南美白对虾虾头制备鲜味水解物的研究

本文以25 ℃下自溶6 h后的南美白对虾虾头为原料,采用酶水解法进行鲜味水解物的制备。以鲜味滋味、蛋白质回收率、肽得率和水解度为评价指标,进行外源酶的选择和酶解工艺条件的逐步优化研究。研究表明,经四种单酶酶解,均明显提升酶解效率,其中菠萝蛋白酶(Bromelain)和风味蛋白酶(Flavorzyme)能有效提升酶解液的鲜味、降低苦涩味。制备具有良好鲜味特征水解物的条件为:自溶后的虾头,加入菠萝蛋白酶(420 U/g样品)和风味蛋白酶(12 U/g样品)两种酶(料液比1:1.5 (g/mL)),在pH7.5、50 ℃下酶解3 h,该工艺下蛋白质回收率、肽得率和水解度分别可达79.75%、71.71%和18.28%。获得水解物氨基酸组成中ΣEAA/ΣAA与ΣEAA:ΣNEAA分别为37%和1:1.7。65%的总蛋白氨基酸释放为游离氨基酸,其中,59%的总蛋白鲜甜味氨基酸释放为游离氨基酸,水解物营养价值高且具有良好鲜味。     

热处理对凡纳滨对虾虾仁加工品质的影响

为了研究热处理对凡纳滨对虾虾仁加工品质的影响,测定虾仁的菌落总数、颜色、硬度和pH值的变化,并采用电泳技术对虾仁蛋白进行分析。水浴加热温度设置为40～90℃,处理时间均为10min。与对照组相比,热处理显著(P<0.05)减少了虾仁的菌落总数。当温度高于40℃时,虾仁色泽更亮,变得不透明。随温度升高,虾仁的白度(WI)与总色差(ΔE)整体呈增大趋势,而其pH值和硬度呈倒"S"型变化。电泳分析表明,虾仁蛋白质分子间的非共价键交联程度随温度升高而加剧,在60℃条件下低分子质量的蛋白条带增多,而在较高温度下部分变性蛋白通过分子间二硫键发生聚合。以上表明,热处理条件下虾仁蛋白并非通过单一变化过程影响虾仁品质特性。     

南美白对虾虾头自溶产物主要呈味成分分析

以南美白对虾虾头为原料,制备风味良好的自溶产物。采用高效液相色谱法、原子吸收光谱等方法分析其主要的呈味物质。结果表明：游离氨基酸含量丰富,总量达9300mg/L,其中天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸4 种呈鲜味氨基酸的总含量达2130mg/L,占总游离氨基酸的22.9%;核苷酸及其关联化合物中,与鲜味有着密切联系的肌苷酸(IMP)含量为6.12mg/L;无机质离子Na+、K+、Cl －含量分别达663.7、182.1、417.2mg/L;甜菜碱、乳酸和琥珀酸含量分别达2400、15.27、13.32mg/L。这些成分都影响着南美白对虾虾头自溶产物的鲜味、甜味及整体的滋味。     

柠檬酸用于虾头、虾壳的脱钙处理

以南美白对虾虾头、虾壳为原料,利用柠檬酸对其脱钙处理制备甲壳素,通过单因素和响应面试验优化提取条件。结果表明：当柠檬酸质量浓度12.00g/L、料液比1:2.00(g/mL)、时间3.88h时,所得甲壳素灰分含量为1.0g/100g,即已经达到食品级甲壳素的要求。利用柠檬酸脱除虾头、虾壳中的钙盐制备甲壳素,不仅获得食品级的甲壳素,而且反应条件温和、污染小,生成的副产物柠檬酸钙可以作为钙强化剂,提高虾头、虾壳的资源利用率。     

