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1.
    
Viewing positions of autostereoscopic 3D affect the observed 3D image quality. The response of the people who had little experience in viewing autostereoscopic 3D was investigated. Thirty participants with the normal stereoscopic vision were selected and took the visual evaluation of autostereoscopic 3D at the various viewing positions. Photograph was also taken for the quantitative analysis of the viewing zone characteristics and the uniformity of 3D screen of autostereoscopic 3D. In visual evaluation, the larger difference of good and bad 3D image quality was observed at the viewing distance of 300 cm than at other viewing distance. This result and the periodic trends accorded with the analysis of photos at various camera positions. From these, we found that even the unexperienced viewer can correctly evaluate whether 3D image quality is good or bad.  相似文献   

2.
文中提出了一种新的针对双目视觉系统的质量评估方法。它首先对可视区域进行分割。然后利用独特的探测器对分割的子区域进行逐块剖析,探测结果可以用矩阵的形式表示出来,最后得出质量因子的独立表达式。实验结果与理论分析相符合。提供了一种质量评测的方法,对实际操作有着指导意义。  相似文献   

3.
基于双视点重构的立体显示原理建立虚拟3维空间到真实空间的映射关系,据此诠释前景畸变产生的原因是虚拟空间到真实空间映射关系的非线性,进而提出以改变视点设置与变形虚拟3维空间相结合的方法改变水平位差分布,实现前景立体视觉的优化,并且评估了该方法校正前景畸变的效果以及对前景和远景双影的影响,最后,提出基于动态视点更新和动态空间压缩的立体全景视觉优化策略。与美国DTI公司的3维立体显示软件TextureEyes相比,笔者据此开发的3维立体显示软件的前景畸变和双影减小明显。  相似文献   

4.
    
Autostereoscopic displays are likely to become widely used products in the future. However, certain physiological factors, especially visual comfort, limit their development. In this study, four observational parameters – ambient illuminance, image content, scaling ratio, and horizontal distance between major and minor objects – were evaluated to determine the degree of visual comfort offered by 3D computer‐generated images on an autostereoscopic display. Visual comfort score with the range of 0–1 is designed to represent the degree of visual comfort for the 3D images with different manipulations of ambient illuminance, image content, scaling ratio, and horizontal distance between major and minor objects in this study. Subjects were asked to indicate images that produced discomfort. The proportion of images for each condition where participants indicated that viewing the image was comfortable was computed. Images receiving a proportion of 0.5 or greater were classified as acceptable. The disparity ranges over which acceptable images were attained for each participant and for each condition were analyzed with analysis of variance. The analytical results indicate that ambient illuminance and image content have a significant effect on the acceptable disparity range, while scaling ratio and horizontal distance between major and minor objects did not.  相似文献   

5.
    
In this paper, authors systematically selected and reviewed articles related to stereoscopic displays and their advances, with a special focus on perception, interaction, and corresponding challenges. The aim was to understand interaction‐related problems, provide possible explanations, and identify factors that limit their applications. Despite promising advancements, there are still issues that researchers in the field fail to explain precisely. The two major problems in stereoscopic viewing are, compared with the real world, objects are perceived to be smaller than they actually are and there are discomfort and visual syndromes. Furthermore, there is general agreement that humans underestimate their egocentric distance in a virtual environment (VE). Our analysis revealed that in the real world, distance estimation is about 94% accurate, but in VE, it is only about 80% accurate. This problem could reduce the efficacy of different sensory motor‐based applications where interaction is important. Experts from human factors, computing, psychology, and others have studied contributing factors such as types of perception/response method, quality of graphics, associated stereoscopic conditions, experience in virtual reality (VR), and distance signals. This paper discusses the factors requiring further investigation if the VR interaction is to be seamlessly realized. In addition, engineering research directions aiming at improving current interaction performances are recommended.  相似文献   

6.
    
