番木瓜果酒发酵及其抗氧化能力分析

以番木瓜为原料,经破碎、酶解、成分调整后接种葡萄酒活性干酵母,于（22±1） ℃发酵制备番木瓜果酒。研究发酵过程中总糖、还原糖、滴定酸含量与抗氧化能力的变化,明确番木瓜果酒的理化指标与感官品质。结果表明,番木瓜果酒发酵过程中总糖、还原糖含量逐渐降低,滴定酸含量增加,总酚含量、DPPH自由基清除率和亚铁还原能力（FRAP值）降低,pH值变化无规律性。番木瓜果酒酒精度10.7%vol,残糖量4.4 g/L,滴定酸4.5 g/L,总酚含量3.0 g/L,DPPH自由基清除率63.0%,FRAP值2.33 mmol/L,属半干型果酒,抗氧化能力较强,理化与感官品质均符合相关果酒标准要求。     

番木瓜中糖类成分的纯化与鉴定

目的：研究番木瓜果肉的糖类成分,以寻找活性化合物。方法：干燥的番木瓜干经95%乙醇提取,石油醚萃取脱脂后的水相采用聚酰胺、MCI、ODS、ODS-AQ柱层析进行纯化,并通过MS和NMR鉴定。结果：从番木瓜果肉乙醇提取物中分离并鉴定出4个糖的衍生物,分别为乙基α-D-果糖苷(Ⅰ)、乙基β-D-果糖苷(Ⅱ)、苄基β-D-葡萄糖苷(Ⅲ)、2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷-3,6-二羟乙基-5-苯基-1,4-二氧已基-2-醇(Ⅳ)。     

Carotenoids in yellow‐ and red‐fleshed papaya (Carica papaya L)

Vitamin A deficiency is a disorder of public health importance in Sri Lanka. A recent national survey revealed that 36% of preschool children in Sri Lanka have vitamin A deficiency (serum retinol <0.2 µg ml^?1). In view of its well‐established association with child morbidity and mortality, this is a reason for concern. One of the main fruits which has been recommended for prevention of vitamin A deficiency in Sri Lanka is papaya (Carica papaya L). In this study the carotenoid profiles of yellow‐ and red‐fleshed papaya were analysed by medium‐pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) and UV‐vis spectrophotometry. A section of yellow‐fleshed papaya showed small carotenoid globules dispersed all over the cell, whereas in red‐fleshed papaya the carotenoids were accumulated in one large globule. The major carotenoids of yellow‐fleshed papaya were the provitamin A carotenoids β‐carotene (1.4 ± 0.4 µg g^?1 dry weight (DW)) and β‐cryptoxanthin (15.4 ± 3.3 µg g^?1 DW) and the non‐provitamin A carotenoid ζ‐carotene (15.1 ± 3.4 µg g^?1 DW), corresponding theoretically to 1516 ± 342 µg kg^?1 DW mean retinol equivalent (RE). Red‐fleshed papaya contained the provitamin A carotenoids β‐carotene (7.0 ± 0.7 µg g^?1 DW), β‐cryptoxanthin (16.9 ± 2.9 µg g^?1 DW) and β‐carotene‐5,6‐epoxide (2.9 ± 0.6 µg g^?1 DW), and the non‐provitamin A carotenoids lycopene (11.5 ± 1.8 µg g^?1 DW) and ζ‐carotene (9.9 ± 1.1 µg g^?1 DW), corresponding theoretically to 2815 ± 305 µg kg^?1 DW mean RE. Thus the carotenoid profile and organisation of carotenoids in the cell differ in the two varieties of papaya. This study demonstrates that carotenoids can be successfully separated, identified and quantified using the novel technique of MPLC. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

番木瓜中皂苷类成分的研究

目的：研究番木瓜果肉的化学成分,寻找活性物质。方法：用85% 乙醇提取,大孔吸附树脂、ODS、MCI 柱层析进行分离,NMR 波谱法鉴定化合物的结构。结果：从番木瓜果肉乙醇提取物中分离到3 种化合物,分别为2β,3β - 二羟基- 乌苏酸(Ⅰ)、3-O- 葡萄糖- 甾苷(Ⅱ)、薯蓣皂苷元-3-O- β -D- 吡喃葡萄糖基(1 → 3)- β -D- 吡喃葡萄糖基(1 → 4)-[α -L- 吡喃鼠李糖基(1 → 2)]- β -D- 吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅲ)。     

