Effects of iron supplementation and discontinuation on serum copper, zinc, calcium, and magnesium levels in women

The purpose of this study was: 1) to establish the prevalence of depleted iron stores, iron deficiency, and low serum levels for copper, zinc, calcium, and magnesium in a healthy female population; and 2) to examine the effects of iron supplementation and discontinuation on the serum levels of the above minerals. One hundred eleven healthy women between the ages of 18 and 40 yr reported for fasted morning blood sampling for iron, copper, zinc, calcium, and magnesium status. Forty-five subjects were either iron-deficient as defined by a hemoglobin level below 120 g.l-1 (four subjects) or iron deplete as defined by a serum ferritin value below 20 micrograms.l-1 (43 subjects). Two subjects fit both criteria. This subgroup continued with the study and were prescribed a normal therapeutic iron dose (320 mg elemental iron per day, taken as two Slow-Fe tablets.d-1 for a period of 12 wk). The subjects then discontinued the iron supplementation for a further 12 wk. The response of the various blood minerals was monitored at 6-wk intervals. Twenty-five subjects completed the full 24-wk treatment. The main conclusions to be made from this study were that: 1) For this sample population of women, iron depletion was quite common (39%), although low hemoglobin values (< 120 g.l-1) were only seen in 3.6%. No subjects fell below the criteria for low serum copper levels (< 13.3 mumol.l-1) nor low serum magnesium levels (< 0.6 mmol.l-1). Seven subjects (6.5%) fell below the criteria for low serum zinc levels (< 11.5 mumol.l-1) while two subjects (1.8%) were below the criteria for low serum calcium levels (< 2.20 mmol.l-1). 2) Therapeutic oral iron supplementation was successful in raising mean serum ferritin values from 15.9 micrograms.l-1 to 36.5 micrograms.l-1 but was not associated with decrements in serum copper or calcium levels. 3) The treatment did not significantly effect serum zinc and magnesium levels during the supplementation period, but a downward trend continued through the discontinuation phase so that at 18 and 24 wk serum zinc and magnesium levels were significantly lower than baseline. 4) Oral contraceptive use was associated with elevated serum copper and ferritin values and lowered serum magnesium levels.     

The copper, manganese and zinc content of some edible mushrooms

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salm. Typhimurium) live vaccine strain Zoosaloral H was characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Each of the two suitable restriction enzymes, XbaI and SpeI, produced a unique restriction fragment pattern for this live vaccine strain which was not shared by field isolates of the same serovar. The characteristic fragment pattern proved to be stable during a 22 month observation period and was also not altered after animal passage of the vaccine strains. Thus PFGE analysis proved to be a helpful tool in the identification of Salm. Typhimurium live vaccine strain Zoosaloral H and its differentiation from wild-type isolates of the same serovar.     

Anticonvulsant-induced changes in tissue manganese, zinc, copper, and iron concentrations in Wistar rats

Human epileptics have been reported to have low blood manganese (Mn) concentrations in comparison to nonepileptics, an observation that is important because Mn deficiency can increase seizure susceptibility in experimental animals. Factors that have been suggested to contribute to the low blood Mn levels in epileptics include anticonvulsant use, seizure-induced tissue redistribution of Mn, and genetics; in the present study, the first of these possibilities was tested. Wistar rats were fed semipurified diets containing diphenylhydantoin ([DPH] 3 g/kg diet), phenobarbital ([PB] 2 g/kg diet), or primidone ([PRIM] 3 g/kg diet) for 7 weeks, at which time they were killed and tissues collected and analyzed for Mn, zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) concentrations. In comparison to pair-fed rats, DPH- and PRIM-fed rats had significantly elevated liver Mn concentrations, while Mn concentrations in blood, brain, heart, and kidney were unaffected by anticonvulsant exposure. Changes in the concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Fe in specific tissues were also found. Overall, these findings suggest that the anticonvulsants tested do not lead to significant derangements in the metabolism of Mn.     