Abstract— To understand actual viewing conditions at home is important for TV design. And the preferred luminance level of LCD TVs under actual viewing conditions is also important in order to obtain both good picture quality and low power consumption. The actual viewing conditions of households and the preferred luminance levels was investigated. In a field test of 83 households, the display luminance, screen illuminance, and viewing locations were measured on site. In laboratory experiments, young and elderly subjects adjusted the luminance of an LCD‐TV screen to their preferred levels under different screen illuminance levels, angular screen sizes, and average luminance levels (ALL) of the images. As a result, two equations, which represent the preferred luminance level of LCD‐TV screens corresponding to different viewing conditions for young and elderly subjects were obtained. When the ALL of the images was 25% and the screen illuminance and angular screen size were set at 100 lx and 20°, respectively, the preferred luminance was 1 60 cd/m2 for the young subjects and 248 cd/m2 for the elderly subjects. By using the setting of the preferred luminance of an LCD TV under actual viewing conditions, it is possible to conserve energy consumption.  相似文献   

7.
多视点自动立体显示有望成为今后主流的三维显示技术,它是一种无需借助任何辅助观察设备的多视点、多观察区、高分辨率、显示效果逼真的三维显示方式。阐述了基于多投影的多视点自动立体显示系统的设计原理,详细地描述了系统的软硬件构架,建立了基于多投影仪和水平光学各向异性显示结构的自动立体显示样机,开发了投影仪阵列自动校准系统,提高了投影仪的校准精度,避免了因投影仪数目多而导致的繁琐的校准过程。实验结果能够给观众带来逼真的三维视觉体验。  相似文献   

8.
    
Abstract— By using a new pixel design and a novel driving scheme that adds a bias electrode and a bias TFT to the ordinary pixel structure, a high‐contrast‐ratio and wide‐viewing‐angle LCD mode, refered to as the biased vertical‐alignment (BVA) mode, has been sucessfully developed. Compared to the published data on the PVA and MVA modes, the BVA mode has a distinct advantage of lower manufacturing cost due to the elimination of a lithographic process step that forms either ITO cuts or protrusions on the color‐filter substrates. The BVA mode requires ITO cuts on the TFT substrate similar to that for the PVA and MVA modes. The 15‐in. BVA‐mode XGA prototype exhibits a high contrast ratio of 1200:1 and high cell transmittance of 4.3%.  相似文献   

9.
    
Abstract— Autostereoscopic and polarization‐based stereoscopic 3‐D displays recreate 3‐D images by providing different images in the two eyes of an observer. This aim is achieved differently for these two families of 3‐D displays. It is shown that viewing‐angle measurements can be applied to characterize both types of displays. Viewing‐angle luminance measurements are made at different locations on the display surface for each view emitted by the display. For autostereoscopic displays, a Fourier‐optics instrument with an ultra‐high‐angular‐resolution VCMaster3D is used. For polarization‐based displays, a standard Fourier‐optics instrument with additional glass filters is used. Then, what will be seen by an observer in front of the display is computed. Monocular and binocular quality criteria (left‐ and right‐eye contrast, 3‐D contrast) was used to quantify the ability to perceive depth for any observer position. Qualified monocular and binocular viewing spaces (QMVS and QBVS) are deduced. Precise 3‐D characteristics are derived such as maximum 3‐D contrast, optical viewing freedom in each direction, color shifts, and standard contrast. A quantitative comparison between displays of all types becomes possible.  相似文献   

10.
    
Abstract— Autostereoscopic 3‐D display technologies enable a more immersive media experience by adding real depth to the visual content. However, the method used for the creation of a sensation of depth or stereo illusion contains several display design and content‐related issues that need to be carefully considered to maintain sufficient image quality. Conventionally, methods used for 3‐D image‐quality evaluations have been based on subjective testing. Optical measurements, in addition to subjective testing, can be used as an efficient tool for 3‐D display characterization. Objective characterization methods for autostereoscopic displays have been developed. How parameters affecting stereo image quality can be defined and measured, and how their effect on the stereo image quality can be evaluated have been investigated. Developed characterization methods are based on empirically gathered data. In this paper, previously presented methodology for two‐view displays is extended to cover autostereoscopic multiview displays. A distinction between displays where the change in content occurs in clear steps when the user moves in front of the display, and displays where the apparent movement of the objects is more continuous as a function of the head movement is made. Definitions for 3‐D luminance and luminance uniformity, which are equally important, as well as 3‐D crosstalk, which is the dominant factor in the evaluations of the perceived 3‐D image quality, is focused upon.  相似文献   

