γ-Aminobutyric acid treatment reduces chilling injury and activates the defence response of peach fruit

Peach fruit were immersed in 5 mM γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) solution for 10 min at 20 °C and then stored at 1 °C for 5 weeks to investigate the effect of GABA treatment on chilling injury (CI), antioxidant enzymes and energy status in peach fruit. The results showed that GABA treatment significantly inhibited CI incidence of peaches and enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, monodehydroascorbate reductase and dehydroascorbate reductase. The treatment also increased contents of adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate, but lowered adenosine monophosphate content, which resulted in a higher level of energy charge in treated fruit. These results indicated that GABA increased chilling tolerance of peach fruit through enhancing its enzymatic antioxidant system and maintaining energy status in peach fruit.     

外源钙和钙调素拮抗剂对冷藏桃果实耐冷性的影响

以‘白凤’水蜜桃为试材,分别用外源钙（CaCl2）和钙调素拮抗剂三氟拉嗪（trifluoperazin,TFP）浸泡桃果实,以蒸馏水为对照,研究其对冷藏桃果实抗冷性的影响。结果表明：与对照组相比,CaCl2处理能有效减轻桃果实果心褐变程度,缓解冷害症状,降低相对电导率,降低丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）、H2O2含量,降低超氧阴离子自由基（O2 － ·）产生速率以及脯氨酸脱氢酶（proline dehydrogenase,PDH）活力,提高活性氧代谢相关酶（超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ascorbate peroxidase,APX）、Δ1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶（Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase,P5CS）、鸟氨酸氨基转移酶（ornithine δ-aminotransferase peroxidase,OAT）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（glutathione reductase,GR））活力;另外,CaCl2处理后的桃果实表现为较高的脯氨酸、VC和谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）含量;而TFP处理后的桃果实冷藏特性与CaCl2处理组相反。这说明钙-钙调素（Ca2＋-CaM）复合体参与了采后桃果实抗冷性调控,Ca2＋浓度的增加能维持桃果实活性氧代谢平衡,减少低温胁迫下膜脂过氧化与损伤,增加渗透调节物质脯氨酸的积累,从而减少桃果实冷藏期间冷害的发生,保持果实营养品质,延长果实贮藏时间。     

Maturity‐related chilling tolerance in mango fruit and the antioxidant capacity involved

BACKGROUND: In order to evaluate how effect of mature stage on the chilling tolerance of mangoes (Mangifera indica L. cv. ‘Zihua’) and the mechanism involved, the fruit were categorized into three stages of ripeness: Green (100% green fruit), Preyellow (10–20% yellow fruit) and Yellow (45–55% yellow fruit) after harvest and stored at 2 °C for 12 days and then incubated at 25 °C for 2 days for chilling injury (CI) development. RESULTS: CI index in Preyellow and Yellow fruit was significantly lower than that of the Green fruit, as a rapid increase in ion leakage was observed in the Green fruit. Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase of Preyellow and Yellow fruit were higher than those of the Green from day 6 to day 12 during cold storage. A lower content of malondialdehyde but higher levels of glutathione and ascorbic acid were maintained in Preyellow and Yellow fruit than that in Green fruit. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that stronger resistance of Preyellow and Yellow mangoes to CI compared to Green fruit was due to their higher antioxidant capacity involved in the tolerance to chilling temperature. Alleviating CI in mangoes during storage may be achieved by storing the fruit when skin colour is beginning to change to yellow from green. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

甘氨酸甜菜碱处理对桃果实冷害及抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环代谢的影响

以‘湖景蜜露’桃果实为试材,采用10 mmol/L甘氨酸甜菜碱浸泡处理,分析甘氨酸甜菜碱处理对（0±1）℃贮藏桃果实冷害及抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽（ascorbic acid-glutathione,AsA-GSH）循环代谢的影响。结果表明：甘氨酸甜菜碱处理能显著抑制桃果实冷害的发生,延缓相对电导率、丙二醛含量和过氧化氢含量的增加,提高抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶活力以及PpAPX、PpGR、PpMDHAR和PpDHAR基因的表达水平,维持较高的抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽含量以及抗坏血酸/脱氢抗坏血酸、谷胱甘肽/氧化型谷胱甘肽比例。结论：外源甘氨酸甜菜碱处理能通过调节AsA-GSH循环系统,有效清除桃果实中过量积累的过氧化氢,缓解低温胁迫对细胞膜的氧化损伤,从而减轻桃果实的冷害症状。     