南美白对虾虾头主要自溶酶的分离纯化及鉴定

以水解试验为导向,采用硫酸铵分级沉淀、Sephadex G-100凝胶层析、DEAE-DE52阴离子交换柱层析等手段分离纯化南美白对虾虾头主要自溶酶,同时采用抑制剂试验及SDS-PAGE对纯化蛋白酶进行鉴定。结果表明,南美白对虾虾头主要自溶酶经过纯化后比活力高达2.2×106U/g,纯化倍数为96.90。丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂苯甲基磺酰氟(PMSF)对主要自溶酶的抑制率高达91.3%;SDS-PAGE显示该酶为单一电泳带,且在电泳中与标准胰蛋白酶移动距离相同,表明南美白对虾虾头内的主要自溶酶为胰蛋白酶。     

响应面分析法优化复合酶酶解南美白对虾虾头的工艺条件

以南美白对虾虾头为原料,对复合酶酶解的工艺条件进行优化,制备高水解度的虾头酶解液。首先确定最佳复合酶组合,然后通过单因素试验和响应面分析法优化并确定最佳的酶解条件。结果表明,采用风味酶与中性酶组合对虾头进行酶解(风味酶:中性酶为1:1,酶活比),加酶量2000U/g 蛋白、料液比2:1(g/ml)、pH7.33、温度54.27℃、时间3.97h。酶解后增味氨基酸含量明显增加,酶解蛋白液的风味良好,可以作为调味品基料使用。     

凡纳滨对虾虾头制备甲壳素工艺的研究

采用自溶法对凡纳滨对虾虾头脱除蛋白质后,研究螯合剂脱钙制备甲壳素的工艺条件。以脱钙率为考察指标,依据单因素实验结果,采用Box-Behnken中心组合实验和响应面分析法考察螯合剂EDTA·Na2浓度、反应时间和pH对脱钙率的影响。实验结果表明,EDTA·Na2螯合脱钙最佳工艺条件为:EDTA·Na2浓度9%（m/V）,反应时间2.5h,pH8.0,在此条件下脱钙率为99.56%±0.06%。      

Post mortem muscle protein degradation during ice‐storage of Arctic (Pandalus borealis) and tropical (Penaeus japonicus and Penaeus monodon) shrimps: a comparative electrophoretic and immunological study

Water‐, low‐salt‐ and high‐salt‐soluble protein fractions from the abdominal muscles of Pandalus borealis, Penaeus japonicus and Penaeus monodon extracted immediately after death and after 5, 16, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h (P borealis) or 16, 22, 43, 71 and 92 h (Penaeus spp) of ice‐storage were analysed by one‐ and two‐dimensional electrophoresis and immunological techniques. The most evident effect in P borealis was the decrease in the relative amount of myosin heavy chain (MHC) and a concomitant increase in the number and intensity of bands of molecular size about 100 kDa cross‐reacting with anti‐MHC antiserum. MHC degradation of P borealis was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) of partially isolated native myosin. Other prominent features were the disappearance of bands of about 67 and 50 kDa after 24 h and the appearance of a band of slightly less than 50 kDa after 5 h of ice‐storage. These last bands showed the potential to be used as freshness markers. One spot tentatively identified as desmin did not suffer significant changes in any of the three species. Two bands (about 100 and 96 kDa) gave a positive reaction with the α‐actinin antibody in the zero‐time extract of P borealis, but after 24 h only one faint 96 kDa band was detected. In contrast, the extracts of P japonicus and P monodon did not suffer significant alterations during the examined period, and even after 92 h of ice‐storage only the 100 kDa anti‐α‐actinin cross‐reacting band was clearly visible in the high‐salt extract of P japonicus. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

大豆分离蛋白、南美白对虾肉及虾粉蛋白对大米-玉米-小麦混合粉挤压膨化性能的影响

为了比较大豆分离蛋白、南美白对虾肉及虾粉对大米-玉米-小麦混合粉挤压膨化性能的影响,首先测定了这三种添加原料的基本成分,然后测定膨化制品的膨胀度、体积密度、水溶性指数、吸水性指数、硬度、脆性;并通过SDSPAGE及红外光谱初步探索比较添加不同种类蛋白质对膨化制品性质的影响。研究结果显示,添加南美白对虾肉的膨化制品的膨胀度高于添加大豆分离蛋白及南美白对虾粉的膨化制品,而体积密度、硬度低于其他两种膨化制品;添加南美白对虾粉膨化制品的水溶性指数、吸水性指数高于其他两种膨化制品;蛋白质含量高会导致膨化制品膨胀度低,体积密度高,硬度高,孔隙壁厚;添加一定量大豆分离蛋白的膨化制品在2500⁴000 cm-1红外光谱下吸收强度最高,且挤压膨化产生了更多的糖类羟基;添加新鲜的南美白对虾肉比另外两种蛋白质膨化制品效果好,且南美白对虾肉蛋白添加量为2%较为适宜。      

