改进十字交叉法评价热障涂层界面结合强度

界面结合强度是热障涂层最为重要的力学指标之一。目前,十字交叉法能够同时测定涂层界面拉伸与剪切结合强度而得到广泛应用。然而,十字交叉法仍存在不足之处。本研究对十字交叉试样与夹具进行改进,采用改进后的试样与夹具对8YSZ热障涂层进行测试。结果表明:8YSZ热障涂层的界面拉伸结合强度为(23.68±1.56)MPa,界面剪切结合强度为(25.88±2.14)MPa,其破坏形式均为界面/涂层破坏;改进十字交叉法剪切强度测试时,界面受到的是单一的剪切力,测试不再受到粘结剂强度的限制;改进十字交叉法避免了在拉伸强度测试过程中夹具与样品摩擦力的影响,提高了测量结果的准确性。     

单颗磨粒作用下硼硅酸盐玻璃的亚表面静态裂纹

利用Vickers压痕法模拟研磨抛光过程中单颗磨粒作用于K9(硼硅酸盐玻璃)工件表面过程,采用HF截面腐蚀法测量金刚石压头压入过程中的裂纹深度,探索裂纹深度与载荷和压头压入深度之间的关系,借助有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA分析不同载荷下裂纹的产生和发展过程。结果表明:在0.098～0.490N载荷范围内,裂纹以横向裂纹为主;在0.49～2.94N载荷范围内,裂纹主要为纵向裂纹,少量压坑周围出现多条明显裂纹;在2.94～9.80N载荷范围内,亚表面裂纹主要为纵向裂纹。不同载荷下K9玻璃亚表面裂纹层的深度为1.4～87.2μm;数值模拟的裂纹层深度为3.5～107.5μm。     

拉伸法测定涂层界面强度的适用性研究

评述了用于测定涂层界面强度的几种主要测试方法的优点与不足，分析了拉伸法的适用条件与范围。指出拉伸法仅适于测定弹性模量大于金属基体的脆性薄涂,但测试值与界面结合强度的真实值有较大差异。当涂层的变形能力大于金属基体的变形能力时，该法无法测定涂层－金属基体界面结合强度。研究了不同固化工艺的胶粘剂粘涂层在拉伸法中的应变与拉伸载荷的关系，结果表明该法在粘涂层的形变能力较大时无法获得涂层开裂的信号。     

核电厂小尺寸阀门内壁新型冲蚀减缓技术的研发应用

以WCB钢为基材,采用国产化小型超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)设备喷涂Ni60镍基合金涂层.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及能谱仪(EDS)分析、显微硬度计测试、拉伸试验、磨粒磨损试验和冲蚀磨损试验,考察了Ni60涂层的组织形貌、微观结构、孔隙率、显微硬度、结合强度、耐磨粒磨损性能和耐冲蚀磨损性能,并对实际小尺寸疏水阀门内壁进行喷涂,分析该工艺的实际可行性.结果表明,所制备的Ni60涂层的孔隙率为(0.27±0.04)％,显微硬度为843 HV(载荷300 g),界面结合强度高达200 MPa以上.该涂层主要由弥散分布着碳化物等硬质相的Ni基固溶体组成,具有比WCB基材更优良的耐磨粒磨损和耐冲蚀性能,其冲蚀失效形式主要为犁沟加塑形变形.小尺寸阀门内壁经喷涂后,表面涂层质量及配合性均符合要求.     

喷涂法制备钢用耐磨涂层材料

用橡胶酒精溶液原料粉末成为料浆，采用喷涂法喷涂在45^#钢基体上，经真空烧结成功制备出三元硼化物基耐磨涂层材料，其表面三元硼化物基涂层的硬度HRA为84。用差示扫描量热仪分析得出烧结温度为1290℃，用扫描电镜（SEM），能谱（EDS）和X射线衍射（XRD）对其微观结构进行了测试。结果表明：涂层是由三元朋化物基硬质相和铁基粘结相组成，硬质相和粘结相分散均匀；在涂层和45^#钢基体的界面由于存在化学反应和元素扩散使得这种新型涂层材料界面结合良好，界面结合强度高。磨损实验表明此种涂层材料具有优异的耐磨性。     

