防渗墙作用下堤防保护区地下水动态数值模拟分析Ⅲ：多元结构堤基条件下的数值模拟

 对长江重要堤防的典型多元结构堤基地下水流运动进行了数值模拟。二维模拟结果表明：未被河流切割的含水层受江水位的影响很小；未被防 渗墙截断的含水层受防渗墙的影响也很小；被河流切割的承压含水层与江水位关系密切，但布置半封闭式防渗墙后会制约堤防保护区地下水动态对江水位的响应，承压含水层渗透性越 强，其动态受江水位影响越大，修建防渗墙后受到的制约作用也越显著；潜水含水层受江水 位的影响小得多，受半封闭式防渗墙的影响也小得多。三维模拟结果说明了防渗墙端部绕渗 影响：防渗墙端部绕渗会使墙端附近承压含水层动态受防渗墙的制约作用降低；绕渗对潜水 含水层的作用很有限，一般可以忽略不计。与二元结构堤基相比，多元结构堤基中含水层受 江水位影响较小，半封闭式防渗墙对地下水动态的影响小于全封闭式防渗墙；同样的自由绕 渗条件下，半封闭式防渗墙端部绕渗影响小于全封闭式防渗墙。      

安徽永赖圩堤段防渗工程安全监测成果分析

针对永赖圩堤防工程中所采用的水泥土防渗墙的渗控措施,对各监测断面历时3 a的水位孔观测资料进行了分析,揭示了长江水位与堤基渗流的变化规律,汛期随江水位变化,防渗墙后堤基渗透变化速率明显小于墙前,墙前、墙后最大水位差为2.63 m,表明防渗墙起到了明显的防渗作用;而在枯水期,堤基渗透水位的升降主要受堤后地下水位的影响.对水泥土防渗墙截渗效果进行了评价.     

深厚覆盖层弱透水层对防渗墙防渗效果的影响

在深厚覆盖层上建坝,坝基防渗是工程成败的关键。采用有限元软件Seep/w分析强、弱透水层二元结构深厚覆盖层上土石坝渗流问题,研究防渗墙深度及形式对大坝渗流量、坝基出逸坡降、防渗墙底部渗透坡降的影响规律,对比分析悬挂式防渗墙、半封闭式防渗墙、全封闭式防渗墙对坝基的控渗效果。计算结果表明:防渗墙穿过弱透水层,悬挂式防渗墙转为半封闭式防渗墙,坝基渗流、坝基出逸坡降显著降低(分别下降54.3%、70.0%)。因此,防渗墙和弱透水层联合防渗能显著提高垂直防渗墙的控渗效果,半封闭式防渗墙的防渗效果大大优于悬挂式防渗墙。二元结构深厚覆盖层上土石坝垂直防渗墙的最优深度为防渗墙刚穿过弱透水层(连续)时的深度;此外,研究还发现当防渗墙将要伸入弱透水层时,防渗墙底渗透坡降急剧上升,出现极大值,工程应用中应引起足够重视,防止发生局部渗透破坏。     

堤防加固工程中防渗墙的防渗效果及应用条件研究

对于采用防渗墙作为加固工程措施的长江重要堤防典型条件 ,用与设计规范相对应的理论对渗流场进行模拟 ,分析悬挂式防渗墙的防渗效果和变化规律 ,半封闭式防渗墙在各种因素作用下防渗效果的变化规律 ,对全封闭式防渗墙指出了可能影响防渗效果的因素 ;对不同结构形式防渗墙的设计与应用原则进行了讨论 ;首次提出了悬挂式防渗墙设计的防渗墙贯入比 比降曲线法 ,以及半封闭式防渗墙设计的防渗依托层渗透性 比降曲线法、厚度 比降曲线法和B值 比降曲线法     

堤防加固工程中防渗墙的防渗效果及应用条件研究

对于采用防渗墙作为加固工程措施的长江重要堤防典型条件,用与设计规范相对应的理论对渗流场进行模拟,分析悬挂式防渗墙的防渗效果和变化规律,半封闭式防渗墙在各种因素作用下防渗效果的变化规律,对全封闭式防渗墙指出了可能影响防渗效果的因素;对不同结构形式防渗墙的设计与应用原则进行了讨论;首次提出了悬挂式防渗墙设计的防渗墙贯入比-比降曲线法,以及半封闭式防渗墙设计的防渗依托层渗透性-比降曲线法、厚度-比降曲线法和B值-比降曲线法。     

