活性污泥法处理啤酒生产废水

介绍了一种简单可行的中小型啤酒厂废水处理方法。结果证明,活性污泥法对啤酒生产废水的处理效果良好,ＣＯＤ去除率达９３％、ＢＯＤ去除率达９５％。处理后的废水达到排放,并可回用,有较好的经济效益和环境效益。     

调节预酸化/接触氧化工艺处理啤酒废水的快速异步启动

啤酒废水的BOD5/COD≥0.5,是一种易于生物降解的工业废水。北方某啤酒厂采用调节预酸化+生物接触氧化组合工艺对啤酒废水进行处理。因泥源短缺,在启动阶段,该厂对接触氧化池采用异步驯化培养的方式。通过20d的调试运行,完成了调节预酸化池和接触氧化池的快速启动,系统对COD的去除率达到97%以上,出水水质指标达到中华人民共和国《啤酒工业污染物排放标准》(GB19821-2005)。     

The Selection of a Dried Yeast Strain for Use in the Apparent Attenuation Limit Malt Analysis (AAL) Procedure

This investigation identifies that Mauribrew Lager 497 strain of dried yeast can be used as a standard strain for the determination of malt apparent attenuation limit (AAL). It provides ferment‐ability results for malt quality evaluation laboratories that are comparable to fresh brewery yeast. It was found that the optimal pitching rate in Congress wort (EBC Analytica, 1998, method 4.5.1), was 1 g per 200 mL, pitched at 25°C and fermented for 24 h at 20°C with agitation to complete attenuation. Preliminary trials also indicated that the Mauribrew Lager 497 dry yeast may be useful to brewers for determining the wort batch attenuation characteristics by the limit gravity test. In this case a pitching temperature of 35°C was found to be optimal with all other conditions as above. For the purpose of malt quality evaluation and brewery quality control the advantages of using a standard dry yeast strain include ease and convenience of use, consistency of quality, and uniformity between laboratories when they are located in separate geographic regions.     

Phylogenetic diversity and metabolic potential of activated sludge microbial communities in full-scale wastewater treatment plants

The activated sludge process is an essential process for treating domestic and industrial wastewaters in most wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This process consists of a mixture of general and special microorganisms in a form of a complex enrichment population. Thus, the exploration of activated sludge microbial communities is crucial to improve the performance of activated sludge process. In this study, we investigated the phylogenetic diversity and metabolic potential of activated sludge microbial communities in full-scale WWTPs. Four 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were constructed from activated sludge samples. In all samples, Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylogenetic group, followed by Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. The dominance of Proteobacteria was further demonstrated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). Some specific genera, e.g., Nitrosomonas, Thauera, and Dechloromonas, which significantly correlate with the functions and performance of wastewater treatment, were abundant in all samples. A large number of unclassified sequences were found in the library, suggesting that a wide variety of novel species may inhabit complex activated sludge communities. The structures of the bacterial community did not differ significantly among samples. All samples utilized the vast majority of 31 carbon sources of an EcoPlate (Biolog), suggesting that activated sludge microbial communities possess high metabolic potential and equivalent functions required for wastewater treatment.     

Recent development of anaerobic digestion processes for energy recovery from wastes

Anaerobic digestion leads to the overall gasification of organic wastewaters and wastes, and produces methane and carbon dioxide; this gasification contributes to reducing organic matter and recovering energy from organic carbons. Here, we propose three new processes and demonstrate the effectiveness of each process. By using complete anaerobic organic matter removal process (CARP), in which diluted wastewaters such as sewage and effluent from a methane fermentation digester were treated under anaerobic condition for post-treatment, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater was decreased to less than 20 ppm. The dry ammonia-methane two-stage fermentation process (Am-Met process) is useful for the anaerobic treatment of nitrogen-rich wastes such as waste excess sludge, cow feces, chicken feces, and food waste without the dilution of the ammonia produced by water or carbon-rich wastes. The hydrogen-methane two-stage fermentation (Hy-Met process), in which the hydrogen produced in the first stage is used for a fuel cell system to generate electricity and the methane produced in the second stage is used to generate heat energy to heat the two reactors and satisfy heat requirements, is useful for the treatment of sugar-rich wastewaters, bread wastes, and biodiesel wastewaters.     

