RCS测试中的低散射载体设计及仿真分析

在雷达散射截面(RCS)测试中,低散射载体的设计结果取决于被测目标的RCS量级;为进行细节性隐身设计,获得台阶与缝隙排除载体干扰后的RCS水平,提出一种在台阶与缝隙RCS测试中的低散射载体设计方法;采用多层快速多极子算法,对低散射载体相邻曲面连接方式、台阶与缝隙在载体上的位置、前缘尖削度、倒圆半径对散射特性的影响进行仿真分析;仿真计算结果表明,控制载体表面曲率的变化、加大前缘尖削度、减小拼接曲面倒圆半径能有效降低载体前向散射水平,由于载体曲面一侧的散射水平低于平面一侧散射水平,台阶与缝隙特征应位于曲面上;对RCS测试中低散射载体设计具有指导意义。     

An FDTD‐based waveguide filter simulator: Calibration against analytical models

A three‐dimensional (3D) finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) simulator is developed for the investigation of network (S‐) parameters of rectangular cross‐section waveguide filters. The simulator is calibrated against analytical LC equivalent models. Any number of horizontal or vertical windows can be located to act as capacitive or inductive irises, respectively, and two‐port filter characteristics can be obtained automatically. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2013.     

运输车散射截面仿真分析*

论文首先分析运输车面临的威胁,并基于其面临威胁的雷达探测频率、极化形式及角域研究典型车辆的后向散射特性,给出运输车散射特性的分布规律,可用于指导同类车辆的雷达波散射特征控制。     

Parameter estimation of the 2D‐GTD model and RCS reconstruction based on an improved 2D‐ESPRIT algorithm

The two‐dimensional estimating signal parameter via rotational invariance techniques (2D‐ESPRIT) algorithm is a classical method to estimate parameters of the two‐dimensional geometric theory of diffraction (2D‐GTD) model. While as signal‐to‐noise‐ratio (SNR) decreases, the parameter estimation performance of 2D‐ESPRIT algorithm is severely influenced. To solve this problem, a performance‐enhanced 2D‐ESPRIT algorithm is proposed in this article. The improved 2D‐ESPRIT algorithm combines the conjugate data with the original back‐scattered data and obtains a novel covariance matrix by squaring the original total covariance matrix. Simulation results indicate that the improved algorithm has a better noise robustness and a more stable parameter estimation performance than the classical ESPRIT algorithm and the classical TLS‐2D‐ESPRIT algorithm. To further validate the superiority of the improved 2D‐ESPRIT algorithm, reconstructed radar cross section (RCS) is presented in this article. Compared with the classical 2D‐ESPRIT algorithm, the proposed algorithm presents higher RCS fitting precision. Furthermore, the impacts of other factors on parameter estimation, such as matrix pencil parameters and paring parameters, are also studied in this article.     

大尺寸导体目标的低频宽带散射测量与仿真

用扫频方法测量了缩比模型的低频宽带雷达散射截面,通过变换得到大尺寸导体目标的低频宽带RCS;并利用时域有限差分方法对全尺寸导体目标的雷达散射截面进行仿真计算,也得到了大尺寸的导体目标的低频宽带RCS;结果表明了这两种方法的一致性,为获得大尺寸导体目标的低频宽带散射特性提供了可以信赖的手段.     

Iterative solution of scattering by surface‐treated targets

An efficient iterative technique has been developed to compute the scattering behavior of the radar cross section of a conducting circular cylinder coated by a dielectric loaded with periodic metallic strips. This method is based on the concept of waves. It consists of establishing a relationship between electromagnetic fields and the incident‐reflected waves. The numerical results for a number of scattering geometries are given to illustrate the efficiency and versatility of the present approach. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 13: 206–214, 2003.     

A hybrid equivalent dipole moment and adaptive modified characteristic basis function method for electromagnetic scattering by multilayered dielectric bodies

In this article, the equivalent dipole moment (EDM) method is extended and applied to analyze the electromagnetic scattering of multilayered dielectric bodies. Besides the advantage of reducing the computation time, the proposed EDM method makes it unnecessary to treat the boundary condition on the surface or the interface of the multilayered dielectric body. However, the EDM method is incapable of saving memory. In this case, the adaptive modified characteristic basis function (AMCBF) method is introduced and combined with the EDM method. Numerical results are given to demonstrate the merits of this EDM‐AMCBF method. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2009.     

Electromagnetic scattering by arbitrarily shaped stratified anisotropic media using the equivalent dipole moment method

The equivalent dipole moment method, which was used to model the isotropic media, is extended and applied to the analysis of the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of arbitrarily shaped multilayer electric anisotropic media in this work. The initial motivation to put forward this method is based on the intrinsic physical properties of the electric anisotropic media whose constitutive parameter permittivity is a tensor matrix that can be modeled as equivalent electric dipole moment. This method employs the method of moments to solve the electric field volume integral equation (VIE) formulated by discretizing the scattering body into tetrahedral volume elements, in which the electrical parameters are assumed constant in each element. Then the VIE is solved directly to obtain the scattered field. Numerical results are given to validate the accuracy and efficiency of this method. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2010.     