Soluble Sugar Content and Metabolism as Related to the Heat-Induced Chilling Tolerance of Loquat Fruit During Cold Storage

The effects of high-temperature, short-time hot air treatment (45 °C for 3 h) on soluble sugar metabolism and chilling tolerance in loquat fruit stored at 5 °C for 5 weeks were investigated. Heat treatment significantly reduced chilling severity, as evidenced by lower firmness and internal browning and higher levels of extractable juice. Meanwhile, this treatment accelerated the activities of acid invertase, neutral invertase, sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase during storage. However, sucrose degradation was predominant, which caused lower levels of sucrose and higher levels of glucose and fructose in the heat-treated group. In addition, the ascorbate acid content and the activities of ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase in the heat-treated fruit were much higher than those in control fruit, resulting in lower levels of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde and decreased membrane permeability as well as a higher unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio at the end of storage. Our results suggest that the increased levels of reducing sugars, especially those of glucose, may induce the ascorbate–glutathione cycle activity to scavenge for H₂O₂, whose content relates to the heat-induced chilling tolerance of loquat fruit.     

高湿贮藏对青椒果实冷害和抗氧化活性的影响

为探究高湿贮藏对减轻青椒果实冷害的作用及其与抗氧化活性的关系,将青椒果实放置于4 ℃、相对湿度分别为96%～99%和70%～75%的干雾控湿高湿冷库和普通低湿冷库中贮存15 d,每3 d测定果实冷害、品质和抗氧化系统相关指标变化。结果表明,高湿贮藏可显著延缓青椒果实的冷害指数、相对电导率和质量损失率的上升及硬度的下降,保持较高的叶绿素、抗坏血酸、总酚和总黄酮含量。与低湿贮藏相比,高湿贮藏还可显著提高超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活力,保持较高的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼和羟自由基清除率,减少超氧阴离子和过氧化氢的积累。这些结果表明,高湿贮藏可维持青椒果实较高的抗氧化活性,从而抑制活性氧对青椒的伤害,减少果实冷害的发生。     

OXIDATIVE ENZYME ACTIVITIES AND SOLUBLE PROTEIN CONTENT IN LEAVES AND FRUITS OF OLIVES DURING RIPENING

Changes in the content and composition of soluble proteins and the activities of ionically bound peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase in leaves and fruits of olive trees Olea europaea cv. Zard from three regions during “on” and “off” years were evaluated. It was shown that peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities were low at early fruit developmental stages, gradually increased and were the highest at full fruit development (120–135 days after fruit set), and remained relatively high throughout ripening and softening stage. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used for characterization of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase enzymes in leaf and fruit extracts. Isoenzymes were assessed in extracts from different regions and it was observed that some isoenzymes were only present at full fruit maturity. The protein content and its expression was estimated and characterized, and it was shown that protein content increased during various stages of fruit growth and remained the highest at full fruit ripening. The increase in enzyme activity from leaves and fruits was accompanied by differential expression of isoenzymes and the protein bands between 20 to 37 KDa, that seems to be a marker of full fruit maturity. It was also concluded that in all cases protein content and enzyme activities in leaves and fruits of olive trees during “on” years are considerably lower than those during “off” years.     

Effect of cold‐shock treatment on chilling injury in mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. ‘Wacheng’) fruit

To investigate how cold shock may affect chilling injury in mango fruit (Mangifera indica L. cv. ‘Wacheng’), the fruit were treated for 3, 4 or 5 h at 0 °C, or treated for 8, 10 or 12 h at 4 °C, respectively, then transferred to 20 °C for 20 h prior to being stored at 2 °C, 85–95% RH. The chilling injury index of mango treated at 0 °C for 4 h was 59.7% lower than that of the control fruit directly stored at 2 °C, 85–95% RH. Some attributes were assayed in the fruit treated at 0 °C for 4 h. Ion leakage of the cold‐shock fruit at 0 °C for 4 h was 16% or 10% lower than that of the control on day 9 or day 12 of storage, respectively. Malondialdehyde content of the cold‐shocked fruit was 70% or 50% lower than that of the control on day 6 or day 12 of storage at 2 °C, respectively. Activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and contents of glutathione and phenolic compounds in the fruit during storage were all markedly enhanced by the cold‐shock treatment, whereas activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and content of ascorbic acid in the mango were slightly influenced by the cold‐shock treatment. These results suggest that cold‐shock treatment may hold promise as an alternative approach to reduce chilling injury in mango fruit during cold storage. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