11.
We have shown in a previous paper that preferred viewing distance (PVD)—a viewer’s favored distance from which to watch TV in the home viewing environment—is shorter when watching a high spatial resolution 4k TV than on a high-definition TV (HDTV). PVD depends on (1) the spatial resolution of the viewer’s object of interest in the relevant scene, (2) whether viewers have sufficient time to optimize their PVD, as with still images, and (3) whether they are appropriately encouraged to pay attention to the object at hand on the screen, by, for example, narrative instructions. In this paper, we demonstrate that an analogous result is obtained in a comparison between high spatial resolution 8k TV and HDTV: The PVD of viewers for 8k TV is shorter than that for HDTV. This result suggests new possibilities for high spatial resolution TV, such as novel applications and TV programs that are especially developed for 8k TV systems.  相似文献   

12.
    
Abstract— Display‐measurement methods different from conventional 2‐D display measurements are needed for verifying the optical characteristics of autostereoscopic (3‐D) displays and for comparing different 3‐D display technologies. Industry is lacking standardized measurement methods, and the reported results can not always be compared. The selected set of characteristics discussed in this paper and partly defining the quality of the 3‐D experience are crosstalk, viewing freedom, and optimum viewing distance. Also, more conventional display characteristics such as luminance are discussed, since the definitions for these characteristics in 3‐D mode usually differ from those used for the 2D displays. We have investigated how these chosen 3‐D display characteristics can be objectively measured from transmissive two‐view and multiview 3‐D displays. The scope of this article is to generally define those basic characteristics as well as the different measurement methods. Most of the 3‐D characteristics can be derived from the luminance and colors versus the viewing angle. Either a conoscopic or a goniometric measurement system can be used, as long as the angular and stray‐light properties are suitable and known. The characteristics and methods are currently discussed in the display‐quality standardization forums.  相似文献   

13.
ABSTRACT

This research compares the way the image of a product included within a rendered scene shown on an autostereoscopic 3D display is rated versus the same image shown in a 2D display. The purpose is to understand the observer's preferences and to determine the features that a composition should have to highlight the product and to make its presentation more attractive to observers, thereby helping designers and advertisers who use both displays to prepare images to make them more effective when visually presenting a product.

The results show that observers like the images on autostereoscopic 3D displays slightly more than those presented by means of 2D displays. On both displays the product is perceived more quickly when it is larger than the other elements and is shown with greater chromatic contrast, but a composition is seen as more attractive when the chromatic relationship between all the elements is more harmonious.  相似文献   

14.
    
Illumination is essential for modern life as colorful world is perceived by human visionary system. Display technology has been developing rapidly in recent decades, and the basic principle is related to the way that the image is illuminated and light is emanated. Traditional illumination is provided by different types of light sources, and the display image is visible in large viewing space until the emanating light decays to zero. This work proposes and demonstrates a novel illumination scheme for a display in which the displaying images are visible only in specific spatial regions. The directional backlight ensures the image propagating to specific direction while imaging visibility can be controlled to terminate abruptly at certain distance from the display screen while exerting no influence to nearby regions. The working principle for such an illumination scheme is the use of the modulated coherent directional backlight through an axicon lens. It is shown that the illumination scheme can robustly deliver carried image information to the designated viewing region. This new illumination scheme has many advantages over conventional illumination, including its usage for personal display, very lower energy consumption, as well as minimizing light hazard pollution.  相似文献   

15.
    
