超临界CO2萃取烟草中茄尼醇的工艺研究

以烟草为原料,研究了超临界CO2萃取烟草中茄尼醇的过程。考察了萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间、CO2流量以及夹带剂浓度和流量等因素对茄尼醇质量收率的影响,并得到了萃取茄尼醇的适宜工艺条件：萃取压力25-35MPa,萃取温度35～45℃,CO2流量2．0～3．0L·min^-1,夹带剂85％乙醇,夹带剂流量0．25～0．35mL·min^-1,萃取时间2h。     

超临界萃取油茶多酚的研究

研究了以油茶籽为原料、采用夹带剂超临界CO₂萃取油茶多酚的工艺。通过单因素实验分别考察了萃取温度、萃取压力、夹带剂浓度（乙醇水溶液）、夹带剂流速及萃取时间对油茶多酚提取率的影响。研究确定最适宜提取条件为：萃取温度55 ℃、萃取压力30 MPa、夹带剂为75%乙醇水溶液,夹带剂流速1.5 mL/min、萃取时间1.5 h,此时油茶多酚的提取率为1.26%。研究表明,超临界萃取油茶多酚具有工艺简单、溶剂用量少、提取率高和生产周期短等优点。     

超临界CO_2萃取白芍总苷的工艺研究

探讨了超临界CO_2萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间、夹带剂浓度对白芍总苷萃取率的影响,并用正交实验法进一步优化超临界CO_2萃取的工艺条件。实验结果表明:萃取压力对白芍总苷的萃取影响最大,夹带剂浓度影响最小。因此,超临界CO_2萃取白芍总苷的最佳工艺条件为:萃取压力25MPa,萃取温度45℃,萃取时间150min,夹带剂浓度是85%。     

超临界CO_2萃取烟草中茄尼醇的工艺条件优化

采用超临界CO2萃取烟草中的茄尼醇,以茄尼醇的质量收率为考察指标,以萃取温度、萃取压力、萃取时间、夹带剂浓度、夹带剂流量为考察因素进行正交实验,优选最佳的萃取工艺条件。最佳的萃取工艺条件为:萃取温度40℃,萃取压力35MPa,萃取时间2h,夹带剂无水乙醇,夹带剂流量0.3mL·min-1。在此实验条件下,茄尼醇的平均质量收率为0.8288%。     

正交试验优化超临界CO_2流体萃取淮山多糖工艺

采用正交试验法,优选淮山中淮山多糖的最佳超临界CO_2流体萃取工艺。采用苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖含量,以淮山多糖萃取率作为考查指标,对影响淮山多糖萃取工艺的因素进行了研究。首先,通过单因素试验研究了萃取温度、萃取压力、萃取时间、以90%乙醇为夹带剂的用量、淮山样品粒度对萃取率的影响,在此基础上,利用正交试验法优化最佳提取工艺条件。超临界CO_2流体萃取淮山多糖的最佳萃取工艺为:压力35MPa、温度45℃、90%浓度乙醇作为夹带剂用量150mL、时间2. 5h,在此条件下淮山多糖萃取率高,应用前景好。     

超临界CO_2萃取辣椒精中辣椒碱的工艺研究

采用辣椒总碱含量10%的辣椒精为原料进行单因素实验,考察了萃取温度、萃取压力、萃取时间、夹带剂浓度及流量、CO2流量等因素对超临界萃取过程的影响,得到了适宜的萃取条件:萃取温度45~55℃,萃取压力23~33Mpa,夹带剂为浓度80%的乙醇,夹带剂流量0.04~0.07 m L/min,CO2流量1.5~2.5 L/min,萃取时间1.5 h。     

超临界CO2萃取烟草中茄尼醇

研究了萃取时间、解析温度、萃取压力等因素对超临界CO2萃取烟草中茄尼醇萃取率的影响。结合皂化等预处理措施,并通过正交实验得到了提取茄尼醇的最佳工艺条件,即以体积分数90%的乙醇为夹带剂,在萃取压力为35 MPa、萃取温度为50℃、解析温度为40℃时,萃取3 h后,产品茄尼醇质量分数为40.14%,萃取率达到98.53%。     

超临界CO2萃取烟草致香物质的工艺优化

以废弃烟末为原料,优化了超临界CO_2萃取烟草致香物质的工艺条件。以超临界萃取物(超提物)收率、类胡萝卜素降解产物质量分数作为评价指标,考察了夹带剂种类及用量、萃取温度及压力、CO_2流量等对萃取效果的影响,并对不同夹带剂所得超提物分别进行了卷烟加香感官评吸实验。结果显示,与乙醇和乙酸乙酯相比,1,2-丙二醇为夹带剂时,加香口感最好,香气质、香气量和余味有所增加,烟气细腻、刺激性减少。单因素考察实验结果表明,超临界CO_2萃取的最佳工艺条件为:以1,2-丙二醇做夹带剂[质量分数为10%(以原料计)]、萃取温度40℃、萃取压力25 MPa、CO_2流量2.0 L/min,萃取时间3 h,在此条件下超提物收率为18.74%,类胡萝卜素降解产物质量分数为5.56%。     

红薯叶中黄酮类化合物的超临界提取研究

研究了超临界流体萃取红薯叶总黄酮的影响因素,并对生产工艺进行了优化设计。在单因素试验和正交试验的基础上,得到了红薯叶的超临界萃取工艺的最优化条件：萃取压力30 MPa,萃取温度50℃,夹带剂为80%乙醇,夹带剂用量为原料质量的50%,萃取时间150 min,CO2流量15 L/h。在此工艺条件下,黄酮得率为6.25%。     

超临界CO2流体萃取大黄游离蒽醌的研究

研究了带夹带剂的超临界流体萃取大黄中的五种有效蒽醌类物质(大黄酚、大黄素、芦荟大黄素、大黄酸和大黄素甲醚)的工艺,考察了萃取条件(温度和压力)、CO2流量、萃取时间、夹带剂种类等对大黄游离蒽醌萃取率的影响.通过正交实验对萃取釜条件(萃取压力、温度和夹带剂用量)进行了优化;采用液相色谱对萃取产物进行了分析.结果表明,分离釜的温度和压力、CO2流量等对萃取效率影响较小;最佳工艺条件为静萃取时间为60 min、动萃取时间为30 min、以乙醇作夹带剂、乙醇用量300 mL·(100g大黄)-1、萃取温度45℃、萃取压力45 MPa.在此条件下大黄游离蒽醌的萃取量达1.15%.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。