mechanisms and oxidation behaviors of the coatings were researched in this paper. The coating deposited from TiNi intermetallic powder had obvious laminar structure and the oxygen content was the highest among the three kinds of coatings. The oxygen content of the coating deposited from small-sized Ni-clad Ti powder was still high due to the melting of parts of particles. However, most of the coarse Ni-clad Ti powder was deposited in solid states without changes of chemical compositions and phase compositions. The oxygen content of the coating deposited from coarse Ni-clad Ti powder was the lowest among the three kinds of coatings. It indicated that the deposition behavior of the coating could effectively preserve the inner titanium from oxidation. The results of the present research demonstrated that it is entirely feasible to deposit active metal materials such as titanium and titanium alloy through the optimizing selection of powder in the LT-HVOF process.     

电冶钢结硬质合金的渗硼研究

采用粉末渗硼法对两种WC含量的电渣熔铸钢结硬质合金进行渗硼处理,并和粉冶钢结硬质合金渗硼进行了比较。利用光学显微镜对渗硼层的组织结构进行观察,用显微硬度计对渗硼层硬度分布及渗硼层厚度进行了测量。结果表明,电冶钢结硬质合金具有良好的渗硼性能,渗硼后,合金表面可获得高硬度的含有FeB＋Fe2B的渗硼层。渗硼过程中,材料中的硬质相WC的含量和分布状况对硼化物的生长影响显著。WC颗粒对硼化物的生长起阻碍作用,并且含量愈多,阻碍作用愈明显,所获得的渗硼层愈浅、愈疏松。     

激光诱导表面改性制备铜基非晶-纳米晶粉末冶金摩擦材料

为改善铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料的摩擦磨损性能,研究了激光诱导表面改性制备铜基非晶-纳米晶粉末冶金摩擦材料方法.采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射仪及硬度计等对粉末冶金摩擦材料层微观组织及性能进行了表征,结果表明:由于激光的急速加热和冷却以及以小质点杂质形式分布于α-Cu基体中的Zn,Sn和Pb元素抑制了再结晶的形核及长大,导致铜基非晶一纳米晶粉末冶金摩擦材料的形成.同时激光表面改性处理后,α-Cu相的晶粒尺寸减小了35%,二类应变均方根值增大39%,位错密度增加97%.聚合生长状态的α-Cu产生边缘溶解,大体积α-Cu枝解细小化.摩擦材料表观硬度提高了12.7%,α-Cu相显微硬度提高了14%.耐磨性能提高45%,摩擦系数升高1%.     

Influence of Directional Solidification on the Creep Properties of a Binary NbSi Eutectic Alloy

The influence of directional solidification (DS) on the creep properties of the binary NbSi eutectic, Nb-18 at.% Si, consisting of Nb solid solution and the Nb₃Si silicide phase, is investigated. It is comparatively assessed with an identical alloy composition produced by means of powder metallurgy (PM). The creep behavior is determined for both materials for temperatures up to 1400°C and stresses up to 150 MPa. It is found that the DS process leads to an outstanding improvement of the creep resistance of about three orders of magnitude in terms of minimum creep rate; this significant difference can mainly be attributed to the different sizes of microstructural features (phase size in PM versus cell size in DS material). Diffusional creep may be the responsible creep mechanism in both the PM and the DS material. The activation energies that are responsible for the temperature dependence of creep are found to be very high compared with literature data. It is believed that the contribution of the two phases leads to this high creep activation energy. Comparison with a state-of-the-art single-crystalline nickel-based superalloy (CMSX 4) underpins the outstanding improvement of the creep resistance of DS NbSi eutectics.     

Corrosion behaviour of powder metallurgical and cast Al-Zn-Mg base alloys

The behaviour of Al-Zn-Mg base alloys produced by powder metallurgy and casting has been studied using potentiodynamic polarisation in 0.3% and 3% NaCl solutions. The influence of alloy production route on microstructure has been examined by scanning electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry. An improvement in performance of powder metallurgy (PM) materials, compared with the cast alloy, was evident in solutions of low chloride concentration; less striking differences were revealed in high chloride concentration. Both powder metallurgy and cast alloys show two main types of precipitates, which were identified as Zn-Mg and Zr-Sc base intermetallic phases. The microstructure of the PM alloys is refined compared with the cast material, which assists understanding of the corrosion performance. The corrosion process commences with dissolution of the Zn-Mg base phases, with the relatively coarse phases present in the cast alloy showing ready development of corrosion.     

选择性激光烧结成形温度场的研究进展

选择性激光烧结技术与传统铸造工艺相结合,为快速制造某些难以用传统方法获得的铸件提供了有利途径.对于各种粉末材料在选择性激光烧结成形过程中温度场的模拟与预测,是合理选择其烧结工艺参数的基础.本文中综述了聚合物粉末、聚合物覆膜金属/陶瓷粉末和金属粉末在选择性激光烧结过程中的热物性参数变化规律及其相应的成形温度场分布,以利于激光选择性烧结各类粉末材料而精确成形零部件.     

