新疆葡萄酒中赭曲霉毒素A含量分析

赭曲霉毒素A（OTA）是葡萄及其深加工产品中主要的真菌毒素,同时也被国际癌症研究机构（IARC）定为2B类致癌物。 采用 酶联免疫法（ELISA）商业试剂盒对新疆四大产区葡萄酒中OTA含量进行调研分析,研究不同产区葡萄酒中OTA含量的差异;同时, 对不同葡萄品种酿造葡萄酒过程中发酵葡萄汁和葡萄酒的OTA含量进行测定,分析酿造过程中OTA的变化规律。 结果显示,34份葡 萄酒样品中OTA含量均未超过2 μg/L;其中,焉耆盆地和吐哈盆地葡萄酒中OTA含量较低,平均含量分别为0.19 μg/L、0.20 μg/L;在 白葡萄酒酿造过程中OTA含量呈显著的下降趋势,而红葡萄酒酿造中OTA含量呈先升高后降低的趋势。     

检测葡萄酒中赭曲霉毒素A的SPE-HPLC方法优化

从固相萃取的上样体积、淋洗液体积以及高效液相色谱的洗脱程序等方面,优化并建立了检测葡萄酒中赭曲霉毒素A的(SPEHPLC)方法.采用10mL酒样与10mL水等体积混合上样,使用2mL水淋洗后再用2mL甲醇/水(60∶40,v/v)溶液的最佳淋洗条件,HPLC 检测首次采用梯度洗脱,优化后方法的加标回收率为94.6%～99.5%,相对标准偏差为0.36%～3.01%.6个市售葡萄酒样品检测表明,OTA阳性率为66.7%,平均含量为0.46μg/L,证明本方法能够排除杂质峰干扰,提高准确度,可以满足葡萄酒中赭曲霉毒素(OTA)的定量检测要求.     

In‐house validation of a high‐performance liquid chromatography analytical method for quantification of ochratoxin A in unfermented grape juice

A validated high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with fluorescence detection for the quantitative analysis of ochratoxin A (OTA) in unfermented grape juice is described. Five millilitres of unfermented grape juice was mixed with 45 mL of PBS, and the pH was adjusted to 7.2. Then the mixture was filtered under vacuum through a glass microfibre filter and cleaned up with immunoaffinity columns prior to analysis by HPLC. Validation of the analytical method was based on the following criteria: selectivity, linearity, limit of detection and quantification, precision (within‐day and between‐day variability) and recovery and uncertainty estimation. Detection and quantification limits obtained were 0.02 µg L^?1 and 0.05 µg L^?1 respectively. The percentage recovery was 91.5% (RSD = 3.9). This method was applied to the measurement of 30 veraison stage unfermented grape juice samples. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Detection of ochratoxin A and cis- and trans-resveratrol in red wines and their musts from Calabria (Italy)

The natural occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA) and cis- and trans-resveratrols in red wines has been widely reported. The aim of this work was to evaluate the ochratoxin A (OTA) and both cis- and trans-resveratrol content of red wine (from must to wine) in a pilot-scale vinification process in Calabria (Italy). Eleven samples were collected at different stages of vinification and analysis was carried out by HPLC. Wine from manufacturer 3 contained the highest amount of trans-resveratrol (3.41?mg?l^?1). This wine was characterized by an Aglianico–Magliocco grape variety. Interestingly, data regarding OTA showed that the value of this contaminant was low in all analyzed samples and, in each case, below the legal limit (2.0?mg?l^?1 (ppb)). Overall, the results demonstrated the high quality of wines produced in Calabria.     

Mousy off-flavour production in grape juice and wine by Dekkera and Brettanomyces yeasts

The ability of four known species of Dekkera and Brettanomyces yeasts to produce mousy off-flavour in grape juice and wine was investigated for the first time. Using a sensory assessment technique the twelve type strains of Dekkera and Brettanomyces , representing four species, were found to grow and to be capable of producing mousy off-flavour in a grape juice medium; however, differences between strains were apparent. Four strains representing the two species of Dekkera (D. bruxellensis and D. anomala ) known to be associated with the spoilage of wine and other fermented beverages were further investigated for mousy off-flavour production in a red and white wine supplemented with nutrients. D. anomala and only one of the three D. bruxellensis strains tested grew in both wines and generally produced a moderate level of off-flavour, whereas the remaining two strains of D. bruxellensis , despite slowly losing viability (10- to 100-fold) over the 52–55 day period, produced detectable off-flavour. This work demonstrates the general ability of Dekkera and Brettanomyces yeasts to produce mousy off-flavour and confirms the importance of these yeasts for off-flavour production in grape juice and wine.     