The effect of delay between heat treatment and cold storage on alleviation of chilling injury in banana fruit

BACKGROUND: To understand the mechanisms leading to the enhanced chilling resistance of banana by hot‐water dipping (HWD, 52 °C for 3 min), we investigated the effect of a 0.5–24 h delay between HWD and cold storage on chilling resistance and the change related to the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS). RESULTS: The HWD‐treated fruit with a delay of less than 6 h exhibited markedly less chilling injury than the non‐heated control fruit, while a delay more than 6 h resulted in significant loss in chilling resistance. Increased hydrogen peroxide content and rate of superoxide radical production were detected in the fruit at 0.5–1.5 h after HWD treatment, and the levels declined with a longer delay, which may be correlated with the enhanced gene expression levels of the gene coding for a ROS‐generating related enzyme, NADPH oxidase (MaNOX). Enhanced activities and gene expression of an ascorbate peroxidase (MaAPX) were recorded in the fruit at 1.5–6 h after the treatment, and after 6 h the ascorbate peroxidase levels decayed to the levels as the control fruit. The higher APX gene expression was maintained in the treated fruit with a 3 h delay during the subsequent cold storage at 7 °C, correlating with the enhanced chilling resistance. CONCLUSION: The HWD‐treated fruit left at ambient temperature up to 6 h prior to cold storage maintained the effect of heat treatment and transiently increased ROS content, and the ascorbate peroxidase activity that occurred 0.5–6 h after the treatment may be correlated with the elevated chilling resistance induced by HWD treatment. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

热水处理后环境放置期间黄瓜果实温度及抗氧化系统变化

为探讨热水处理后黄瓜果实在非低温贮藏环境放置期间果体温度及抗氧化系统的变化,该试验将热水处理(40℃、20 min)后的黄瓜果实在非低温贮藏环境[20℃,相对湿度(55±5)％]中放置不同时间(0、1、2、4、8 h),并同时测定其果体温度和抗氧化系统的变化.结果表明:热水处理后0 h黄瓜果体温度高达36.5℃,随后的...     

Enzymes associated with blackheart development in pineapple fruit

The involvement of browning enzymes, polyphenoloxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in blackheart development was investigated in pineapple fruit (Ananas comosus, Smooth Cayenne) following low temperature storage. An increase in PPO activity was related to the incidence of blackheart symptoms, both temporally and spatially. Fruit maturity significantly affected blackheart susceptibility; immature and over-mature fruits developed less blackheart injury than mature fruit. The effect of maturity on blackheart susceptibility was highly correlated to the response of PPO activity to chilling. POD showed no significant change after chilling. Enhanced PAL activity was observed during chilling at 6, 13 and 18 °C. Chilling (6, 13 and 18 °C) also inhibited the increase of ascorbate peroxidase activity observed in the fruit stored continuously at 25 °C, but had less effect on catalase activity. The results indicate that the development of blackheart symptoms in pineapple fruit results from the disturbance of a number of metabolic processes that occur at sub-ambient temperatures.     

草酸处理对采后‘华优’猕猴桃果实耐冷性的影响

采后‘华优’猕猴桃(Actinidia Chinensis‘Huayou’)果实经5 mmol/L草酸浸泡10 min后,置于(0.0±0.5)℃、相对湿度90%~95%低温贮藏90 d。结果表明:草酸处理可以缓解猕猴桃果实的冷害症状,降低猕猴桃果实的冷害率,有效抑制呼吸速率和乙烯释放速率,抑制脂氧合酶活性和丙二醛的积累,维持较高的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性和谷胱甘肽还原酶活性,贮藏结束后保持了较高的好果率和较低的质量损失率。这表明草酸处理能缓解‘华优’猕猴桃果实的冷害,提高果实的耐冷性。     