国产高强高模PAN基碳纤维预浸料的制备及性能研究

以国产CNI QM55高强高模聚丙烯腈(PAN)基碳纤维、氰酸酯树脂为原料,利用热熔法制备高强高模PAN基碳纤维预浸料,通过纤维面密度、树脂含量、挥发分含量等来评价预浸料的物理性能,结合单向板的微观形貌与层间剪切强度分析单向板的界面结合性能,并对预浸料铺制单向板的力学性能进行表征。结果表明：CNI QM55碳纤维预浸料的纤维面密度为145 g/m²,树脂质量分数为35.5%,挥发分质量分数为0.164%,预浸料的物理性能满足复合材料的性能要求;以CNI QM55碳纤维预浸料制备的单向板0°拉伸强度为2 429 MPa, 0°拉伸模量为328.4 GPa,弯曲强度为1 171 MPa,弯曲模量为280 GPa,压缩强度为783 MPa,压缩模量为257 GPa,层间剪切强度为65.2 MPa,具有较好的界面黏接性能和力学性能,可满足加工应用要求。     

AlPO4-Si3N4溶胶-凝胶涂层对氮化物复合材料表面改性的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法,对精加工的氮化物复合材料进行AlPO4-Si3N4涂层处理后,表面非常致密,可防止基体因长期放置而吸潮。由于AlPO4-Si3N4溶胶-凝胶有效地弥合基体表面的微裂纹,且浸入到基体内部约34μm深,与基体形成交叉咬合,使材料整体性能增加。材料表面改性实验表明,Al-PO4-Si3N4溶胶-凝胶涂层处理后,材料密度增加,表面气孔率降低,强度由原来的60MPa增加为85MPa,断裂韧性由1.1MPam1/2增加为1.9MPam1/2。     

压痕法测量ZrO2/Al2O3陶瓷断裂韧性的研究

使用压痕法研究ZrO2/Al2O3陶瓷的断裂韧性,通过实验分析放大倍数和载荷两个因素对试样M31和M34测量结果的影响.放大倍数低于600倍时,很难测量出实际裂纹尺寸,而在6000倍时测得了比较准确的裂纹尺寸.随着载荷的增加,样品M31断裂韧性对比误差逐渐降低,样品M34误差呈波浪式变化.选择最适宜的载荷,可得到最接近实际情况的KIC值;本文通过大量实验数据证实,样品M31最适宜的载荷范围在8～12 kg,M34的载荷范围在6～8 kg.裂纹的扩展形式包括沿相界断裂,沿晶界断裂和潜藏断裂.沿相界断裂消耗能量较低,对陶瓷材料强度和韧性贡献较小;沿晶界断裂消耗能量较高,对陶瓷材料强度和韧性贡献较大.     

3D打印水泥净浆层间拉伸强度及层间剪切强度

为研究打印时间间隔以及纤维掺量对3D打印水泥基材料层间结合强度的影响,采用陶瓷领域的十字交叉法测试了3D打印水泥净浆层间拉伸强度及层间剪切强度,分析了层间结合强度随打印时间间隔变化的原因。结果表明:十字交叉法可很好地测试3D打印水泥基材料层间结合强度,且不存在直接拉伸法所具有的受力偏心问题;层间结合强度在净浆终凝前后有显著差异,终凝前,层间结合强度随着打印时间间隔的增加而明显降低;终凝后,层间拉伸强度不随打印时间间隔的改变而改变,层间剪切强度则随着打印时间间隔的增加而增大;由于纤维沿打印方向定向分布,掺入纤维未能提高3D打印水泥净浆的层间结合强度。     

真空阴极多弧离子镀不同厚度四面体非晶碳薄膜的结构和性能

以真空阴极多弧离子镀技术在P(100)型单晶抛光硅衬底和YG6硬质合金上制备了四面体非晶碳(ta-C)薄膜。用扫描电镜(SEM)测量薄膜厚度,并观察其表面及断面形貌;用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析薄膜的相组成;用拉曼光谱标定薄膜中的sp3键和sp2键;用轮廓仪测量薄膜的表面粗糙度;用划痕法和压痕法测试了膜/基结合强度。在0.5~1.5μm的厚度范围内,随着ta-C薄膜厚度增加,薄膜的sp3键含量逐渐降低,表面碳颗粒数量及尺寸逐渐增加,与YG6基体的结合强度不断降低。0.5μm厚的ta-C薄膜具有最小的表面粗糙度(0.17μm),最高的结合强度(剥离时的临界载荷为61 N,压痕等级为HF2),表现出最优的综合力学性能。     