关于葡萄酒中赭曲霉素A的研究进展

葡萄酒,作为一种绿色健康的产品,也存在潜在的食品安全问题,例如氨基甲酸乙酯EC、赭曲霉素A等。该文对葡萄酒中赭曲霉素A的含量标准,检测标准,产生菌,影响条件以及去除方法等方面进行综述,为国家制定葡萄酒中赭曲霉素A含量的标准提供理论参考,以期杜绝赭曲霉素A对葡萄酒安全的隐患。     

液相色谱法测定葡萄酒中柠檬黄、苋菜红、胭脂红、日落黄含量结果的不确定度评定

目的评定高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)测定红酒中人工合成着色剂柠檬黄、苋菜红、胭脂红、日落黄含量的不确定度。方法依据JJF1059-1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》,分析人工合成着色剂含量测定过程中的不确定度来源,通过建立数学模型量化不确定度分量,计算合成不确定度及扩展不确定度。结果本研究测得的红酒中人工合成着色剂的含量分别为柠檬黄(52.6±7.2)mg/kg(k=2)、苋菜红(33.6±7.4)mg/kg(k=2)、胭脂红(40.7±5.6)mg/kg(k=2)、日落黄(50.2±6.8)mg/kg(k=2)。测定过程的不确定度来源主要有试样中人工合成着色剂含量、试样质量、试样定容体积、试样稀释倍数等。结论本方法可反映测量的置信度和准确性,为日常实际检验工作提供参考。     

控制葡萄及其制品中赭曲霉毒素A的研究进展

赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)是一种有毒的真菌次级代谢产物,在葡萄及其制品中经常被检出。本文综述了控制葡萄及其制品中OTA的主要措施,包括抑制OTA产生菌的生长及其产毒和去除已产生的OTA两方面。葡萄中的致病菌主要是青霉和曲霉,而炭黑曲霉是其中最主要OTA产生菌,通过模拟葡萄生长及葡萄制品的生产过程,发现温度、光照、湿度等因素是影响OTA产生菌的生长及其产毒的重要因素。去除OTA的方法概括的分为物理方法、化学方法、生物方法,其中生物降解OTA是目前研究的热点。      

Occurrence of ochratoxin A in Australian wine

A survey of 601 samples of Australian wine for the presence of ochratoxin A (OA) was undertaken. The study sampled predominantly bottled wines, approximately equal numbers of red and white wines, wines made from a range of grape varieties and wines from all the major producing areas and some of the minor ones. A validated HPLC assay that did not utilise expensive immunoaffinity columns was developed for quantifying OA in wine, with limits of detection and quantification of 0.02 and 0.05 μg/L respectively. OA was detected in 90 (15.0%) of the 601 samples, but at uniformly low levels, with 85% of positive samples containing less than 0.2 μg/L OA. Only one sample exceeded 0.5 μg/L OA and no sample exceeded 1.0 μg/L OA. No region of Australia appeared more or less likely to produce wines containing OA.     

QuEChERS前处理结合高效液相色谱法及高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测葡萄酒中3种赭曲霉毒素

目的建立QuEChERS净化技术结合高效液相色谱法及高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测葡萄酒中赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)、赭曲霉毒素B(OTB)和赭曲霉毒素C(OTC)3种赭曲霉毒素的方法。方法对QuEChERS净化条件和高效液相色谱及高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测条件进行优化,葡萄酒样品先用乙腈-冰乙酸(90∶10,V/V)进行酸化稀释,离心后取上清液经C_(18)+SiO_2+MgSO_4净化剂组合净化过滤,待测样液经液相色谱C_(18)柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)梯度洗脱分离后,分别采用荧光检测器和串联质谱电喷雾技术,在多反应监测(MRM)模式下,实现同时对葡萄酒中OTA、OTB和OTC三种赭曲霉毒素的定性和定量分析。结果方法最低定量限(LOQ)均为2.0μg/kg,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.01%～7.52%(n=6)。结论该方法操作方便、灵敏度高、重现性好,适用于日常监管工作中对葡萄酒中赭曲霉毒素的检测。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定葡萄酒中赭曲霉毒素A

以赭曲霉毒素B为内标物,建立了应用固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法(SPE-LC-MS/MS)对葡萄酒中赭曲霉毒素A残留量测定的方法。葡萄酒样品经过调节pH值至7.0和C18固相萃取净化的前处理过程后,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法进行测定(正离子方式,多反应监测模式)。方法定量限(LOQ)为2.0g/L。内标法定量计算,在0~10g/L质量浓度范围内线性相关系数0.998。在葡萄酒中分别进行2.0g/L、4.0g/L和8.0g/L三个添加水平的测试,该检测方法回收率范围97.6%~109.7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)3.0%~4.6%。方法简便、快速、准确,可用于葡萄酒中赭曲霉毒素A的定量测定。     

葡萄及其制品中赭曲霉毒素A的污染与控制研究进展

赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A,OTA)是葡萄及其制品中最常见的真菌毒素,主要由炭黑曲霉产生,具肾毒性和致癌性.葡萄及其制品中OTA污染普遍存在,且有超标现象,需持续关注,保持警惕.OTA污染程度受产毒菌、环境条件以及加工方式等影响,其中高温、高湿、虫害等可能造成毒素累积.本文就葡萄及其制品中OTA污染状况和防...     