壳寡糖诱导柑橘果实抗病作用中的活性氧变化

以采后柑橘果实(Citrus Sinensic Osbeck cv. Jincheng 447#)为试材,研究1.5% (g/g)壳寡糖溶液浸泡1min后不同时间损伤接种炭疽病菌的柑橘果实的发病率情况,并对壳寡糖诱导柑橘果实贮藏前期抗病作用中的活性氧变化进行研究。结果表明,在贮藏9d 时,壳寡糖处理柑橘果实损伤接种的发病率显著低于对照果实,壳寡糖诱导1d 后损伤接种的柑橘果实的发病率最低。与对照果实相比,1.5% 壳寡糖诱导促进了柑橘果皮中信号物质过氧化氢(H2O2)的合成,延缓了还原型抗坏血酸(ASA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量的下降,并提高了柑橘果皮中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性。     

Effect of BTH on antioxidant enzymes,radical-scavenging activity and decay in strawberry fruit

The effect of benzo-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH), at 0.2 g/l, on antioxidant enzymes, radical-scavenging activity and decay development in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) fruit, was investigated. The results showed that BTH treatment enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. The treatment increased the contents of phenolic and anthocyanin in strawberry fruit, as well as radical-scavenging capacity, expressed as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and superoxide radical values and reducing power. The treatment also decreased the development of decay compared to control fruit. These results indicated that BTH might increase the disease resistance of strawberry fruits by enhancing their antioxidant systems and their free radical-scavenging capabilities.     

采前喷施胺鲜酯对采后龙眼果实贮藏期间果皮活性氧代谢的影响

为研究采前喷施胺鲜酯对采后龙眼果实贮藏期间果皮活性氧代谢的影响,以‘福眼’龙眼为材料,在龙眼盛花期后70、90、110 d用10 mg/kg胺鲜酯喷施龙眼果实3 次,以蒸馏水喷施为对照,龙眼果实在盛花期后120 d采收,采后龙眼果实经过挑选、清洗和晾干后用0.015 mm厚的聚乙烯薄膜袋密封包装（每袋50 个）,在（28±1）℃、相对湿度85%条件下贮藏,贮藏期间每天取样测定果皮O2－·产生速率、丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）含量、活性氧清除酶（超氧化物歧化酶（superoxidase dismutase,SOD）、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ascorbate peroxidase,APX）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（glutathione reductase,GR））活力、内源抗氧化物质（还原型抗坏血酸（ascorbic acid,AsA）和还原型谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH））含量及1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除率和总还原力的变化。结果发现：与对照果实对比,采前喷施胺鲜酯可提高采后龙眼果实贮藏期间果皮SOD、CAT、APX、GR等活性氧清除酶活力,延缓AsA和GSH含量的下降,保持较高DPPH自由基清除率和总还原力,降低O2－·产生速率和膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量。结论：采前喷施胺鲜酯增强采后龙眼果实耐贮性与其能有效降低采后龙眼果实贮藏期间果皮活性氧代谢有关。     

Effect of allyl isothiocyanate on antioxidant enzyme activities,flavonoids and post-harvest fruit quality of blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L., cv. Duke)

The effect of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) on antioxidant enzyme activities, flavonoid content, and fruit quality of blueberries var. Duke (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) was evaluated. Results from this study showed that AITC was effective in maintaining higher amounts of sugars and lower organic acids compared to untreated fruit during storage at 10 °C. However, AITC reduced antioxidant enzyme activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD), glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-POD), ascorbate peroxidase (AsA-POD), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR) and glutathione reductase (GR)] and non-enzyme components, ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH). AITC treatments also reduced the amount of phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid, myricetin 3-arabinoside, quercetin 3-galactoside, quercetin 3-arabinoside, and kaempferol 3-glucoside) and anthocyanins (delphinidin 3-galactoside, delphinidon 3-glucoside, delphinidin 3-arabinoside, petunidin 3-galactoside, petunidin 3-glucoside, petunidin 3-arabinoside, malvidin 3-galactoside, and malvidin 3-arabinoside) during storage at 10 °C. The results from this study indicate that AITC does not promote antioxidant property or scavenge constitutive reactive oxygen species (ROS), but maintain blueberry fruit quality through other mechanisms.     