西霞院反调节水库周边地下水位变化特征分析

西霞院反调节水库蓄水运用后,近坝区地下水位升高明显。为探讨防渗墙续建工程对地下水位的影响,基于防渗墙续建完成后周边观测井监测资料,定性分析了工程周边地下水渗流的变化规律,通过建立地下水统计模型,定量分析了环境量对地下水的影响,最后评估了两岸防渗墙的防渗效果,结果表明:防渗墙上游侧测井水位与库水位相关性较好,下游侧测井水位升幅主要与其距防渗墙的远近有关,距防渗墙轴线越近,变幅越大;自2013年以来绕坝渗流对右岸地下水的影响不断减弱;两岸地下水位呈逐年下降趋势,且趋于稳定,防渗墙防渗效果显著;库水位是影响地下水变化的主要因素,水压分量约占周边地下水总年变幅的60%~75%。     

冶勒水电站坝基防渗处理设计

冶勒水电站大坝为沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝，建造于高地震烈度区、深厚不均匀覆盖层上。坝基防渗左岸采用混凝土防渗墙接基岩灌浆帷幕，河床部位采用混凝土防渗墙嵌人覆盖层相对隔水层内一定深度，连接渐变为右岸防渗墙接深帷幕灌浆，右坝肩基础最大防渗深度约200m，采用两层合计140m深混凝土防渗墙接60m深帷幕灌浆联合防渗。该坝基防渗处理的设计与施工难度国内外罕见，目前工程进展基本顺利。     

悬挂式截渗墙在深厚透水地层基坑中的应用

水利工程基坑在遇到下部有砂层且临河时,常用封闭式防渗墙来切断基坑与外侧水源的联系,基坑内部辅以疏干井,来确保施工期间基坑的渗流稳定及正常施工.但下部为深厚砂层和卵石层,常规的截渗墙难以落底或落底造价大,可考虑采用悬挂式防渗墙,同时在基坑截渗墙内布置深井降水措施降低地下水位.本文结合凤凰颈引江枢纽工程的基坑截渗设计和地下...     

深厚砂卵砾石透水坝基渗流控制方案研究

针对西南山区典型小河道深厚砂卵砾石地基渗流进行了系统研究和方案对比,结论如下:单位长度垂直防渗墙大于单位长度水平铺盖的渗流控制效果,4. 63 m水平铺盖长度相当于1 m防渗墙;采用联合防渗时,随着防渗墙深度增加,联合防渗中的水平铺盖长度对渗流量的影响逐渐降低;当联合防渗中水平铺盖长度超过3倍水头时,出逸坡降变化呈均匀下降; 10 m防渗墙的防渗效果等同于40 m水平铺盖+6 m防渗墙、30 m水平铺盖+8 m防渗墙、20 m水平铺盖+9 m防渗墙的联合防渗效果;山区小河道不建议采用封闭式垂直防渗,建议采用联合防渗。     

近30年吐鲁番盆地地下水动态特征及影响因素分析

本文利用吐鲁番盆地1987—2017年降水数据,分析了近30年该地区降水年内、年际变化特征,并对降水的趋势性进行了分析。对吐鲁番盆地1988—2016年地下水位埋深数据进行了年内、年际变化特征分析,并运用克里金插值法进行空间插值,得出地下水位埋深分布及变幅。利用pearson相关分析方法分析了影响吐鲁番盆地地下水水位动态的因素。分析结果显示:近30年吐鲁番盆地多年平均降水量为16.5 mm,降水主要集中在6—8月(夏季),夏季降水总量占全年降水的50%以上;降水的年际变化没有明显的趋势性。地下水位埋深在空间上由南向北逐渐增大,南盆地地下水位埋深0～50 m,北盆地埋深在50 m以上。不同地貌区年内地下水位埋深变化呈现出不同形态,整个盆地范围内地下水位埋深逐年增大,近30年吐鲁番盆地地下水位埋深增加了5.5 m。降水和潜水蒸发与地下水位埋深不存在相关性,开采量是影响吐鲁番盆地地下水位埋深的主要因素。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.