Effects of dietary copper and molybdenum on copper status, cytokine production, and humoral immune response of calves

Twenty-four male Holstein calves were used to determine the effects of dietary Cu and Mo on performance, Cu status, and immune function of calves. Calves were fed a milk replacer that was deficient in Cu for 8 wk and then were randomly assigned after weaning to one of four treatments: 1) control (no supplemental Cu or Mo), 2) 10 mg of Cu (from CuSO4)/kg of dry matter (DM) (Cu diet), 3) 5 mg of Mo (from Na2MoO4)/kg of DM (Mo diet), or 4) 5 mg of Cu (from CuSO4) and 5 mg of Mo (from Na2MoO4)/kg of DM (Cu + Mo diet). The basal diet was a semipurified diet that contained approximately 1.1 mg of Cu and 1.1 mg of Mo/kg of DM. Calves fed the Cu and Mo diets gained weight more efficiently than those fed the control and Cu + Mo diets during the 112-d study. By d 84 of the study, calves fed the Cu diet had higher plasma Cu concentrations and plasma ceruloplasmin activities than did calves fed the other three diets and had higher liver Cu concentrations on d 136. Plasma and liver Cu concentrations did not differ among calves fed the control, Mo, and Cu + Mo diets. At d 112, activity of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase was lower in calves fed the Mo diet than in calves fed the Cu diet. Serum total antibodies to porcine erythrocytes (primary response) were lower in calves fed the Mo diet than in calves fed the Cu diet at 7, 14, and 21 d postinoculation. Production of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 by isolated peripheral blood monocytes was not significantly affected by treatment. Although no differences were apparent in plasma or liver Cu concentrations among calves fed the control, Mo, and Cu + Mo diets, calves fed the Mo diet had a more severe Cu deficiency based on depressed humoral immune response and superoxide dismutase activity.     

Estimation of plasma volume in Holstein and Jersey calves

The concentration of immunoglobulin (Ig) G in the blood of neonatal calves shortly after birth is a widely used criterion to determine the degree of acquisition of passive immunity. Another method used to determine the biological mechanisms of IgG absorption is calculation of the apparent efficiency of IgG absorption. Estimation of the efficiency of IgG absorption requires the estimation of plasma volume in neonatal calves. Previous estimates of plasma volume in a few calves of varying breeds have been made; the estimates ranged from 7 to 14.5% of body weight (BW). Holstein (n = 97 from four farms) and Jersey (n = 49 from one farm) calves were fed fresh maternal colostrum or colostrum that had been previously frozen. Calves were fed 2 L of colostrum at 4.1 h (SE = 0.2; range = 0.3 to 11.0 h) and 12 h later. Plasma volume was measured by determining the concentration of Evans' blue dye in a jugular blood sample collected 10 min after injection of approximately 1.5 ml of 1.5% Evans' blue dye. Factors that affected plasma volume (milliliters) were BW, breed, and age at sampling; r2 of the regression was 0.60. Factors that affected plasma volume (percentage of BW) were BW, breed, and age at sampling; r2 of the regression was 0.08. Mean plasma volume for all calves was 3162 ml (SE = 79) and was 9.86% of birth BW (SE = 0.15%). Mean plasma volume was 2250 ml (9.71% of BW) and 3623 ml (9.94% of BW) for Jersey and Holstein calves, respectively. Body weight was the best predictor of plasma volume.     

Influence of vegetative cycle of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) on copper, iron, zinc and manganese content

A case is reported of a 51-year-old woman who had a hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in the same year, following a radical mastoidectomy for breast cancer with metastases to the axillary lymph nodes. Histological examination showed breast cancer metastatic to uterine leiomyoma. The literature about metastasis of extragenital cancer to a leiomyoma is reviewed, and the possible mechanism involved is discussed.     

