缩放型导流筒气升式内环流生物反应器流体力学与传质特性

从气相含率、液体循环速度和体积氧传质系数方面研究缩放型导流筒气升式内环流生物反应器内的流体力学与传质特性。实验结果表明,与传统圆柱形导流筒相比较,缩放型导流筒气相含率和体积氧传质系数分别提高８％和１０％以上。气相含率和体积氧传质系数随固含率的增加而提高,液体循环速度随固含率的增加而减小;同一内管反应器随介质粘度的增加,体积氧传质系数减小。此外还在Ｈｉｇｂｉｅ穿透理论和Ｋｏｌｏｍｏｇｏｒｏｆｆ各向同     

A highly elevated mass transfer rate process for three-phase,liquid-continuous fluidized beds

Average gas holdup and gas-to-liquid mass transfer in three-phase fluidized beds with non-Newtonian fluids were studied. The effects of liquid property, gas distributor type and magnetic field intensity on mass transfer coefficient and overall gas holdup were examined. The volumetric gas-to-liquid mass transfer coefficient was determined by fitting the oxygen concentration profile data across the bed to the axial dispersion model. The average gas holdup and mass transfer coefficient were all correlated with operating parameters including gas velocity and effective viscosity.Experimental results showed that a three-fold increase in mass transfer coefficient and a two-fold increase in average gas holdup were observed with properly designed liquid property and gas distributor. A modified process was developed to highly elevate the volumetric gas-to-liquid mass transfer rate. The bubble coalescing property of three-phase fluidized beds with small particles is eliminated, and its application to biotechnology and enzyme-catalyzed processes with high gas-to-liquid mass transfer rate could be achieved.     

Hydrodynamics and mass transfer in a novel multi-airlifting membrane bioreactor

A novel multiple-airlifting membrane bioreactor is built with four sintered stainless steel tubular filters as the risers and downcomers. This work investigates the hydrodynamics including gas holdup, liquid velocity, liquid circulation and mixing times by aerating different number of risers (one to three) at superficial gas velocities of 0.02-0.07 m/s The mass transfer phenomena, including oxygen mass transfer (k_La) and effective molecular diffusivity of lactic and acetic acids through the walls of tubular filters, are also investigated. It is found that gas holdup in individual risers increases linearly with the superficial gas velocity, and performs independently under multiple-airlifting conditions. The vessel-based gas holdup and liquid velocity in downcomer(s) increase with aeration rate of individual risers as well as the number of risers. The liquid velocity in downcomers reaches an upper limit (about 0.6 m/s), because of flow resistance or energy loss of liquid circulation. The oxygen mass transfer coefficient (k_La) is primarily affected by gas holdup and the number of risers, and to some extent influenced by liquid velocity. The novel airlifter configuration results in good liquid mixing in the bioreactor that quickly reaches new steady state in response to a sudden pH change from acid addition.     

Effects of Gas‐Agitation and Packing on Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer of Extraction Column

The effects of gas‐agitation and packing on hydrodynamics and mass transfer were investigated through experiments with air‐kerosene (benzoic acid)‐water system and corrugated‐packing of calendering plate with hole. The holdup of gas, holdup of dispersed liquid phase and mass transfer coefficient increase and the flooding velocity decrease with the increase in superficial gas velocity. Over‐agitation of gas causes over‐dispersion and emulsification of dispersed liquid phase, reduction of mass transfer performance and even flooding. The mass transfer performance of a packed column is far better than that of an unpacked column.     

Particle Shape,Density, and Size Effects on the Distribution of Phase Holdups in an LSCFB Riser

Electrical resistance tomography (ERT) as a non‐invasive technique based on conductivity measurement of the continuous phase was employed for the study of phase holdup in a liquid‐solid circulating fluidized bed (LSCFB). Local solid holdup was also measured by an optical fibre probe and pressure transducers to compare and verify the results obtained by ERT. Good agreement was observed among the three methods. Tap water was used as the continuous and conductive phase and glass beads (spherical shape) and lava rocks (irregular shape) of two different sizes were used as the solid and non‐conductive phase. Radial non‐uniformities of solid holdups were observed for all four types of particles under different superficial liquid velocities in different axial locations. The solid holdup was higher in regions close to the wall and low in the central region. Non‐uniformity in the phase holdup decreased with increasing liquid velocity. The axial flow profile was found uniform along axial locations of the riser except at the lower location closer to the distributor zone.     