Potential of predominant activated sludge bacteria as recipients in conjugative plasmid transfer

We investigated the possibility of conjugative plasmid transfer to the predominant bacteria in activated sludge and the factors influencing the transfer frequency in the activated sludge process. We performed conjugative transfers of a self-transmissible, broad-host-range plasmid RP4 from Escherichia coli C600 to activated sludge bacteria by broth mating. Most of the activated sludge bacteria tested could acquire plasmid RP4, although the transfer frequencies varied from 8.8 x 10(-7) to 1.3 x 10(-2) transconjugants per recipient. The transfer frequencies in several strains were similar to, or higher than, that in intraspecific transfer to E. coli HB101. Matings under various environmental conditions showed that factors relevant to physiological activity, such as temperature and nutrient conditions, seemed to affect the transfer frequency. In addition, conjugative transfer was detected even in filtered raw and treated wastewaters. Thus, the predominant activated sludge bacteria seem to have sufficient potential as recipients in conjugative plasmid transfer under the conditions likely to occur in the activated sludge process. Transfer frequency was reduced by agitation in the presence of suspended solid. This may suggest that conjugative plasmid transfer is physically inhibited in aeration tanks.     

Removal of antibiotics in wastewater: Effect of hydraulic and solid retention times on the fate of tetracycline in the activated sludge process

A study was conducted to examine the influence of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and solid retention time (SRT) on the removal of tetracycline in the activated sludge processes. Two lab-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were operated to simulate the activated sludge process. One SBR was spiked with 250 microg/L tetracycline, while the other SBR was evaluated at tetracycline concentrations found in the influent of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) where the activated sludge was obtained. The concentrations of tetracyclines in the influent of the WWTP ranged from 0.1 to 0.6 microg/L. Three different operating conditions were applied during the study (phase 1-HRT: 24 h and SRT: 10 days; phase 2-HRT: 7.4 h and SRT: 10 days; and phase 3-HRT: 7.4 h and SRT: 3 days). The removal efficiency of tetracycline in phase 3 (78.4 +/- 7.1%) was significantly lower than that observed in phase 1 (86.4 +/- 8.7%) and phase 2 (85.1 +/- 5.4%) at the 95% confidence level. The reduction of SRT in phase 3 while maintaining a constant HRT decreased tetracycline removal efficiency. Sorption kinetics reached equilibrium within 24 h. Batch equilibrium experiments yielded an adsorption coefficient (Kads) of 8400 +/- 500 mL/g and a desorption coefficient (Kdes) of 22 600 +/- 2200 mL/g. No evidence of biodegradation for tetracycline was observed during the biodegradability test, and sorption was found to be the principal removal mechanism of tetracycline in activated sludge.     

Bulking in aerobic biological systems treating dairy processing wastewaters

The aerobic biological treatment of dairy processing wastewaters is associated with poor sludge settling bulking, and this has been largely linked to the high soluble organic component in these wastewaters, and high chemical oxygen demand COD: NP ratios. Strategies to minimize sludge bulking in activated sludge systems or sequencing batch reactors have been identified and include the operation of these systems under extended aeration conditions, and the incorporation of an anaerobic or anoxic zone to facilitate the degradation of the readily metabolized lactose in the wastewater. Filamentous bacteria linked with sludge bulking in the industry have been associated with various operating conditions.     

H3PO4法制备核桃壳活性炭及其处理啤酒废水的研究

本文研究了H3PO4法制备核桃壳活性炭的工艺条件,并探讨了其处理啤酒废水的影响因素.结果表明:浸渍比1:2.5,浸渍温度60℃,H3PO4浓度60%,300℃炭化80 min,600℃活化80min时,制备的活性炭对碘和亚甲基蓝的吸附值分别达到876.8 mg/L和170.3mg/L;在pH7.0的条件下,采用吸附粒径...     