原子吸收光谱法连续测定金精矿中的银铜铅锌

针对金精矿日常化验中银、铜、铅、锌需分别溶样测定,浪费人力、时间,采用火焰原子吸收法一次溶样连续测定样品中的银、铜、铅、锌。金精矿采用盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸混酸完全消解,盐酸(1+9)溶液定容,原子吸收光谱法进行测定。该方法加入标准物质回收率为96.9%~107.7%,相对标准偏差RSD(n=7)为1.17%~7.07%,检出限分别为Cu 0.001 5μg/m L、Pb 0.029 9μg/m L、Zn 0.011 2μg/m L、Ag 0.001 9μg/m L。该方法对金精矿中银、铜、铅、锌的测定结果与国家标准方法测定值相符。     

Effects of infection on plasma levels of copper and zinc in ewes

Plasma copper and zinc in 20 ewes, healthy or infected with chronic postpartum metritis or mastitis, have been determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Plasma protein profile was measured by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate plates, and albumin and ceruloplasmin were determined colorimetrically. For the ten initial days, plasma copper and ceruloplasmin increased in plasma zinc decreased in spite of a daily drenching of 200 mg Zn/ewe (as sulfate). Fibrinogen and IgG2 increased and albumin decreased slightly indicating an infectious process. After a five day period of intramuscular injection with chloramphenicol, tetracycline and prednisolone, plasma zinc increased but copper remained unchanged. It may be concluded that hypozincemia should not be attributed to a zinc deficiency without any information on biochemical parameters specific for inflammation of infection. An inflammatory hypozincemia is not affected by a zinc treatment even at a high level.     

Diffusion of vanadium,chromium, and manganese in copper

The diffusion coefficients of vanadium, chromium and manaanese in copper have been determined by the residual activity method with radioactive tracers V⁴⁸, Cr⁵¹ and Mn⁵⁴ in the temperature ranges between 955 and 1342 K, between 999 and 1338 K and between 971 and 1253 K, respectively. The temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficients is expressed by the following Arrhenius equations along with the probable errors:D _V/Cu = (2.48 _-0.44 ^+0.53 ) x 10⁻⁴ exp [-(215 ± 2) kJ mol⁻¹/RT] m² per s,D _Cr/Cu = (0.337 _-0.090 ^+0.124 ) x 10⁻⁴ exp [-(195 ± 3) kJ mol⁻¹/RT] m² per s,D _Mn/Cu = (1.02 _-0.18 ^+0.22 ) x 10⁻⁴ exp [-(200 ± 2) kJ mol⁻¹/RT] m² per s. Anomalous penetration profiles for the diffusion of Cr⁵¹ and Mn⁵⁴ in the present results suggest that experimental results onD _Cr/Cu andD _Mn/Cu in the past have been influenced by oxidation and evaporation of the chemically active radiotracers during annealing for diffusion. formerly Graduate Student, Tohoku University     

Oral intake of cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, nickel, manganese and zinc in the university student's diet

A duplicate diet meal study was carried out with a group of university students living in a hostel, in order to estimate the intake of Zn, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Pb. Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry and Cd, Co and Pb by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry after a nitric acid wet digestion procedure. The estimated intake values from the contents of breakfast, lunch, dinner and drinks were compared with the values of the Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake (PTDI) in the case of Cd and Pb, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) of Co, Fe and Zn and Estimated Safe and Adequate Dietetic Daily Intake (ESADDI) of Cu and Mn. Neither excessive intake of Pb and Cd nor deficiencies in Zn, Co, Fe, Mn or Ni were observed, but Cu intake was lower than the ESADDI.     

Liquid-liquid extraction of divalent manganese,cobalt, copper,zinc and cadmium from aqueous chloride solutions by tricaprylmethylammonium chloride

The distribution of divalent manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc and cadmium between aqueous solutions of hydrochloric acid and/or lithium chloride and the solutions of tricaprylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat-336, R₃R′NCl) in benzene has been investigated under different conditions. It is found that the extraction of these metals by Aliquat-336 proceeds as MCl₄^2?(aq) + 2 R₃R′NCI(org) ? (R₃R′N)₂MCI₄ (org) + 2 Cl^?(aq). The extraction curves have been examined utilizing a modified chemical model on the basis of this equilibrium equation. In addition, the electronic, electron spin resonance and infrared spectral results suggest that all the complexes formed in the organic phases are in a tetrahedral arrangement.     

锰离子对锌电解液密度影响的研究

测定了不同Mn2+浓度的锌电解液在不同温度下的密度.通过分析试验数据,找到电解液的密度与锰离子浓度和温度之间的变化规律,并且建立了相应的经验关系式.     