注射成形高比重合金的性能与显微组织

含钨量较高的ＷＮｉＦｅ高比重合金具有高的密度、强度等优异性能,适合用作动能穿甲弹以及防辐射屏蔽材料;而粉末注射成形技术（ＰＩＭ）在生产小而形状复杂与性能良好的零件方面具有很大的潜在优势。研究了９５Ｗ３．５Ｎｉ１．５Ｆｅ高比重合金的注射成形工艺,讨论了其烧结工艺与性能的关系,并与采用传统粉末冶金（ＰＩＭ）法制造的合金性能与显微组织进行了比较。结果表明,采用注射成形所生产的合金,性能更高,硬度分布和显微组织结构更均匀。     

反应合成银氧化锡电接触材料导电性能研究

采用反应合成技术和传统粉末冶金技术制备银氧化锡(AgSnO2)电接触材料。对AgSnO2块体材料进行导电率测试和X射线衍射分析，对块体材料及冷拉拔的AgSnO2线材进行显微组织分析(扫描电镜、透射电镜)。研究结果表明：采用反应合成技术可以在银基体中合成尺寸细小、界面新鲜的SnO2颗粒，制备AgSnO2电接触材料；反应合成法制备的AgSnO2材料中，微米级的SnO2颗粒系由纳米级的SnO2颗粒聚集而成；反应合成法制备的AgSnO2电接触材料较传统粉末冶金法制备的AgSnO2电接触材料具有更高的导电性；采用反应合成法制备的AgSnO2电接触材料由于改变了Ag和SnO2的结合状态使材料的加工性能和导电性能同时得到改善和提高。     

基于SPS烧结的M42/45钢双金属接头及性能

利用放电等离子烧结技术(SPS)研究了M42粉末高速钢/45钢双金属连接技术,分析了连接接头的界面形貌,测试了连接接头的界面结合强度.结果表明:在970℃×10 min×70 MPa烧结工艺下,可一次性实现M42粉末高速钢的烧结及其与45钢的连接;接头的M42粉末冶金高速钢部分,显微组织均匀,碳化物细小、无偏析,经工艺1180℃×5 min×550℃×1 h热处理后,硬度达到67.36 HRC;M42/45钢连接接头组织致密且均匀,界面两侧有元素扩散,属冶金结合,界面结合强度可达到550 MPa.     

Quenching Simulation of PM Coated Tools

THE TECHNOLOGY OF HIP(hot isostatic pressing)enables the coating of components by layers up to30mm in thickness.Successful applications can be foundin wear protection[1,2].In order to increase abrasionresistance,the surface needs to contain hard particles—usually primary or eutectic carbides-that are harderthan the furrowing medium like abrasive minerals orplastics containing abrasive additives.Therefore,high-alloyed PM tool steels are used as protectivecoatings on forged or rolled ba…     

Experience in chemical heat treatment of parts made of powder materials for vaz passenger cars

Every car of the Volzhskii Automobile Plant consists of 1.6 (VAZ-2106) to 4.0 (VAZ-2110) kilograms of parts fabricated from powder materials. By the middle of 1996 the range of these parts (weighing from 1.5 to 600 g) consisted of 150 items. They are fabricated from powders based on iron and copper (119 and 31 items, respectively). Almost half of the iron-base powder parts are subjected to various kinds of surface treatment, namely, carburizing, cyaniding, gas nitriding, and steam oxide treatment. The present paper is devoted to the special features of chemical heat treatment (CHT) of parts produced from iron (steel) powder materials.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 10, pp. 18–21, October, 1996.     

Critical aspects of sinter-hardening of prealloyed Cr–Mo steel

In recent years, growing demand for greater mechanical properties of PM steel components with competitive fabrication cost has led to significant innovations in different fields of powder metallurgy. Recent research has been focused on reaching higher performance with lower cost. To this end, the possibility of combining the conventional sintering and post-sintering processes for a particular powder composition has been introduced. Sinter-hardening is a result of the research conducted along this line. Elimination of any secondary operation such as quench-hardening by incorporating it in the sintering process (i.e. sinter-hardening) is of great interest, as it will lead to lower processing costs and equal, if not higher mechanical performance. However, to ensure the desired mechanical properties of the final component and robustness of the performance, critical aspects of the sinter-hardening process should be rigorously studied.Hence with specific attention to a Cr–Mo steel powder (FL-5305), this study deals with the influence of density on cooling rate, the effect of different sintering temperatures (e.g. 1120 °C and 1250 °C) on austenite grain size and consequently, hardenability. The microstructure development in sinter-hardened FL-5305 material has been analyzed and predicted by means of the available literature for solid steel and also using the commercial software (JMatPro 5.0) for materials assessment based on thermodynamic and kinetics modeling. Finally, inaccurate carbon control and its adverse impact on excessive formation of cementite have been addressed.     

增材制造金属零件抛光加工技术研究进展

金属增材制造在航空航天、医用植入等领域有良好的应用前景,但成型表面质量差,未经后处理加工无法满足高使役性要求,抛光加工是高性能金属增材制造技术链中的关键环节。概述了增材制造金属零件应用现状和生长过程固有的阶梯效应、球化效应、粉末粘附等特性,以及成型表面高粗糙度等形貌特征。在此基础上,重点综述了增材制造金属零件抛光加工中应用较广的电化学、激光、磨料流三种抛光技术的研究进展,以不同制造工艺、不同金属粉末材质、不同结构形式(多孔结构、高长径比流道等)的增材制造样件为主线,通过表面粗糙度、材料去除、表层残余应力、廓形精度保持性等技术指标,对增材制造金属零件抛光加工研究成果进行了归纳总结。最后展望了增材制造金属零件抛光技术的发展方向。