气液外环流反应器中气泡行为的实验研究

详细考察了气液外环流反应器中上升管、下降管的气泡行为随轴向、径向的变化规律. 由于外环流反应器的结构特点,发现在上升管底部存在偏流,并对分布板区气泡行为随角向的变化规律进行了研究. 分析实验结果得出,气含率和气泡速度均随表观气速的升高而升高;在上升管内,气含率和气泡速度自中心向边壁逐渐降低,而沿轴向变化很小;在分布板区,由于受分布器及下降管的影响,使气含率和气泡速度在不同角向存在不同的径向分布. 在下降管中,气含率自中心向边壁逐渐降低,而气泡速度则基本不变;且下降管中的气体循环率随表观气速的升高而升高.     

高长径比三相内环流反应器中细颗粒相含率和循环液速的分布研究

在高径比为22的三相内环流反应器中,在常温常压下以空气-水-石英砂为物系,研究了在不同粒径下上升区固含率、下降区固含率和上升区循环液速随表观气速的变化规律和不同粒径下轴向固含率的分布情况,以及在固体体积分数不同的条件下,平均气含率和上升区气含率随表观气速的变化情况。结果表明:当粒径(ds)≤0.3 mm时,上升区固含率随表观气速的增加呈平缓变化趋势,下降区固含率随表观气速的增加而增加;当0.3 mm相似文献   

Study of Local Gas Holdup and Specific Interfacial Area in a Split-Column Airlift Bioreactor Using Sphosticated 4-Point Optical Probe for Culturing Microlgae/Cyanobacteria

Local gas holdup (?) and interfacial area (a) at different axial locations of the riser and downcomer of a split-column airlift bioreactor were investigated using a sophisticated four-point optical probe. Such a type of a reactor has been found to outperform both bubble-column and draft-tube airlift bioreactors for culturing microalgae. The effect of superficial gas velocity (0.3–2.8 cm/s) on both gas holdup and interfacial area was studied using air–water system. It was found that both gas holdup and interfacial area significantly decrease from the top to the bottom of the downcomer for all superficial gas velocities, while their variation from the bottom to the top for the riser was found to be much less than that of the downcomer at the same superficial gas velocities. It was found that the interfacial area of the riser tends to increase by 35% from the bottom to the upper middle point of the column (6.15 Z/D from the bottom), then declines by 10% at the top location (7.7 Z/D from the bottom). Empirical correlations were obtained relating the gas holdup and specific interfacial area to superficial gas velocity of the riser and the downcomer of the bioreactor. It was found that the riser has to be represented as upper and lower halves to be best correlated, while the only upper half of the downcomer was successfully correlated. Having obtained variable interfacial area (a) at different locations of both the riser and the downcomer of the bioreactor, the local K_La consequently changes as a function of the location of the bioreactor and hence needs to be investigated locally as opposed to the current studies that have only measured and correlated the overall K_La.     

Axial hydrodynamic studies in a gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed riser

Axial distribution of phase holdups was studied in the riser of a gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed (GLSCFB). The effects of gas and liquid superficial velocities as well as solids circulation rate on radial distribution of phase holdups at different axial locations were investigated. Electrical resistance tomography (ERT) and optical fiber probe were employed online in the experiments for a precise determination of phase holdups. An empirical model was developed for the determination of gas bubbles in analysis of data obtained by fiber optic sensor. Gas holdup was higher at the central region of the riser and increased axially due to coalescence of small bubbles and decrease of hydrostatic pressure at higher levels in the riser. This led to an increase in solids holdup in regions close to the wall which was slightly higher than the solids holdup at the wall. Both solids and liquid holdups were lower in the central region and increased radially towards the wall. Gas holdup decreased with increasing solids circulation rate but opposite trend was observed for solids holdup. Solids circulation rate had negligible effect on liquid holdup at lower axial locations compared to top of the riser. Cross-sectional average of solids, gas and liquid holdups did not change significantly at higher liquid superficial velocities.     

多室气升式环流反应器流动特性的数值模拟

在空气-水两相多室气升式环流反应器（MALR）中,采用欧拉欧拉两相流模型对扇形反应室内气液两相流动过程进行了数值模拟研究,考察了上升室的气含率、液体速度随表观气速的变化,最后用实验数据对模拟结果进行了验证.结果表明,某一上升室气含率受该室表观气速的影响较大,与另一上升室表观气速的影响较小;循环液体与上升室流体流动型式有关;气含率和循环液速的模拟值与实验值的平均相对误差分别为5.36％和8.28％;说明了应用数值模拟方法研究MALR流动特性的可行性.     