Calf and disease factors affecting growth in female Holstein calves in Florida, USA

A prospective cohort study was undertaken to determine calf-level factors that affect performance (growth) between birth and 14 months of age in a convenience sample of approximately 3300 female Holstein calves born in 1991 on two large Florida dairy farms. Data collected on each calf at birth included farm of origin, birth date, weight, height at the pelvis, and serum total protein (a measure of colostral immunoglobulin absorption). Birth season was dichotomized into summer and winter using meteorological data collected by University of Florida Agricultural Research Stations. Data collected at approximately 6 and 14 months of age included age, weight, height at the pelvis, and height at the withers. Growth in weight and stature (height) was calculated for each growth period; growth period 1 (GP1) = birth to 6 months, and growth period 2 (GP2) = 6 to 14 months. Health data collected included data of initial treatment and number of treatments for the diseases diarrhea, omphalitis, septicemia, pneumonia and keratoconjunctivitis. After adjusting for disease occurrence, passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins had no significant effect on body weight gain or pelvic height growth. Season of birth and occurrence of diarrhea, septicemia and respiratory disease were significant variables decreasing heifer growth (height and weight) in GP1. These variables plus farm, birth weight and exact age when '6 month' data were collected explained 20% and 31% of the variation in body weight gain and pelvic height growth, respectively, in GP1. The number of days treated for pneumonia before 6 months of age significantly decreased average daily weight gain in GP2 (P < 0.025), but did not affect stature growth. Treatment for pneumonia after 6 months of age did not significantly affect weight or height gain after age 6 months. Neither omphalitis nor keratoconjunctivitis explained variability in growth in either of the growth periods.     

Effect of source of iron on duodenal absorption of iron, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, copper and zinc in rats with ferropoenic anaemia

The purpose of this study was to undertake a critical review of the potential role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of low back pain (LBP) and to determine if there were differences in the MRI appearances between various occupational groups. The study group, 149 working men (78 aged 20-30 years and 71 aged 31-58 years) from five different occupations (car production workers, ambulance men, office staff, hospital porters and brewery draymen), underwent MRI of the lumbar spine. Thirty-four percent of the subjects had never experienced LBP. Twelve months later, the examination was repeated on 89 men. Age-related differences were seen in the MRI appearances of the lumbar spine. Disc degeneration was most common at L5/S1 and was significantly more prevalent (P < 0.01) in the older age group (52%) than in the younger age group (27%). Although LBP was more prevalent in the older subjects there was no relationship between LBP and disc degeneration. No differences in the MRI appearance of the lumbar spine were observed between the five occupational groups. Overall, 45% had 'abnormal' lumbar spines (evidence of disc degeneration, disc bulging or protrusion, facet hypertrophy, or nerve root compression). There was not a clear relationship between the MRI appearance of the lumbar spine and LBP. Thirty-two percent of asymptomatic subjects had 'abnormal' lumbar spines and 47% of all the subjects who had experienced LBP had 'normal' lumbar spines. During the 12-month follow-up period, 13 subjects experienced LBP for the first time. However, there was no change in the MRI appearances of their lumbar spines that could account for the onset of LBP. Although MRI is an excellent technique for evaluating the lumbar spine, this study shows that it does not provide a suitable pre-employment screening technique capable of identifying those at risk of LBP.     

Single cell extraction of zinc and manganese dioxide from zinc sulphide concentrate and manganese ores

The hydrometallurgical processing of zinc sulphide concentrates with sulphuric acid in the presence of manganese dioxide (manganese ore has been employed) and subsequent electrolytic co-deposition of cathodic zinc metal and anodic manganese dioxide is described.The influence of various parameters on the reaction

$\text{ZnS + MnO}{}_2\text{+ 2H}{}_2\text{SO}{}_4\text{= ZnSO}{}_4\text{+ MnSO}{}_4\text{+ S}{}^0\text{+ 2H}{}_2\text{O}$

has been studied. Optimum conditions for rapid and efficient reaction have been determined.The simultaneous electrowinning of zinc at the cathode and γ-MnO₂ at the anode from the leach liquor was studied. The effects of variation of current density, temperature, electrolyte composition etc. have been described in detail. During leaching 99% extraction of zinc, 98% of manganese, and 96% liberation of elemental sulphur was achieved. 80–90% anodic and cathodic current efficiencies can be obtained under optimum conditions with impurity levels of only a trace of manganese in the zinc deposit and vice-versa.The anodically deposited manganese dioxide was the γ-battery active variety and was found to be satisfactory.The results indicate the potential for the development of a technique for zinc and manganese dioxide production in a single cell.     