Anisotropic mechanical properties and contact damage in air-plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings with bond coating nature and thermal exposure condition

The anisotropic mechanical properties and contact damage of air-plasma-sprayed (APS) zirconia-based thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have been investigated using Vickers and Hertzian indentation tests as functions of the nature of the bond coating and the degree of thermal exposure. The hardness values of the TBC systems are dependent on the applied load at relatively low loads, and became saturated at a load of 30 N, independent of the nature of the bond coating or the degree of exposure. The values of the top coating obtained on the top surface from the Vickers indentation tests were higher than those on the sectional plane, indicating that there is an anisotropic strain behavior due to the microstructure. The regions near to the interface of the top coating and the thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer show higher values after thermal exposure, whereas the values of the APS bond coating increased and the indentation values of the high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) sprayed bond coating slightly decreased after thermal exposure, owing to resintering and element deficiency during thermal exposure, respectively. In contact damage tests, the TBC system with the HVOF bond coating showed less damage than the TBC system with the APS bond coating. The shape of the damage was different between the two systems. After thermal exposure, the damage was reduced in both TBC systems, and the cracking or delamination formed at the regions near to the interface of the top coating and the TGO layer in both TBC systems.     

等离子喷涂Cr3C2-NiCr涂层的Vickers硬度研究

研究了等离子喷涂Ｃｒ３Ｃ２－ＮｉＣｒ涂层的Ｖｉｃｋｅｒｓ硬度服从正态分布,对数正态分布和Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布的拟合优度,在统计分析的基础上,考察了压头载荷和测量位置对涂层Ｖｉｃｋｅｒｓ硬度的影响。     

Nanoindentation-induced delamination of submicron polymeric coatings

An elastic model is developed to estimate the interfacial strength between a submicron surface coating and a compliant substrate. The analysis uses a shear-lag model and assumes the plane-stress state in the surface coating. The critical indentation load for the indentation-induced delamination of the coating from the substrate increases with the third power of the indentation depth and is a linear function of the reciprocal of the coating thickness. The indentation-induced delamination of SR399 ultrathin surface coatings over acrylic substrate has been evaluated, using the nanonindentation technique for coating thicknesses of 47, 125, 220 and 3000 nm. For the submicron coatings, the dependence of the critical indentation load on the coating thickness supports the elastic model. The interfacial strength is found to be 46.9 MPa. In contrast, the polymeric coating of 3000 nm displays multiple “excursions” in the loading curve, and the critical indentation load is a linear function of the indentation depth.     

Mechanical Properties of Polycrystalline Translucent Cubic Boron Nitride as Characterized by the Vickers Indentation Method

Mechanical properties of polycrystalline translucent cubic boron nitride (cBN) were characterized by Vickers indentation measurement. The calculated hardness decreased from 54 to 49 GPa as the load increased to 39 N, and then remained constant for values above this load. According to the relationship between crack length and applied indentation load, the formation of the median/radial type of cracks seems to take place at an applied load above 29 N. Assuming that the ratio of hardness and Young's modulus is constant in the polycrystalline cBN, the fracture toughness, K_IC , of cBN was estimated to be 5.0 ± 0.5 MPa·m^1/2.     

Effect of Flaw State on the Strength of Brittle Coatings on Soft Substrates

A study is made of the role of flaw state on the strength properties of brittle ceramic coating layers bonded to soft polycarbonate substrates. We introduce Vickers radial cracks at prescribed loads into the coating undersurfaces prior to bonding to control the sizes and locations of the starting flaws. A spherical indenter is then loaded on the top bilayer surfaces, directly above the Vickers indentation sites, subjecting the radial cracks to flexural tensile stress. Radial crack responses are monitored in situ , using a camera located below the transparent substrate. Critical loads to cause radial crack instability, and ensuing growth of the arrested cracks, are recorded. Conventional biaxial flexure tests on corresponding monolith coating materials provide a baseline for data comparison. Relative to the monolith flexure specimens, the bilayers show higher strengths, the more so the larger the flaw, indicating enhanced flaw tolerance. A simple fracture mechanics analysis of the radial crack evolution in the concentrated-load field, with due account for distribution of flexural tensile stresses at the coating undersurface, is unable to account completely for the enhanced bilayer strengths for the larger Vickers flaws. It is hypothesized that the epoxy used to bond the bilayer components enters the cracks, causing crack-wall adherence and providing an increased resistance to radial crack instability. The fracture mechanics are nevertheless able to account for the arrest and subsequent stable extension of the radial cracks beyond the critical loads once this extraneous adherence has been overcome.     