Fatty acid composition and antioxidant system in relation to susceptibility of loquat fruit to chilling injury

Two cultivars of loquat fruit with contrasting chilling resistance were stored at 1 °C for 35 days to investigate the relationship between chilling injury and fatty acid composition and its antioxidant system. No symptoms of chilling injury occurred in the fruit of ‘Qingzhong’ cultivar during the whole storage, whereas in ‘Fuyang’ fruit, chilling injury increased sharply after 21 days of storage at 1 °C. ‘Qingzhong’ fruit had lower levels of superoxide radical and H₂O₂, in addition to lower lipoxygenase activity, but higher membrane lipid unsaturation and higher activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase than ‘Fuyang’. Furthermore, the chilling resistant ‘Qingzhong’ fruit also showed higher activities of antioxidant enzymes involved in ascorbate–glutathione cycle and higher levels of ascorbate acid and reduced glutathione. These results suggest that the higher membrane lipid unsaturation and the more efficient antioxidant system were both beneficial in enhancing resistance of loquat fruit to chilling injury.     

外源腐胺（Put）处理对黄皮甜瓜果实采后冷害及活性氧代谢的影响

为探讨外源腐胺（Put）处理减轻黄皮甜瓜果实采后低温冷害的调控机理,本试验以‘新密3号’黄皮甜瓜为试材,研究了0（CK）和2.0 mmol/L Put处理对其5±0.5 ℃低温贮藏期间果实冷害及活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明:低温诱导条件下,2.0 mmol/L外源Put处理可使黄皮甜瓜果皮中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性保持较高的水平,使过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性在贮藏21 d（严重冷害）时较CK分别提高2.3倍、1.6倍和1.2倍,达到30.06、2.46和39.14 U·g?1 FW,显著抑制了贮藏28~49 d果皮中超氧阴离子自由基（O₂·?）、过氧化氢（H₂O₂）的积累及脂氧合酶（LOX）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的上升,从而减轻活性氧自由基对细胞膜的伤害,使‘新密3号’黄皮甜瓜果实采后冷害发生症状减轻,发生时间推迟7 d,至贮藏结束时,冷害指数仅为0.27,显著低于对照处理。可见,外源腐胺（Put）处理减轻黄皮甜瓜冷害与其果皮组织活性氧代谢密切相关。     

Postharvest BTH treatment induced disease resistance and enhanced reactive oxygen species metabolism in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit

Benzo (1, 2, 3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) is a novel synthetic elicitor capable of inducing disease resistance in many plants. Fruits were dipped in BTH at 100?mg/L for 10?min, and then stored at room temperature (22?±?2?°C, relative humidity 55–60?%). The results showed that BTH significantly (P?<?0.05) reduced the lesion area of fruits inoculated with Trichothecium roseum and the natural disease incidence of fruits during storage at room temperature. The treatment effectively maintained cell membrane integrity and decreased the production of lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde. BTH treatment markedly enhanced the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, (H₂O₂) while decreased the rate of superoxide anion (O ₂ ^·? ) production. Furthermore, BTH observably increased the activities of NADPH oxidase (NOX, EC1.6.3.1), superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC1.15.1.1), peroxidase (POD, EC1.11.1.7), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC1.11.1.11), and glutathione reductase (GR, EC1.6.4.2), while inhibited the catalase (CAT, EC1.11.1.6) activity. These results indicated that BTH treatment increased the disease resistance of muskmelon fruits by enhancing their antioxidant system activity after harvest, and suggested that postharvest treatment with BTH could be promising in reducing decay and reducing or/and substituting chemical fungicides to control postharvest diseases in fruits.     

水杨酸处理诱导采后甜瓜抗坏血酸-还原型谷胱甘肽循环代谢清除过氧化氢的作用及机制

目的:研究抗坏血酸(ascorbic acid,AsA)-还原型谷胱甘肽(reduced glutathione,GSH)循环代谢在水杨酸处理采后甜瓜诱导的过量H2O2清除过程中的作用.方法:用4 mmol/L水杨酸浸泡'玉金香'厚皮甜瓜10 min,测定处理后果实常温贮藏过程中丙二醛(malondialdehyde,...