铜离子对硫酸锌溶液中钴返溶的影响及机理

本文研究了对湿法炼锌过程中钴的返溶的影响因素,对反应时间,氧化,锌粉粒度,Cu2 等因素进行了系统的研究.当锌粉量一定时,小颗粒锌粉有较高的初始置换速率,但是也更容易返溶.大颗粒锌粉置换速率慢,但是几乎不返溶.添加了铜离子,返溶明显,而没有添加铜离子的溶液,虽然除钴效果稍差,但是不会返溶或者返溶不明显.然而铜离子的存在对钴的返溶究竟起着何种作用还有待于进一步研究.在锌粉置换过程中,钴返溶的正确的反应为:Zn Co2 →Zn2 Co(s),Co(s) 2OH-→Co(OH)2 2e.     

锌及锌合金中测定铜含量不确定度的评定

按照国家标准GB/T 12689.4-2004中的方法进行锌锭中铜的测定,建立了数学模型,对涉及的玻璃器皿、仪器设备等不确定度来源进行了分析和评定。其不确定度主要来自于重复性试验、天平、曲线拟合产生的不确定性。当铜含量为0.00066%时,评定其扩展不确定度为0.0001(k=2)。     

Purification of manganese solutions containing copper and zinc by liquid-liquid extraction,using di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid

Abstract

Extraction data are shown for the purification of a relatively high-grade, manganese sulphate solution containing zinc and copper as impurities. Copper can be removed by solvent extraction, using the mixed extractant consisting of the substituted oxime LIX-63 by General Mills Inc., together with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid in the pH range of 0.8 to 1.5. Zn has been shown to be selectively extracted by di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid from such a solution in the pH range 3 to 5. Manganese and Zn can also be coextracted in the pH range 5.0 to 5.5. Processing costs for the liquid-liquid extraction of zinc are also given. The purified manganese sulphate solution would likely be amenable to the production electrolytic-grade managanese.

R;amp;#x00E9;sumé

Les auteurs donnent les résultants de la purification d'une solution à teneur relativement élevée de sulfate de manganése contenant, comme impuretés, du zinc et du cuivre. Le cuivre peut être enlevé par un solvant en utilisant un composé mixte d'oxyme LIX-63 de General Mills Inc. et d'acide phosphorique di-(2-éthylhexyl) avec un pH compris entre 0.8 et 1.5. Le zinc est extrait sélectivement par l'acide phosphorique di-(2-éthylhexyl) de cette solution avec un pH de 3 à 5. Le manganèse et le zinc peuvent également étre extraits simultanément quand le pH est de 5 à 5.5. Le coût du procédé pour l'extraction en milieu liquide du zinc est donné. La solution purifiée de sulfate de manganèse peut être amenée à la production de manganèse électrolytique.     

Influence of zinc oxide and eugenol sealer on concentration of zinc, calcium and copper in rat tissues

A zinc oxide and eugenol root canal sealer (Roth 811) and sterile saline solution were injected into the dorsal thoracic midline of 70 male Wistar-Furth rats. Every day for the next 7 days, 10 animals were sacrificed by either inhalation. The liver, heart, kidneys and brain were removed from the animals and analysed for zinc, calcium and copper concentrations by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The tissue around the injection site was also surgically removed and prepared for histological evaluation under a microscope. The injection of Roth 811 significantly affected the concentrations of zinc, calcium and copper in some of the examined organs, especially on the 4th and 5th day. The inflammatory reaction adjacent to the material was severe during the first 3 days while on the 7th day the presence of connective tissue with collagen formation was observed.