响应面法优化南美白对虾即食虾滑的加工工艺

为开发即食虾滑新产品,以南美白对虾为原料,研究不同辅料(金线鱼鱼糜、淀粉、大豆分离蛋白)添加量对虾滑凝胶强度、质构特性、持水性、白度和感官评分的影响。在单因素试验基础上,以感官评分和凝胶强度为响应值,利用响应面法对即食虾滑配方进行优化,结果表明:最适合添加到即食虾滑中的淀粉种类是木薯醋酸酯淀粉,影响即食虾滑产品品质的因素从高到低为金线鱼鱼糜添加量、大豆分离蛋白添加量、木薯醋酸酯淀粉添加量,最终得出即食虾滑的最优配方为:100 g虾仁,虾肉块、虾糜质量比3∶2,添加食盐1%、鸡蛋白粉0.3%、魔芋粉3%、金线鱼鱼糜12.68%、木薯醋酸酯淀粉3.30%、大豆分离蛋白1.14%、谷氨酰胺转胺酶0.3%、虾味剂0.4%、复合磷酸盐0.3%、饮用水8%,该条件下所得即食虾滑的口感爽滑、鲜味十足,感官评分和凝胶强度的综合评价结果最优,分别为90.50分和1 339.87 g·mm,与预测值相近,说明利用响应面法优化南美白对虾即食虾滑加工工艺的方法可靠、可行。     

脂质对凡纳滨对虾热风干制品香气特性的影响

为研究脂质对凡纳滨对虾热风干制品香气特性的影响,通过有机试剂去除虾体中的甘油三酯或磷脂,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术和感官评价分析脂质对虾干制品香气特性的影响,以气味活性值(odor activity value,OAV)为指标,筛选香气活性化合物,同时采用偏最小二乘回归法(partial least squares regression,PLSR)分析挥发性化合物与感官属性之间的相关性。结果表明:去除甘油三酯对虾干制品整体香气影响较小,烤香味、肉香味和腥味的感官评分稍有减弱,而去除磷脂对主要香气特征有很大影响,烤香味、肉香味、腥味、焦糖香和甜香味的感官评分均大幅度降低;虾干制品中鉴定出16种香气活性化合物,吡嗪类、胺类、杂环类、醛类是其主要成分,其中3-乙基-2,5-二甲基吡嗪、2,5-二甲基吡嗪、三甲胺、3-(甲硫基)丙醛是贡献最大的4种物质;去除甘油三酯和磷脂后,吡嗪类、胺类、杂环类、醛类的OAV值显著下降,而去除磷脂后下降幅度更大,且在去磷脂虾干制品中2-戊基呋喃和3-(甲硫基)丙醛未检出;PLSR结果表明,18种香气活性化合物与感官属性具有较好的相关性。综上所述,脂质对虾干制品整体香气有较大影响,而磷脂对香气特性的作用远大于甘油三酯。该研究为虾类特征香气的形成机制研究提供了理论参考。     

Shelf life of shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis) stored in ice (0°C) and partially frozen (—3°C)

Sensory, biochemical and microbiological changes and changes in SDS-PA GE patterns of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins were studied in shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis) muscle during storage at partial freezing temperature (—3°C; PFS) and in ice (0°C; IS). During PFS up to 20 days there were slight changes in biochemical parameters, apparently no changes in microbiological populations, and no changes in electrophoretic protein patterns. Rapid changes in these parameters occurred in IS over the same period. Sensory assessment of shrimps stored at PFS showed that a considerable increase in prime quality life was possible at this temperature over shrimps in IS. Prime quality life of shrimps in PFS was found to be 16 days, compared with 8 days in IS. Extension of prime quality life was attributed to the significantly slower rate of biochemical and microbiological changes at PFS compared with IS. Changes in sensory properties were associated with changes in some of the chemical properties.     