Ochratoxin A in wines,musts and grape juices from Spain

A survey on the occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in 240 grape‐based beverages was carried out. Red and white wines from four different Spanish Designations of Origin (n = 160), musts (n = 20), grape juices (n = 10), ordinary wines (n = 20), special wines (Malaga, muscatel, sherry, vermouth, etc) (n = 20) and sparkling wines (n = 10) were assayed for OTA content using immunoaffinity column clean‐up and high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection (detection limit 0.05 µg l^?1). Forty‐three (17.9%) of the samples tested contained detectable levels of OTA. The overall mean OTA concentration in red and white wines of Designations of Origin was 0.30 and 0.18 µg l^?1 respectively (ranges 0.05–3.19 and 0.05–1.13 µg l^?1 respectively). The percentage of wine samples with detectable amounts of OTA was higher for red (18.3%) than for white (10%) wines. OTA was also found in two of 10 red ordinary wines (0.68 and 4.24 µg l^?1), whereas none of 10 white ordinary wines contained OTA. The mean OTA amount detected in sparkling wines was 0.44 µg l^?1 (range 0.14–0.71 µg l^?1). Two of 20 must samples contained OTA at low levels (0.08 and 0.18 µg l^?1), while none of 10 grape juice samples contained OTA. Highest amounts of OTA were found in special wines (45%), with a maximum of 15.25 µg l^?1 in a muscatel sample. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Natural occurrence of ochratoxin A in wolfberry fruit wine marketed in China

Wolfberry fruit wine (WFW) is widely used as a global functional food to improve the immune system and prevent human disease. A total of 36 bottled WFWs were randomly collected in China between 2005 and 2010. Samples were analysed for the presence of ochratoxin A (OTA) using immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). Positive results were confirmed by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The limit of detection (LOD), based on a signal-to-noise ratio of 3, was 0.05?ng?mL^–1. Recoveries ranged from 78.3% to 94.7% and relative standard deviations from 1.1% to 4.3% within the spiking range of 0.2–20?ng?mL^–1. OTA was detected in one sample, below the maximum allowable limit as established by the European community.     

A survey of ochratoxin A occurence in Greek wines

A total of 150 wines, including 123?dry wines (64 red, 49 white and 10 rosé) and 27 dessert wines (14 red and 13 white), were obtained from various viticulture and oenological practices across Greece during the period 1999–2006 and analyzed for ochratoxin a (OTA) using immunoaffinity clean-up and HPLC with fluorescence detection. There was a high frequency of OTA in commercially available wines (69% positive samples). However, the level of contamination was relatively low, with only one sample marginally reaching the EU permitted maximum level (2.0?µg?l^?1). A total of 91% of the samples had OTA concentrations <1.0?µg?l^?1. The higher concentrations were found in wines from the southern regions, especially in dessert-type wines. There were no significant differences based on wine color or production years. Furthermore, there was no difference between conventional or organic cropping systems in terms of OTA presence.     

Reduction of Ochratoxin A Levels in White Wine by Yeast Treatments

This paper describes the abilities of 21 yeast strains isolated from six different wine‐grapes of Turkey to bind ochratoxin A (OTA). Viable (10⁸ CFU/mL) and heat‐treated yeast cells were incubated both in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) and white wine containing 10 ng OTA per mL for 4 h at 25°C. After centrifugation, the concentration of OTA was measured in the supernatant fraction using a high‐performance liquid chromatography system coupled with fluorescence detector. The adsorption abilities of OTA by viable yeast strains within 4 h ranged from 1.96 to 26.11% in PBS. On the other hand, a slight decrease was observed in the percentage of OTA removal by yeast strains in white wine when compared to their activity in PBS. The addition of yeasts at 10⁸ CFU/mL resulted in a reduction to a maximum of 21.40% in white wine, with respect to the control. Among the yeasts, Candida famata D7 was found to be the most efficient binder to OTA both in spiked white wine and PBS. In addition, dead yeast cells can potentially be used for removing OTA (a maximum of 30.45%) from white wine.     