We propose a model to quantify the crosstalk phenomenon for stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays, separate crosstalk contributed from co‐location image contrast (CIC) and system crosstalk (SCT), introduce gray scale dependency of CIC, modify model for gray scale dependency of SCT in active type 3D displays, and apply the model to derive the 3D luminance and SCT measurement formulas. The model might serve as a basis for the 3D metrology, and the results of this research should be of reference value to hardware makers and inspectors of stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays.  相似文献   

16.
In this paper, we present an autostereoscopic 3D display based on the moiré effect. The left and right images are built of the moiré patterns. When observed from a proper location, these moiré images can be perceived stereoscopically without special eyeglasses. The principle is confirmed by preliminary experiments.  相似文献   

17.
    
Abstract— Liquid‐crystal displays (LCDs) have notable variation in luminance and perceived contrast as a function of the angle from which they are viewed. Though this is an important performance issue for LCDs, most evaluation techniques for assessing this variation have been limited to laboratory settings. This study demonstrates the use of a photographic technique for such an evaluation. The technique is based on an actively cooled charge‐coupled‐device (CCD) detector in combination with a macro lens covering a circular angular range (θ) of ±42.5°. The camera was used to evaluate the luminance and perceived contrast properties of an LCD. Uniform field images corresponding to 17 equally spaced gray‐scale values in the digital driving level (DDL) range of the display system were acquired. The 12‐bit gray‐scale digital images produced by the camera were converted to luminance units (cd/m2) via the measured luminance vs. DDL response function of the camera. The changes in perceived contrast as a function of viewing angle were derived from the Barten model of the gray‐scale response of the human‐visual system using the methods proposed by the AAPM TG18 Report. The results of this photographic technique were compared to measurements acquired from a similar display using a Fourier‐optics‐based luminance meter. The results of the two methods generally agreed to within 5%. The photographic methods used were found to be accurate and robust for in‐field assessment of the angular response of LCDs over the FOV of the camera.  相似文献   

18.
    
Abstract— The use of an electric‐field‐driven liquid‐crystal (ELC) lens cell for switching between a 3‐D and 2‐D display is proposed. Due to the phase retardation of the non‐uniform LC directors, an ELC lens functions the same as a geometric lens. The parameters of an ELC for 3‐D applications are optimized through the simulation of the electrode configuration and voltage levels. A prototype was made where the ELC lens is placed in front of a liquid‐crystal display (LCD) 15 in. on the diagonal with a 99‐μm subpixel pitch. Under zero voltage, the ELC lens is a transparent medium and the users can see a clear 2‐D image. In 3‐D mode, the ELC lens array performs the same as a cylindrical lens array to the incident vertical polarization under suitable driving voltages. Placing a half‐wave plate between the LCD and ELC lens is proposed to change the polarization of the LCD to be parallel with the polarization lens direction of the ELC lens. The measurement of the horizontal luminance profile, performance of the ELC lens, and feasibility for 3‐D/2‐D switching was verified. The fabrication process for the ELC lens is compatible with the current LCD production process and enables the accurate control of the lens pitch of the ELC lens.  相似文献   

19.
三维立体显示综述   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15  
按基本工作原理是否为双目视差将三维立体显示分为两大类。基于双目视差原理的三维立体显示主要有眼镜/头盔式立体显示和光栅式自由立体显示,这类三维立体显示的技术相对成熟并有相应产品;非基于双目视差原理的三维立体显示主要有全息立体显示、集成成像立体显示和体显示等,这类三维立体显示的技术较不成熟,大多没有相应产品。对这些三维立体显示的器件结构、工作原理以及各自的特性进行了阐述。  相似文献   

20.
    
We propose a viewing angle switchable blue‐phase liquid crystal display with low voltage and high transmittance. In this device, in‐plane protrusions are used to lower operating voltage and improve the transmittance. Besides, the top electrode can control viewing angle of the proposed display. When no voltage is applied to the top electrode, the display shows wide viewing angle mode. On the contrary, this display shows narrow viewing angle mode. So, this device exhibits low operating voltage, high transmittance, and good viewing angle controllable characteristics.  相似文献   

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