The effect of proteinase inhibitors in food protein hydrolysis by digestive proteinases of white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) larvae

This study describes the digestive capacities of 10‐day‐old white shrimp postlarvae (PL10) and how some inhibitors of proteinases affect the digestion of protein in aquafeeds by using in vitro hydrolysis techniques. Biochemical data showed eight active proteinases in the PL10 hepatopancreas extract. Enzymes belong to the metallo‐ and serine‐proteinase classes. The effect of inhibitors present in protein ingredients and aquafeeds on PL10 proteinases showed that ovalbumin alone and in commercial microcapsules yielded a significant inhibition in proteolytic activity of PL10 hepatopancreas enzymes. The capacity of PL10 proteinases to hydrolyse the protein fraction within different sources and microcapsules was demonstrated by two in vitro approaches, the pH‐stat (degree of hydrolysis, DH) and electrophoresis (coefficient of protein degradation, CPD). It was shown that PL10 proteinases hydrolyse, in different extent protein sources and microcapsules. Casein, cuttlefish meal and feeds containing these ingredients are quickly hydrolysed. By contrast, ovalbumin and microcapsules containing ovalbumin are not hydrolysed. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Gelling properties of white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) meat as influenced by setting condition and microbial transglutaminase

The properties of white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) gel added with different levels of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) and subjected to setting at 25 °C for 2 h or 40 °C for 30 min, prior to heating at 90 °C for 20 min were studied. Breaking force of gels with and without setting increased with increasing MTGase amount added (P<0.05). However, no changes in deformation in all samples were noticeable (P>0.05). Directly heated gels showed the lower breaking force than those with prior setting at all MTGase levels added (P<0.05). Generally, gels prepared by setting at 25 °C exhibited the greater breaking force than those set at 40 °C, possibly associated with the appropriate protein structure for cross-linking at 25 °C and greater degradation at 40 °C as evidenced by a greater trichloroacetic acid soluble peptide content (P<0.05). Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic study revealed that myosin heavy chain (MHC) underwent polymerization to a higher extent in the presence of MTGase, but the strengthening effect on gel was dependent on setting temperature. Regardless of setting condition, microstructure of gel added with MTGase was finer with a smaller void, compared with those of gel without MTGase. Therefore, setting temperature played an essential role in gel property of white shrimp meat added with MTGase.     

虾头、虾壳抗氧化肽的分离纯化及其对秀丽隐杆线虫的抗氧化作用

采用超滤、凝胶过滤色谱和制备液相色谱对南美白对虾虾头、虾壳蛋白质的酶解液进行分离纯化,以1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼自由基清除率、还原力、氧化自由基吸收能力为指标,制备纯度较高、抗氧化活性较强的抗氧化肽,同时,采用秀丽隐杆线虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）模型对其体内抗氧化活性进行评价。结果表明：酶解液经超滤分离后,分子质量为3～10?kDa组分的抗氧化活性最强;将该组分采用凝胶过滤色谱、制备液相色谱等手段分离出含有抗氧化肽的混合物（抗氧化肽纯度达到70%）。体内抗氧化活性结果显示,喂食该抗氧化肽的秀丽隐杆线虫的产卵量和热应激条件下的存活率均显著增长,寿命显著延长（P＜0.05）,且与VC相比效果无显著差异（P＞0.05）,说明本研究所获得的抗氧化肽对秀丽隐杆线虫具有和VC相当的抗氧化保护作用,具有潜在的应用价值。     

虾加工副产品中虾油提取工艺研究

通过比较碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶、复合蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶对虾加工副产品的酶解,确定风味蛋白酶作为最佳水解酶,并确定其起始pH值为6．5,考察了酶添加量、料液比、酶解时间和温度对虾油提取率的影响,确定最优工艺：酶添加量1．0g／100g,料液比1g：8mL,酶解时间2．5h,酶解温度50℃。     