在线免疫亲和固相萃取-高效液相色谱法快速测定食品中赭曲霉毒素A

目的建立在线免疫亲和固相萃取-高效液相色谱快速测定食品中赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A,OTA)的分析方法。方法谷物、豆类样品采用乙腈-水(80:20,V:V)提取,葡萄酒类样品采用NaHCO_3/NaCl/水溶液(0.4:15:100,m:m:V)提取,3%Tween-20(m:V)溶液稀释后,直接经RIDA~?CREST ICE在线免疫亲和固相萃取系统净化-高效液相色谱荧光检测OTA含量。以乙酸铵-乙腈为流动相洗脱,流速1.0 mL/min,C_(18)色谱柱(150 mm×4.6mm,5μm)分离测定。结果方法检出限分别为0.020μg/kg(豆类、谷物)和0.050μg/kg(葡萄酒类);在OTA的浓度为12.5~500 ng/L的范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r~2为0.9995;日内加标回收率为87.4%~109.8%,相对标准偏差0.50%~4.80%。结论该方法分析速度快,灵敏度高,重现性好,可满足快速准确测定大批量食品样品中OTA含量的需要。     

Occurrence of ochratoxin A and citrinin in Czech cereals and comparison of two HPLC methods for ochratoxin A detection

The aims of the study were to obtain information about the occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT) in cereals harvested in the Czech Republic and to compare two analytical procedures for detecting OTA. A total of 34 cereal samples, including two matrix reference materials (R-Biopharm, Germany), were analysed. The results were compared with the limit for raw cereal grains used as a foodstuff according to Commission Regulation No. 1881/2006, which allows a maximum OTA level of 5 µg kg^?1. Compared were two methods based on the high-performance liquid chromatography principle, one using the immunoaffinity columns OchraTest? (VICAM) and the second based on solvent partition (PART), both followed by fluorescence detection. The highest OTA contents were found in two barley samples. According to the method employed, the results for the first sample (malting barley) were VICAM = 31.43 µg kg^?1 and PART = 44.74 µg kg^?1. For the second sample (feeding barley) they were VICAM = 48.63 µg kg^?1 and PART = 34.40 µg kg^?1. Two samples of bread wheat had an OTA content approaching the legal limit (VICAM = 4.71 µg kg^?1 and PART = 6.03 µg kg^?1; VICAM = 4.12 µg kg^?1 and PART = 3.95 µg kg^?1). CIT was analysed using the PART method only, and its highest content (93.64 µg kg^?1) was found for the malting barley sample with high OTA content (44.74 µg kg^?1 as analysed using PART).     

Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in tea prepared from naturally contaminated powdered ginger

The migration of several major mycotoxins, aflatoxins B₁ (AFB₁), B₂, G₁, and G₂ (AFT, total of the aflatoxins) and ochratoxin A (OTA), from naturally contaminated powdered ginger to surrounding liquid (tea) was investigated. The toxins are commonly found in cereal grains and are toxic, carcinogenic and thermostable. Ginger root is widely used for digestive problems. Powdered ginger (2 g) found to contain AFT and OTA was placed in an empty heat sealable tea bag. The tea bag was heat-sealed and used to prepare tea under different conditions: temperature (50 and 100°C), time (5 and 10 min) and volume (100 and 200 ml). The tea bag was placed in hot water and stirred every 1 min for 5 s during the first 5 min of steeping. After steeping, the tea bag was removed and the tea and ginger residue (in the tea bag) were analysed separately for AFT and OTA. After extraction and immunoaffinity column (IAC) clean-up, the isolated AFT and OTA were separated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography and quantified using a fluorescence detector. At 100°C, approximately 30–40% of AFB₁ and AFT and 20–30% of OTA in the contaminated ginger were found in the ginger tea; the total amounts of AFT and OTA in tea varied less than 5% under the three conditions of preparation. At 50°C, about 10% of OTA and AFT were found in tea. This is the first study on the migration of AFT from botanicals to tea. It is also the first to study the distribution of AFT and OTA from powdered ginger to tea and ginger residue.     

葡萄中产赭曲霉毒素A炭黑曲霉的控制方法

炭黑曲霉(Aspergillus carbonarius)属曲霉属黑色曲霉菌,是葡萄中赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A,OTA)主要产生菌,广泛存在于许多国家和地区的葡萄及其制品中,是造成葡萄酒中OTA污染的主要来源。控制这些霉菌的生长与产毒是从源头上减少葡萄原料及其制品OTA污染的关键环节,有关炭黑曲霉的污染规律及其控制方法方面的研究成为近年来的国际研究热点。根据已有研究,紫外线照射、杀菌剂、二氧化硫、纳他霉素、多酚、香精油、天然提取物和挥发性化合物等都能够在一定条件下对炭黑曲霉的生长与产生OTA的能力产生一定的抑制作用。最新研究发现,酵母、细菌和一些非产毒真菌及其代谢产物也对炭黑曲霉的生长和OTA产生具有良好抑制作用,而且具有无毒无害,安全性好等优点,在实际应用中展示出很好的应用潜力,越来越受到相关科研工作者和应用者的重视。本文主要围绕上述研究内容,对国内外近年来的相关研究进展进行综述。