Disinfection Capacity of High-Power Ultrasound Against E. coli O157:H7 in Process Water of the Fresh-Cut Industry

The fresh-cut industry must treat process water to guarantee its microbial quality before reuse or recirculation back into the processing line. In the present study, the suitability of high-power ultrasound (HPU) for disinfecting and recycling process water was evaluated. An ultrasonic horn (20 kHz) was used to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated in five types of process water which showed different physical and chemical characteristics. Differences in the inactivation level of E. coli O157:H7 at different HPU densities (0.14, 0.28, 0.56, and 1.12 kW/L) with controlled (20–25 °C) and uncontrolled (15–72 °C, 3.6 °C/min) temperature increase were studied. Results showed that the higher the power density and temperature, the higher the efficiency, reaching up to 6 log reductions of E. coli O157:H7. Alkalinity (between 0 and 253 mg HCO₃ ^?/L) and organic matter concentration (between 9 and 3,525 mg O₂/L) in water did not reduce ultrasonic efficacy against E. coli O157:H7. Agglomerates >90 μm, which represented 34 % of those present in the process water, were reduced to only 11 % by HPU. Results indicate that HPU can be successfully applied to treat process water of the fresh produce industry because the antimicrobial efficacy was not affected by the continuous variation of the process water quality. HPU can be a suitable technology for the fresh produce industry to be able to reduce consumption of water and decrease wastewater and the generation of disinfection by-products.     

酿酒废水处理存在的问题及解决措施

生化处理法作为酿酒废水降解的主要方法,工艺成熟稳定,出水能达到国标GB 27631-2011《发酵酒精和白酒工业水污染物排放标准》中的规定要求。但是,废水处理过程中仍存在许多技术问题,如废水中的有机资源利用率低、厌氧工艺释放有毒气体、传统絮凝剂有缺陷、微生物絮凝剂使用受限、污泥产量大和处理困难等,这些问题一定程度上造成资源浪费和环境污染,影响废水的处理效果,阻碍废水处理技术的提高以及微生物絮凝剂的应用,该文针对目前酿酒废水处理中存在的这些问题,提出了相应的解决措施,期望酿酒废水处理工艺得到改善,有机资源利用率得到提高,加强微生物絮凝剂的应用,为酿酒废水的处理及综合利用提供借鉴。     

制革废水处理方法试验

探索折流式厌氧反应器法与序批式活性污泥法相结合的制革废水处理工艺,以折流式厌氧反应器法（ABR）水解制革废水中的难降解物质,去除大部分有机物后,再以序批式活性污泥法（SBR）通过硝化与反硝化反应,有效去除废水中的氨氮,从而使氨氮含量达标,与传统工艺相比,其效果明显,可使制革废水达到二级污水排放标准。     

CQJ型气浮技术在思茅松制浆废水处理中的应用

介绍云景林纸废水处理工艺“物理化学处理法＋好氧生物处理法＋化学处理法”的原理,以及CQJ型超效浅层气浮在处理思茅松制浆废水中的应用及特点。     

Rapid detection of Nocardia amarae in the activated sludge process using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Nocardia amarae, a mycolic acid-containing bacterium, has often been reported to cause foaming of activated sludge in wastewater treatment plants. In this study, the number of N. amarae cells in the activated sludge process was estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with anti-N. amarae polyclonal antibody. Use of the antibody enabled N. amarae to be detected at levels of 10(4) to 10(7) colony forming units. On the other hand, the antibody reacted with only a small portion of activated sludge, in which no N. amarae cells were detected by the plate count method. Competitive ELISA was employed to estimate the N. amarae cells in samples taken from a municipal wastewater treatment plant, including raw wastewater and activated sludge foam. The cell numbers estimated by competitive ELISA corresponded well with those obtained by plate counts. Hence, the antibody produced in this study was shown to be effective for the rapid monitoring of N. amarae in the activated sludge process.     