南美白对虾虾头、虾壳化学成分的对比研究

对比研究了南美白对虾虾头、虾壳的一般化学威分及氨基酸,脂肪酸、矿质元素组成. 结果表明,虾头、虾壳水分舍量最高,分别为78. 44%和75. 15%;蛋白质,灰分、甲壳素含量丰富,以湿重计,虾头中分别为6. 38%、3. 62%和3. 33%,虾壳中分别为5. 22%、5. 30%和6. 67%;虾头中脂肪、总糖及总酸度以湿基计分别为2. 42%、0. 27%和2. 30%,虾壳中则依次为1. 09%、0. 16%和2. 29%.虾头、虾壳中氨基酸种类齐全,矿质元素含量丰富,含有人体8种必需氨基酸、4种呈味氨基酸以及7种时人体有益的微量元素. 虾头、虾壳中油酸、亚油酸,DHA和EPA含量丰富,不饱扣脂肪酸含量分别占游离脂肪酸总量的55. 57%和48. 42%(以干基计). 对比而言,虾头中脂肪、总糖、蛋白质高于虾壳,分别为虾壳的2. 22倍、1. 69倍和1. 22俄虾头中氨基酸总量及游离脂肪酸总量也明显高于虾壳,分别为虾壳的1. 37倍和2. 96倍;但虾壳中甲壳素含量显著高于虾头,为虾头的2. 00倍;此外,虾壳中钙元素含量极高,占原料干重的19. 6%,比虾头高1.87倍.     

Comparative study of in vitro digestibility of major allergen,tropomyosin and other proteins between Grass prawn (Penaeus monodon) and Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

BACKGROUND: Stability in simulated gastric fluid is supposed to be an important parameter for the estimation of food allergenicity. In the present study, the digestive stability of allergenic protein tropomyosin (TM) and other food proteins from Grass prawn and Pacific white shrimp in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) digestion assay system was investigated and comparatively studied by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE), western blotting, and inhibition enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: In the SGF system, proteins such as actin and myosin heavy chain (MHC) were rapidly degraded within a short period of time, while TM was relatively resistant to pepsin digestion. In the SIF system, MHC was also easily decomposed, while TM and actin were resistant to digestion. Western blotting using a specific polyclonal antibody against TM indicated that the degradation pattern of shrimp TM by SGF and SIF was almost unaffected by the presence of other myofibrillar proteins. Further study by IgE immunoblotting and inhibition ELISA using sera from crustacean‐allergic patients indicated that IgE binding of TM was decreased. CONCLUSION: Proteinase digestion is effective in reducing IgE binding of shrimp TM. It is also of interest to notice that Pacific white shrimp TM had higher digestion stability than Grass prawn TM. However, Pacific white shrimp TM revealed enhanced IgE binding over that of TM from Grass prawn and thus it is possibly more allergenic. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Evaluation of chitosan nanoparticles as a glazing material for cryogenically frozen shrimp

The potential of chitosan (CH) combined with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) nanoparticles as a glazing material for shrimp was investigated. Two CH–TPP nanoparticles glazing solutions were prepared: (1). A solution containing CH–TPP nanoparticles with 0.25 (g/100 mL) CH and 0.083 (g/100 mL) TPP (25CH–TPP) and (2). A solution containing CH–TPP nanoparticles with 0.5 (g/100 mL) CH and 0.167 (g/100 mL) TPP (50CH–TPP). Frozen shrimp samples were glazed with 25CH–TPP, 50CH–TPP, CH, TPP, acetic acid, and/or distilled water and then stored at −21 °C for 30 days. Glazed and non-glazed shrimp (NG) samples were analyzed for moisture content, glazing yield, weight loss, color, cutting force, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), yeasts, molds, coliforms and aerobic counts after 1, 3, 5, 20, and 30 d storage. Triplicate experiments were conducted and data statistically analyzed (α = 0.05). Glazed shrimp had higher moisture than NG after 30 d storage. Among the glazes, 25CH–TPP and 50CH–TPP were the most effective in controlling lipid oxidation and reducing aerobic counts and yeasts and molds in shrimp.