Hydrodynamic characteristics in an inverse internal-loop airlift-driven fibrous-bed bioreactor

An inverse internal loop airlift-driven fibrous bed bioreactor (ALFBB) was designed by combining the advantages of an internal loop airlift bioreactor and packed bed bioreactor into one column. This bioreactor, with a high degree of design flexibility, is expected to handle genetically engineered cells as well as fragile cells, which are shear-sensitive. The hydrodynamic characteristics of the combined system have been investigated. Woven cotton was set in the downcomer of the I-IL-ALB to represent the fibrous bed packed bed and the outcome results were compared with those of the polyurethane foam (PUF) packed system and the unpacked I-IL-ALB system. The effects of the packing nature, packing height, packing top and bottom clearances, gaps between adjacent fiber surfaces, and superficial gas velocities were investigated. The hydrodynamic output variables included the gas holdup and liquid circulation velocity. Gas holdup for all packed systems continuously increased with increases in packing height, packing top clearance and superficial gas velocity. It was found highest in the downcomer of the cotton packed system than in the PUF counter part due to the roughness and hydrophilicity of the woven cotton fibrous material. Increased amounts of packing in the I-IL-ALB, whether in the form of cotton or PUF decreased the liquid circulation velocity in the bioreactor because of the increased frictional resistance and tortuosity. The reduction in liquid circulation velocity was significant for large packing with small gaps between fiber surfaces and increased bottom clearances of the cotton packed system. Empirical models based on packing properties are presented which accurately predict the gas holdup, whereas energy based model was proposed to predict liquid circulation velocities. The optimum hydrodynamic conditions were observed with cotton packing.     

漏斗型导流内构件对内循环三相流化床流体力学与传质特性的影响

通过增加新型内构件来改善内循环三相流化床的流体力学与传质特性,以实现化工、环保领导中追求高氧利用率的过程。针对此过程设计了3种不同结构参数的漏斗型导流内件并设置于导流筒顶端,分别测定反应器内气含率、液相混合时间、液体循环速度、体积氧传质系数的数据并分析其变化规律,以解析内件的作用机制。实验在有效体积39L,以空气为气相、水为液相、多孔泡沫颗粒为固相的反应器中进行,研究发现：漏斗型导流内件的设置使升流区气含率平均增大10%,体积氧传质系数kLa提高了15%,液相混合时间下降10%-25%;内件的设置可以改变液体循环速度,当表观气速<0.5cm/s时,液体循环速度加快,当表观气速>0.5 cm/s时,液体循环速度下降;此外,漏斗型导流内件的结构参数变化对流化床流体力学与传质特性有较大影响。结果表明,流化床内增加新型内构件并合理设置能够实现反应器效能的提高。     

强制液体外循环气升式内环流反应器的流体力学特性

在有机玻璃制成的主体反应器(φ0.286 m×3.0 m)内,采用空气-水的气液两相体系考察了不同表观气速下带有中心下料管和环管式气体分布器的环流反应器内局部气含率和内环气泡上升速度的流体力学特性。结果表明：气含率均随表观气速的增大而增大;从外环流入内环的气泡数量比较少;在相同条件下外环的气含率远远低于内环的气含率;新型气体分布器的采用和液体外循环的引入可以增大床层气含率并使其分布趋于均匀,从而增大了内环中气液两相的接触面积和湍动强度,使传递过程得到强化。在此基础上采用商业软件ANSYS CFX10.0对该反应器进行了数值模拟研究,模拟结果与实验数据基本吻合,说明了基于实验验证的Euler-Euler法可以用于该反应器开发和放大研究。     

CFD analysis of two‐phase turbulent flow in internal airlift reactors

The hydrodynamic performance of three internal airlift reactor configurations was studied by the Eulerian–Eulerian k–ε model for a two‐phase turbulent flow. Comparative evaluation of different drag and lift force coefficient models in terms of liquid velocity in the riser and downcomer and gas holdup in the riser was highlighted. Drag correlations as a function of Eötvös number performed better results in comparison to the drag expressions related to Reynolds number. However, the drag correlation as a function of both Reynolds and Eötvös numbers fitted well with experimental results for the riser gas holdup and downcomer liquid velocity in configurations I and II. Positive lift coefficients increase the liquid velocity and decrease the riser gas holdup, while opposite results were obtained for negative values. By studying the effects of bubble size and their shape, the smaller bubbles provide a lower liquid velocity and a gas holdup. The effects of bubble‐induced turbulence and other non‐drag closure models such as turbulent dispersion and added mass forces were analysed. The gas velocity and gas holdup distributions, liquid velocity in the riser and downcomer, vectors of velocity magnitude and streamlines for liquid phase, the dynamics of gas holdup distribution and turbulent viscosity at different superficial gas velocities for different reactor configurations were computed. The effects of various geometrical parameters such as the draft tube clearance and the ratio of the riser to the downcomer cross‐sectional area on liquid velocities in the riser and the downcomer, the gas velocity and the gas holdup were explored. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