以啤酒废水处理污泥为原料发酵生产微生物肥料的研究

研究以啤酒废水处理污泥为原料液态发酵生产微生物肥料.通过单因素试验和正交试验,研究了污泥添加量、二氧化氯添加量、发酵条件和培养基对解磷菌D-P2生长繁殖的影响.结果表明,啤酒废水处理污泥添加量为水的60％,二氧化氯添加量为啤酒污泥的1.0％,接种量为8.0％,初始pH值为7.0,在32℃下培养28h就可以得到活体菌高达2.8× 109cfu/mL的解磷菌发酵液,高于国家磷细菌肥料标准.     

组合工艺处理宣纸废水的实验研究

采用絮凝-酸析-电解-活性污泥工艺对宣纸废水进行处理,结果表明:絮凝段,pH值为9.8、聚合硫酸铝絮凝剂的最佳用量为50mg/L;酸析段,对絮凝处理出水进行处理,最佳pH值为4.0;电解段,处理酸析处理出水,电解质KMnO_4最佳用量200mg/L、电解80min时,色度去除率达到82.4%,处理出水色度为32倍,但出水COD_(Cr)仍很高,废水的可生化性大大提高;活性污泥段,电解出水稀释3.1倍时,处理后出水COD_(Cr)为178.4mg/L。     

The dehydration of paprika with ambient and heated air and the kinetics of colour degradation during storage

The hygroscopic behaviour of dried red pepper is characterized by means of water vapour adsorption isotherms at 5, 20 and 35°C; from the GAB equation, a monolayer water content of 0·0816 kg H₂O per kg dry matter has been deduced. The effect of temperature on the drying rate of pepper is considered and yields are compared when the drying is carried out with ambient air and with different loading densities (10–40 kg m⁻²). The kinetics of paprika colour degradation during storage at different temperatures and with a moisture content corresponding to the monolayer have been studied. A sharp change in the rate of colour loss is observed at 15°C: the value Q₁₀ (°C) changes from 1·62 to 2·82 when the temperature rises above 15°C.     

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on quality parameters of lager beer

Unpasteurized lager beer samples from a commercial brewery were treated either by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP; 200, 250, 300, 350 MPa for 3 and 5 min at 20 °C) or by conventional heat pasteurization (60 °C for 15 min). The main attributes of the beer, such as ethanol content, extract and pH, were not affected by either treatment; however HHP and heat pasteurization affected colour, chill haze, protein sensitivity and bitterness. Change in bitterness was higher in conventional heat pasteurization, but pressures up to 300 MPa had no significant affect on bitterness. Although more studies should be carried out to investigate the effects of HHP treatment on different types of lagers and ales, our results revealed that HHP could be successfully used to process beer, even at temperatures well below those required for heat pasteurization, without affecting some of the quality attributes. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Kinetics of water absorption and soluble‐solid loss of hot‐air‐dried carrots during rehydration

Cubes of carrots dried at 60, 70, 80 and 90 °C were rehydrated at 20 and 95 °C. Kinetics of water gain and soluble‐solid loss were monitored and described by Peleg model. Dry matter holding capacity, water absorption capacity and rehydration ability were derived to assess the rehydration process. It was found that leaching flow was higher for the samples dried at higher temperatures. Rehydration ability and dry matter holding capacity of the samples rehydrated at 95 °C were higher than those observed for the samples soaked at 20 °C. Swelling of carrots during rehydration neither depended on temperature of drying nor on the temperature of the water. The results indicate that the use of low drying temperatures is suitable for preserving the quality attributes of carrots after rehydration.     

INFLUENCE OF MALTING CONDITIONS ON QUALITY OF FINGER MILLET MALT

Effect of processing conditions on dry matter loss and quality characteristics of malt from INDAF-6 variety of finger millet was studied. Increasing the temperature of malting from 15 to 35°C caused increased dry matter loss. Germination at 15–20°C gave malts of higher α-amylase activities than those germinated at 30–35°C. Germination at 20°C for 4–5 days gave malt with maximum enzyme activity and acceptable dry matter loss. Drying the malt to 12% moisture and kilning at 70°C for about 45 min resulted in malt of desired aroma, maximum retention of α-amylase and minimum loss of available lysine. The α-amylase in the malted flour caused the slurries to have low hot paste viscosity.