Antioxidant and anticancer capacity of saponin‐enriched Carica papaya leaf extracts

The papaya (Carica papaya) leaf (PL) contains high levels of saponins and polyphenolic compounds, and historically, it has been used as a folk medicine for numerous ailments, including cancer. PL is traditionally prepared by hot water extraction; however, optimised extraction conditions have not been assessed. This study optimised conditions for the extraction of saponins from PL and assessed their antioxidant capacity and antipancreatic cancer activity. Optimisation was achieved using response surface methodology. Saponins and total phenolic compounds were assessed for their antioxidant, free radical scavenging, ion‐reducing capacity, and antipancreatic cancer activity. Optimal aqueous extraction conditions were 85 °C, 25 min. and a water‐to‐leaf ratio of 20:1 mL g^?1. Ethanol extracts demonstrated higher antioxidant, free radical scavenging and ion‐reducing capacity, as well as antipancreatic cancer activity. This study revealed that the PL contains numerous bioactive compounds, with significant anticancer activity warranting further studies on the isolation and characterisation of individual bioactive compounds from the PL.     

不同冻结速率对冻后番木瓜品质的影响

研究木瓜在不同冻结方式下的冻结特性（冻结曲线、冻结速率、通过最大冰晶带时间、冻结点等）和品质变化。研究表明木瓜的冻结点随着速冻速率的改变而有所变化,但整体变化幅度不大,在-1.1^-1.7℃之间。提高冻结速率可减少通过最大冰晶带的时间。冻结后木瓜的p H均降低,且随着冻结速率的增大,干耗率、汁液损失率、褐变度逐渐减小,但冻结速率对木瓜中的VC、可溶性固形物含量影响很小。冻结对木瓜的PPO和POD酶活性有一定的抑制作用,随着速冻速率的增大,两种酶活性均呈先增大后减小的趋势。综合理化指标和感官评价结果,冻结速率快有利于保持木瓜的品质。      

Phenolic and carotenoid profiles of papaya fruit (Carica papaya L.) and their contents under low temperature storage

BACKGROUND: Tropical fruits are rich in phenolic and carotenoid compounds, and these are associated with cultivar, pre‐ and postharvest handling factors. The aim of this work was to identify major phenolics and carotenoids in ‘Maradol’ papaya fruit and to investigate their response to storage temperature. RESULTS: Ferulic acid, caffeic acid and rutin were identified in ‘Maradol’ papaya fruit exocarp as the most abundant phenolic compounds, and lycopene, β‐cryptoxanthin and β‐carotene were identified in mesocarp as the major carotenoids. Ranges of contents of ferulic acid (1.33–1.62 g kg^?1 dry weight), caffeic acid (0.46–0.68 g kg^?1 dw) and rutin (0.10–0.16 g kg^?1 dw) were found in papaya fruit, which tend to decrease during ripening at 25 °C. Lycopene (0.0015 to 0.012 g kg^?1 fresh weight) and β‐cryptoxanthin (0.0031 to 0.0080 g kg^?1 fw) were found in fruits stored at 25 °C, which tend to increase during ripening. No significant differences in β‐carotene or rutin contents were observed in relation to storage temperature. CONCLUSION: Phenolics and carotenoids of ‘Maradol’ papaya were influenced by postharvest storage temperature with exception of β‐carotene and rutin. Ripe papaya stored at 25 °C had more carotenoids than those stored at 1 °C. Low (chilling) temperature (1 °C) negatively affected the content of major carotenoids, except β‐carotene, but preserved or increased ferulic and caffeic acids levels, as compared to high (safe) temperature (25 °C). Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