Cracking analysis of HVOF coatings under Vickers indentation

The fracture strength of five HVOF coatings, which are made of hard metals, Tribaloy alloy, and superalloys, respectively, coated on 1018 low carbon steel substrate, is studied under Vickers indentation, associated with FEA stress computation. The cross sections of the coating specimens are examined on a Hitachi Model S-570 scanning electron microscope (SEM), which investigates the quality and measures the geometry of the coatings. The mechanical properties of the coatings and the substrate are determined in the cross sections using the nano-indentation technique. The cracking behavior of the coatings under different indentation loads is investigated using a Vickers hardness tester. Three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) simulation of the Vickers indentation test is conducted to determine the stress fields in the coating/substrate systems in order to understand the fracture mechanisms of the coatings under the indentation loads using the ABAQUS software package. The FEA stress results are in good agreement with the experimental observation of Vickers indentation.     

Measurement of hardness on traditional ceramics

To reveal quantitatively the hardness of clayware and stoneware, Mohs, Vickers (micro and macro) and superficial Rockwell indentation measurements were applied to roofing tiles with different porosity. This work discusses the comparison of different indentation results, indentation size effect on porous clayware and the effect of microstructure on hardness of tiles. As a result, for Vickers indentation test, the critical indent load was found to 0.5 and 1 kg for soft and hard tiles, respectively, and indentation size/load effect (ISE) appeared clearly in hard tiles. The relationship between load (P) and indent size (d) on tiles was very close to a modified Myer’s law. The PSR (proportional specimen resistance) model gave P/d=0.67+0.02d, P/d=1.33+0.1d for soft and hard tiles, respectively. It was found that there were no difference in hardness of tiles mounted with epoxy or copper and as-received sample under superficial Rockwell indentation. These concepts on the harness evaluation of tiles would be applicable to other clayware.     

Contact-Induced Failure of Prestressed Glass Plates

An indentation fracture technique was used to determine critical contact conditions under which prestressed brittle surfaces are subject to catastrophic failure. A theoretical model based on the growth of a well-developed, contact-induced half-penny crack leads to a simple inverse-cube power relation between indentation load and tensile prestress. The analysis is developed in terms of fracture parameters which are readily calibrated in routine indentation/strength tests. Experiments on glass disks loaded simultaneously in biaxial flexure and Vickers indentation confirm the essential failure predictions of the theory; toughness is the key material parameter controlling resistance to failure. The results emphasize the danger of spurious tensile stresses in ceramic systems exposed to severe contact events.     

管道等离子喷涂Cr_2O_3复合涂层及其耐蚀性能

采用等离子喷涂技术在X70管线钢表面喷涂Cr_2O_3复合涂层,利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、维氏硬度计、划痕仪、电化学工作站等方法表征了涂层相关特征与性能。结果表明,相成分主要是Cr_2O_3和TiO_2,硬度可达4.928GPa,结合力可达46.15N,粘结层+陶瓷层试样腐蚀速率显著降低,对基体有很好的耐蚀保护作用。     

Effectiveness of polymer coatings on reducing indention damage in glass

Polymer coatings are widely used to protect glass from indentation damage. A model for the strength degradation that occurs when a sharp indenter penetrates through the coating is developed by accounting for the indentation load shared by the coating and substrate. This model accounts for the additional load supported by the coating due to the pile-up of coating material underneath the indenter. The model predicts the strength degradation as a function of indentation load, coating and substrate hardnesses, and coating thickness. Comparison of the model to experimental data for a wide range of polymer coatings (two epoxies, epoxy acrylate, and urethane acrylate) on soda-lime glass substrates shows good agreement.