基于图形硬件的快速RCS估算

为了对复杂目标模型进行快速估算,在介绍复杂目标的RCS计算系统emX及其所采用的物理光学方法、几何光学寻迹方法和物理绕射方法的基础上,结合图形硬件对估算进行了加速,实现了对于复杂目标模型的一次反射,多次散射和边缘绕射相结合的快速RCS计算算法。最后对实验数据进行了对比和分析,结果证明,该方法是一种有效的RCS快速估算方法。     

微波暗室中两种RCS测量系统的比较

目标散射截面的测量对雷达目标识别、微波成像等研究领域都至关重要;在分析目标RCS测量原理的基础上,对暗室中RCS测量的两种方法---连续波测试体制和扫频测试体制进行了比较,给出了具体测量步骤,并通过实际测试进行了结果比对,最后说明了两种方法的使用范围.     

Ultra‐wideband radar cross‐section reduction using polarization conversion metasurface

In this paper, a novel ultra‐wideband (UWB) chessboard structured metasurface has been designed to realize the monostatic radar cross‐section (RCS) reduction. The unit has a periodic simple multi‐V‐shaped structure can convert linear polarized waves into their orthogonal polarized ones in an UWB ranging from 14.5 to 41 GHz. In addition, the RCS reduction of two kinds of chessboard structures which composed of the proposed unit are compared in this paper, and one of them has been fabricated and tested. Experiments and simulation results show that, under normal incidence of electromagnetic wave, it can achieve RCS reduction over 10 dB within an UWB of 20.5 GHz.     

Analysis for scattering of conductive objects covered with anisotropic magnetized plasma by trapezoidal recursive convolution finite‐difference time‐domain method

The finite‐difference time‐domain method (FDTD) is extended to three‐dimensional (3D) anisotropic magnetized plasma based on the trapezoidal recursive convolution (TRC) technology. The TRC technique requires single convolution integral in the formulation as in the recursive convolution (RC) method, while maintaining the accuracy comparable to the piecewise linear recursive convolution (PLRC) method with two convolution integrals. In this article, the numerical results indicate that the TRC‐FDTD method not only improves accuracy over the RC‐FDTD with the same computational efficiency but also spends less computational time than the PLRC‐FDTD based on the same accuracy. The 3D TRC‐FDTD formula is provided and the bistatic radar scattering sections of conductive targets covered with anisotropic magnetized plasma are calculated. The results show that magnetized plasma cover layer can greatly reduce echo energy of radar targets, and the anisotropic magnetized plasma cover has better absorption effect than nonmagnetized. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2010.     

A broadband radar cross section reduction metasurface based on integrated polarization conversion and scattering cancelation

In this paper, we proposed and demonstrated a broadband radar cross section (RCS) reduction metasurface by integrating polarization conversion and scattering cancelation. A broadband polarization conversion structure was designed based on split concentric ring. We used a 4 × 4 array of split ring structure and its mirror‐symmetric structure as the super‐cell units to construct a metasurface with chessboard structure. The metasurface can efficiently reduce the co‐polarization RCS for all azimuth angles of incident wave. The metasurface sample with optimized structure parameters was fabricated and measured. The measured 10 dB RCS reduction band of the metasurface is from 8.6 to 17.7 GHz.     

基于ISAR成像的目标大角度RCS外推

传统逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)转台成像算法对目标进行成像后只能外推小角度区域雷达散射截面(RCS)。针对这一问题,建立了大转角转台成像系统,提出了一种基于近场微波成像的RCS外推算法,分析了近场大转角转动带来的越距离单元徙动问题。通过将距离与方位域解耦,并对方位方向进行圆周卷积运算,得到高质量的目标成像,进而可以外推目标360度方位的RCS,并与传统ISAR小角度成像算法进行比对。仿真结果表明,外推算法不仅可以对目标进行成像,诊断目标的强散射点位置,还可以用来做远区RCS大角度外推,并结合成像结果分析目标散射机理。     

A novel reconfigurable FSS applied to the antenna radar cross section reduction

Active reconfigurable FSS using pin diode for the antenna radar cross section (RCS) reduction is proposed. The reconfigurable FSS reflector is presented in this article. The proposed reconfigurable FSS reflector is able to be switched between band‐stop FSS with OFF‐state diodes and band‐pass FSS with ON‐state diodes around 3.8 GHz. The using of band‐stop FSS reflector corresponds to the out‐band RCS reduction during radar operating, and the using of band‐pass FSS reflector corresponds to the in‐band RCS reduction during radar nonoperating. Therefore, the state of the antenna scattering can be switched according to the working state of radar. The results show that the reconfigurable FSS reflector can contribute to the switchable RCS reduction between in band and out band of the antenna. The radiation performance of the antenna is preserved when the diodes are ON state. The monostatic RCS of the antenna with FSS reflector with ON‐state diodes can be reduced more than 25 dB at operating band, and the out‐band RCS reduction can be achieved with ON‐state diodes.     