响应面试验优化番木瓜籽中硫代葡萄糖苷酶解工艺

通过单因素试验和Box-Behnken试验设计响应面分析对番木瓜籽中硫代葡萄糖苷（硫苷）的酶解条件进行优化。通过气相色谱-质谱（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）联用仪鉴定酶解产物中的异硫氰酸酯种类。结果表明：酶解缓冲液pH值、酶解时间对异硫氰酸酯得率有显著影响,酶解温度影响不显著;得到的最优酶解条件为酶解缓冲液pH 4.8、酶解时间40 min、酶解温度27 ℃,在此条件下异硫氰酸酯得率为13.5‰;GC-MS结果表明,番木瓜籽硫苷酶酶解产物中只含有异硫氰酸苄酯一种异硫氰酸酯。     

番木瓜籽蛋白质的提取工艺及其功能性质

以番木瓜籽为原料,经脱脂以酸沉碱溶法提取其中的蛋白质,并研究其乳化、起泡等功能性质。结果表明,最佳的提取工艺条件:料液比1∶40,p H为9.3,温度50℃,碱提时间120 min时最高提取率达到48.53%。番木瓜籽蛋白质的乳化性及稳定性随着蛋白质的浓度升高而升高,在p H3时最小,其乳化性在Na Cl浓度为0.2%时最大,而稳定性呈下降趋势;起泡性及稳定性随蛋白浓度升高而升高,在p H3.0,其起泡性和泡沫稳定性最小,在离子浓度(Na Cl)为0.2 mol/L时,其起泡性和泡沫稳定性最高。可见,此提取工艺效果较好,能将部分番木瓜籽蛋白质提取出来;番木瓜籽分离蛋白质乳化性和起泡性良好,这为番木瓜籽蛋白质的开发利用提供参考依据。      

Isolation and Identification Carpaine in Carica papaya L. Leaf by HPLC-UV Method

The carpaine was isolated from Carica papaya L. leaf, was identified by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and was determined by HPLC. The powder of dried leaves was macerated and extracted with ethanol/water/HCl (89:10:1 V/V/V) to produce crude alkaloid. The extract was fractionated on a silica gel column chromatography using methanol/chloroform (5:95 v/v) as the eluate. The major fraction was isolated according to R_f values of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) (silica gel, methanol/chloroform [15:85 v/v]) exposed by Dragendroff’s reagent. The extraction procedure, sample preparation, and HPLC conditions were evaluated and optimized. The method was fully validated in terms of accuracy, precision, specificity, and calibration model. Results showed that the developed HPLC method was suitable for the determination of carpaine using a single-point calibration. The calibration model was linear in the concentration range from 0.20 to 1.8 mg/mL. Analysis of different days showed that the method was precise with an average concentration of 0.93 g/kg and relative standard deviation of 0.062%. A recovery of between 97.6 and 100.1% was obtained in a 95% confidence interval indicating that the method was accurate and the content of the carpaine in the powdered Carica papaya leaves was 0.93 g/kg.     

Characteristics of papaya seed oils obtained by extrusion-expelling processes

BACKGROUND: In general, about 300 g kg^?1 of the weight of papaya fruits appears as waste materials during processing, including a considerable amount of papaya seeds. To make a more efficient use of papaya, it is worth investigating the utilization of the seeds. The aim of this study was to comprehensively assess the lipid characteristics of papaya seed oil obtained by expelling processes. RESULTS: Papaya seed oil was found to have several unique characteristics, including its high oleic content, the relative ratio of saturated/monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fatty acids of 29/68/3, the polyunsaturated fatty acids merely accounting for 3.34% and its triacylglycerol composition being very similar to that of olive oil. Also, this oil was rich in chemopreventive benzyl isothiocyanate, the level ranging from 4.0 to 23.3 g kg^?1 dependent on the various processing methods for the pretreatment of papaya seeds. CONCLUSION: On the basis of our results, papaya seed oil can be considered as a high‐oleic oil with a chemoprotective effect, and may be viewed as a healthy alternative in the functional food industry. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

响应面法优化番木瓜籽蛋白质提取工艺

作为食用和工业生产的废弃物番木瓜籽,提高其蛋白质提取率,实现资源的回收利用和扩大副产品价值。以番木瓜籽为原料,使用响应面法优化碱溶酸沉法提取番木瓜籽蛋白质提取工艺。以番木瓜籽蛋白质提取率为指标,研究pH值、液料比、时间、温度对蛋白质提取率的影响。结果表明番木瓜籽蛋白质提取率最优条件为:pH 11.3、料液比1∶45(g/mL)、时间224 min、温度47.5℃,针对蛋白质提取率的模型显示失逆项不显著,R2值为94.26%,表明模型拟合良好。在此试验条件下,验证试验结果平均值为53.74%,与理论值55.21%接近。     