气升式外环流反应器的体积传质系数

以Higbie的渗透理论和Kolmogoroff的湍流理论为基础,提出了计算液体旋涡在气液相界面暴露时间的方法,并建立了预测体积传质系数的模型方程。在不同管径比下的外环流反应器中,对空气 水体系测定了操作气速对体积传质系数、循环液速和气含率的影响。将体积传质系数与表观气速和下降管与上升管的面积比按幂函数进行关联,其预测值和试验值符合较好。     

高长径比环流反应器中气、固含率的轴向分布研究

在高长径比(H/D=22.2)内环流反应器中,常温常压下,以空气-水-石英砂为物系,研究了表观气速和固体装载量对平均气含率、下降区气含率、上升区固含率、下降区固含率的影响,以及上升区气含率、固含率随轴向高度的分布规律.结果表明:平均气含率、下降区气含率随着表观气速的增加而增加,随ω(固体)增大而下降,ω(固体)≤2.6...     

旋流气升式环流反应器的气含率轴向分布

为强化环隙气升式环流反应器(AALR)的流动、混合与传质性能, 提出了旋流气升式环流反应器(HALR)。在8.8L的HALR中, 以空气-水和空气-水-K树脂为实验物系, 在表观气速为0.47～2.31cm/s的范围内, 研究了表观气速、导流筒底边与反应器底面的间隙(简称底部间隙)、上升区轴向高度及固体装载量等因素对气含率的影响规律, 并与 AALR 进行了对比。结果表明:对于空气-水组成的两相物系来说, 在表观气速较小时, 旋流片对上升气泡有聚并作用;在表观气速较大时, 旋流片对气泡主要起破碎作用;气含率随着轴向高度的增加而增加, 增加的幅度随表观气速的增加而增加。对于三相物系, 表观气速较大时, 气含率随着固体装载量的增大而增大, 比两相物系气含率高;表观气速较小时, 两相物系的气含率略高于三相物系的。根据实验结果, 提出并拟合出了上升区局部气含率与轴向高度的预测模型:ε_g=(3.00×10^-4h+0.0276)U_g^0.615, 模型的预测值与实验值吻合较好, 平均相对误差为12%。     

空气-石蜡直接接触换热特性实验研究

在间壁式换热器中石蜡因为其热导率低影响了蓄热系统的换热速率,采用石蜡与空气直接接触换热可大幅提高蓄热系统的换热速率。把常温的空气通过气体分布器注入熔融状态的石蜡（100~150℃）中,具体考察了表观气速、静液位高度和传热温差等参数对石蜡-空气鼓泡换热中体积传热系数与气含率的影响。实验结果表明,随着表观气速的增大,体积传热系数与气含率随之增大,并且对于气含率,在较低的表观气速下的增长速率更快;在实验条件下,增加静液位高度都只会导致体积传热系数与气含率的降低,而改变气液温差对体积传热系数的影响不甚明显。根据实验结果获得了石蜡与空气直接接触换热的体积Nusselt数经验关联式。     

高长径比三相内环流反应器中相含率的分布研究

在长径比为22的三相内环流反应器中,常温常压下,以空气-水-石英砂为物系,根据无因次准数建立了气含率、固含率的预测模型,考察了在不同粒径下上升区气含率、下降区气含率和上升区固含率、下降区固含率随表观气速的变化规律和不同固体体积分数下轴向固含率的分布情况。结果表明：不同粒径下上升区和下降区气含率均随表观气速的增大而增大;当粒径（ds）≤0．3mm时,上升区固含率随表观气速的增加呈平缓趋势,下降区固含率随表观气速的增加而增加,当0．3mm〈d。≤1．2mm时,上升区固含率随表观气速的增加而呈先下降后增加的趋势,下降区固含率随表观气速的增加而下降;不同固体体积分数下的固体颗粒的固含率随着轴向高度的增大而变化平缓,能够均匀的分布在反应器中;气含率和固含率的计算值和实验值吻合较好,其平均相对误差分别为6．32％、4．56％。     

鼓泡反应器中幂律型流体流动与传质特性

很多废水处理装置涉及非牛顿型流体中的多相流动和传质问题,研究其中的气液传质过程有助于实现装置的优化设计和高效节能运行。以鼓泡反应器内清水和不同质量分数的羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）水溶液为实验对象,分别研究气相表观气速和液相流变特性对气泡尺寸分布、全局气含率和体积氧传质系数的影响。实验结果表明,液相的流变特性对其传质特性参数均有较大影响。与清水相比,CMC水溶液中气泡平均直径和分布范围更大;清水和CMC水溶液的全局气含率均随表观气速的增加而增大;CMC水溶液的体积氧传质系数随CMC水溶液质量分数的增加而减小。基于实验研究,得出修正的体积氧传质系数公式和适用于幂律型非牛顿流体流动体系氧传递过程的无量纲关联式,可很好地实现非牛顿流体流动的废水处理装置中气液传质参数的计算。