Implementation and optimization of GPU‐based parallel one‐step leapfrog ADI‐FDTD for far‐field scattering problems

The one‐step leapfrog alternative‐direction‐implicit finite‐difference time‐domain (ADI‐FDTD), free from the Courant‐Friedrichs‐Lewy (CFL) stability condition and sub‐step computations, is efficient when dealing with fine grid problems. However, solution of the numerous tridiagonal systems still imposes a great computational burden and makes the method hard to execute in parallel. In this paper, we proposed an efficient graphic processing unit (GPU)‐based parallel implementation of the one‐step leapfrog ADI‐FDTD for the far‐field EM scattering simulation of objects, in which we present and analyze the manners of calculation area division and thread allocation and a data layout transformation of z components is proposed to achieve better memory access mode, which is a key factor affecting GPU execution efficiency. The simulation experiment is carried out to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the GPU‐based implementation. The simulation results show that there is a good agreement between the proposed one‐step leapfrog ADI‐FDTD method and Yee's FDTD in solving the far‐field scattering problem and huge benefits in performance were encountered when the method was accelerated using GPU technology.     

An offset surface to reduce radar cross section for airborne antenna out‐band

To meet the needs of modern electronic warfare in better stealth performance of the weapon platform, we design an offset surface with metasurface structure, which greatly reduces the radar cross section for airborne antenna. The relation between surface unit size and attenuation frequency guides the design of offset surface that can work in the L‐band. The original strategy performed as cross‐array structure that plays well throughout the band at different angles, except 30° to 35°. An undesired reflection occurs at this angle gap. Therefore, we attempted to modify the structure as parallel‐array structure with same unit size. The results show that modification performs well at all angles in the passband, which meets the design requirements. We processed an offset surface sample and performed a joint test with an aircraft antenna to verify the superiority of the design.     

基于改进快速扩展随机树方法的隐身无人机突防航迹规划

针对隐身无人机在日趋严密的雷达防御系统下的生存问题,提出了基于改进快速扩展随机树的隐身突防航迹规划方法.本文首先对隐身突防航迹规划中无人机的动态雷达散射截面积和雷达的发现准则这两个关键问题进行了分析和建模,然后针对现有算法在解决隐身飞机航迹规划问题时的不足,设计了改进快速扩展随机树算法,将无人机的雷达散射截面积随姿态变化的情况考虑到新节点生成中,并且结合滚动时域策略计算时域范围内所有节点的瞬时发现概率均值,以判断新节点可行性.仿真结果和对比研究表明,算法的改进策略能够处理隐身突防航迹规划的两个特性,并且可在复杂环境下快速生成更优的突防路径.     

Development of a novel radio frequency identification chipless tag with multifrequency response

This article presents an innovative contribution, which is the design of a novel radio frequency identification chipless tag characterized by a reduced size and a multifrequency response. It consists of a microstrip grounded structure based on a circular patch coupled with meandered metal strip. The adopted approach is an encoding frequency approach that ensures a capacity of 20 data bits in the ultra wideband. The main aim of this contribution is to introduce a novel configuration resulting from the study of the classic principles of the chipless tag design. It focuses on the design of an encoding surface associated with the same shape having the role of the transmitter/receiver antenna in order to mainly gain time to work on another tag component. The tag is analyzed, optimized, and measured to validate its feasibility and to prove the possibility of its commercial application.     

Fast solution of volume–surface integral equation for scattering from composite conducting‐dielectric targets using multilevel fast dipole method

This article presents a fast solution to the volume–surface integral equation for electromagnetic scattering from three‐dimensional (3D) targets comprising both conductors and dielectric materials by using the multilevel fast dipole method (MLFDM). This scheme is based on the concept of equivalent dipole‐moment method (EDM) that views the Rao–Wilton–Glisson and the Schaubert–Wilton–Glisson basis functions as dipole models with equivalent dipole moments. In the MLFDM, a simple Taylor's series expansion of the terms R^α (α = 1, ?1, ?2, ?3) and R? R? in the formulation of the EDM transforms the interaction between two equivalent dipoles into an aggregation–translation–disaggregation form naturally. Furthermore, benefiting from the multilevel grouping scheme, the matrix‐vector product can be accelerated and the memory cost is reduced remarkably. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of this method. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2012.