Purification and properties of pectinesterase from papaya

Pectinesterase (PE) was partially purified from papaya pulp, and its biochemical properties were studied. The enzyme was eluted in a single peak after DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography. The PE had a molecular weight of 53000 and showed an optimum pH of 8.0. Its activity was dependent on an NaCl concentration of 0.2M . The enzyme was heat stable: approximately 80% of the original activity remained after 60 min of heating at 50°C but completely inactivated by incubation at 80°C for 1 min. The activity was linear with time and protein concentration. The maximum reaction in 3 min was found at 60°C and the initial rate increased 9-fold from 20 to 60°C. The estimated K_m was 0.12g litre^?1 with citrus pectin as the substrate. The kinetic study revealed that polygalactur-onic acid is a competitive inhibitor, and a K_i value of 0.07 g litre^?1 was determined. On the basis of this study, papaya PE properties resembled those of pectinesterase from other sources.     

活性气调包装对番木瓜品质的影响

研究了内含CO2吸附剂的活性气调包装对番木瓜综合品质的影响。与未加吸附剂的普通气调相比,活性气调包装能够降低番木瓜的氧气消耗率,推迟番木瓜果肉内多糖和还原糖的达峰时间,减少番木瓜的失水率,提高气调包装对番木瓜的保鲜效果,但对维生素C影响不显著。研究结果表明活性气调包装在番木瓜保鲜贮藏中具有一定的推广应用价值。     

Characterization and antioxidant evaluation of phenolic compounds extracted from the protein concentrate and protein isolate produced from pawpaw (Carica papaya Linn.) seeds

In this study, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the absolute (100%) and aqueous (80%) methanolic extract of Carica papaya Linn processed seed flour samples in terms of their antioxidant properties and their phenolic compounds was investigated. The antioxidant properties were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power, and metal chelating assay methods. The protein isolate exhibited higher radical scavenging activity power as compared to other samples. Ferulic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, kaempferol-3-glucoside, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and quercetin-3-galactoside were phenolic compounds isolated with ferulic acid as high as 0.62 mg/DWg. Carica papaya seed isolates and concentrate demonstrated potent antioxidant activity and could be of nutraceutical importance in the pharmaceutical and food industry.     

Inhibition of endive (Cichorium endivia L.) polyphenoloxidase by a Carica papaya latex preparation

When endive polyphenoloxidase (PPO) was incubated with a crude papaya latex extract, it rapidly lost its activity. Inactivation was ascribed to thermostable nonenzymatic factors of low molecular weight. These factors were partially purified by a two step protocol including gel filtration chromatography on Biogel P2 and ion exchange chromatography using DEAE Sephadex A25. The PPO-inactivation rate was first order, when either inactivating agent or proton concentration was evaluated. Inactivation could be partially reversed by CuSO₄, which suggested that the inactivating factor(s) bound to the copper site of the enzyme. On a more rapid time scale than inactivation, papaya latex extract acted also as a weak noncompetitive PPO inhibitor.     

Pectinesterase and Polygalacturonase Activities and Textural Properties of Rubbery Papaya (Carica papaya Linn.)

: Comparisons in color of flesh, pectin composition, pectinesterase (PE), polygalacturonase, cellulase activities, and textural properties of normal green papaya (NGP), rubbery papaya (RP), and normal yellow and ripe papaya (NYRP) were conducted. RP contained about 9.7% pectin with a degree of esterification of 53.1%, while NYRP contained about only 1.2% pectin with a degree of esterification of about 23.4%. PE activity (13.6 unit/g fresh weight) than in RP was significantly lower (18.0 unit/g fresh weight) in NYRP (P < 0.05), whereas polygalacturonase activity (46.9 unit/g fresh weight) in RP was higher (27.0 unit/g FW) than in NYRP. Therefore, in combination with the fact that water extract from RP displayed an inhibitory ratio of 36.0% on papaya PE activity, we suggest the presence of certain substances with strong PE inhibitory activity in RP.