40Cr钢磨削淬硬工艺的试验研究

以切入式平面磨削淬硬加工试验为基础,对40Cr钢磨削淬硬层的宏观组织、显微硬度和淬硬层深度进行了研究.结果表明,磨削淬硬层由完全淬硬区和过渡区组成,磨削条件对磨削淬硬层高硬度区的组织及其显微硬度无显著影响,显微硬度值均在630～680HV0.5之间.选用细颗粒、高硬度的陶瓷结合剂刚玉砂轮和低进给速度、大切深参数并结合顺磨方式可增大磨削淬硬层深度.     

40Cr调质钢外圆磨削淬硬试验研究

采用外圆磨削方式对40Cr调质钢进行磨削淬硬试验,通过测量试样的金相组织和显微硬度对外圆磨削淬硬的可行性、磨削参数对淬硬效果的影响规律等进行研究。结果表明:40Cr钢外圆磨削淬硬是可行的;试样的表层组织由完全淬硬层、过渡层和基体组成;表面硬度均在690 HV左右,淬硬层深度最高可达1.10 mm;磨削深度对表面硬度无显著影响,但对淬硬层深度具有显著影响,工件速度和砂轮型号对表面硬度及淬硬层深度均无显著影响。     

磨削条件对45钢最大磨削淬硬层深度的影响

以磨削淬硬实验为基础,研究了单程磨削淬硬过程中磨削深度、工件进给速度对淬硬层深度的影响;同时通过建立最大磨削淬硬层深度的计算模型并结合Matlab软件的数值仿真功能,对45钢最大磨削淬硬层深度进行模拟仿真。结果表明:最大磨削淬硬层深度随着磨削深度的增加或者工件进给速度的减小而增加;采用Matlab对最大磨削淬硬层深度进行数值仿真得到的结果与实验结果吻合度较高,通过建立适当的数学模型可以有效地预测最大磨削淬硬层深度。     

磨削用量对65Mn钢磨削淬硬层深度及其均匀性的影响

采用刚玉砂轮在普通平面磨床上对65Mn钢进行磨削淬硬,研究磨削深度和工件进给速度对65Mn钢磨削淬硬层深度及其均匀性的影响。结果表明:试件淬硬层由完全淬硬层、过渡层组成;淬硬层最大深度随磨削深度的增大而增大,随工件进给速度的增加而减小;在本试验条件下,磨削深度ap0.4mm时,试件表层全部淬硬,均匀性较好。     

磨削淬硬层厚度的预测预报

本研究采用多元线性回归分析法,在磨削淬硬实验的基础上建立了40CrNiMoA钢的切向磨削力试验公式,并结合Rowe和Pettit的热量分配系数公式,运用有限元法对不同磨削用量下的淬硬层厚度进行了预测,得到了磨削深度、工件进给速度和磨削速度对淬硬层厚度的影响规律,从而为制订、实施和优化磨削淬硬工艺提供了基础。     

42CrMo钢磨削淬硬加工中磨削力的研究

磨削力对磨削淬硬层的形成及其质量具有重要影响。本研究在MKL7132X6/12型数控强力成形磨床上对42CrMo钢进行磨削淬硬加工试验。试验结果表明,磨削深度、磨削速度和工件进给速度都是影响切向和法向磨削力的因素,且磨削深度的影响程度最大,工件进给速度最小。切向和法向磨削力会随着磨削深度和工件进给速度的增加、磨削速度的降低而增大。对磨削力比影响程度最大的是磨削深度,最小的是磨削速度。磨削力比会随着磨削速度、磨削深度的增加或工件进给速度的降低而增大。本研究为提高磨削淬硬加工质量提供了依据。     

实现零件磨削淬硬的热源优化及淬硬层预测

磨削淬硬是利用磨削加工过程中产生的热、机械复合作用直接对钢质零件进行表面硬化的加工新技术。由于零件淬硬层深度对零件性能具有显著影响,因此对零件淬硬层深度进行预测具有工程实际意义。根据热源强度变化特点,将零件沿长度方向划分为切入区、中间区以及切出区并对热源强度模型进行优化。基于有限元方法,对磨削过程中的各区域温度场分布及瞬时温度变化进行仿真分析,并对零件的切入区、中间区及切出区的淬硬层深度进行预测。结果表明,由于加工过程中热源强度的变化,磨削加工后的零件两端均有未淬硬部分,中间区淬硬层深度最大且均匀。最后将零件淬硬层深度预测与实验结果进行对比,验证了热源优化模型的合理性和预测方法的有效性。     

45钢横向进给磨削淬硬数值模拟与试验研究

采用数值模拟与试验相结合的方法对45钢横向进给磨削淬硬进行研究,分析了磨削工件不同区域的表面淬硬效果。结果表明:在本试验条件下,淬硬层最高显微硬度为738.4HV,最大深度为0.56mm,达到了表面淬火的要求。但是切入区、中间区和切出区存在差异,且工件重叠区域在表面淬硬后随即发生了低温回火,得到回火马氏体组织。     

预应力淬硬磨削工件表面层质量试验研究

从抗疲劳制造与绿色制造的观念出发,融合预应力磨削与磨削淬硬技术原理,提出了将残余应力控制、表面淬火及磨削三者集成于一体的预应力淬硬磨削技术理论与方法。对45钢试件进行了预应力淬硬磨削加工试验,以工件淬硬层表面残余应力、硬度及粗糙度为研究对象,与相同条件下的磨削淬硬工艺试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明：预应力淬硬磨削工艺可增大工件表面残余压应力,减小拉应力,其工件表面残余应力状态优于磨削淬硬工艺;预应力淬硬磨削工件表面硬度可以达到基体硬度的3倍左右,而工件表面粗糙度小于磨削淬硬工艺工件表面粗糙度。因此,在相同的加工条件下,预应力淬硬磨削工艺比磨削淬硬工艺具有更好的抗疲劳性、耐腐蚀性及表面完整性。     

磨削淬火对60Si2Mn钢性能的影响

采用刚玉砂轮在普通平面磨床上对60Si2Mn钢进行了磨削硬化,研究其硬化层组织及变化规律。结果表明:表面磨削强化工艺可获得760HV以上的高硬度淬硬层,最大淬硬层深达2.0 mm;磨削淬火加热速度极快,细化了奥氏体晶粒,淬火马氏体组织非常细小,得到板条马氏体和片状马氏体的混合组织。     

非淬硬钢磨削表面硬化层的试验研究

在平面磨床上对非淬硬钢进行了磨削硬化处理,研究了磨削方式和冷却条件对表面硬化层的影响。结果表明:硬化层完全硬化区均由细小的孪晶马氏体和板条马氏体组成,且硬化层的组织形貌及显微硬度无显著变化,但硬化层略粗马氏体相的出现位置有所差异;在磨削用量恒定时,顺磨硬化层的深度以及最大残余压应力均大于逆磨硬化层;在磨削功率恒定时,采用逆磨方式可以获得更深的硬化层;与干磨相比,湿磨硬化层表面残余压应力有所提高,但其硬化层深度减少了约30%。     

A comparative study of residual stress and affected layer in Aermet100 steel grinding with alumina and cBN wheels

Residual stresses induced by finish machining processes have significant effect on fatigue strength of ultra-high strength steel in large structures. In this study, an experimental investigation was carried out to explore the residual stress and affected layer in grinding Aermet100 by using a resin bond white alumina (WA) wheel and cubic boron nitride (cBN) wheel, respectively. The grinding force and temperature were measured, and then the affected layer of residual stress, microhardness, and microstructure by a WA and a cBN wheel was obtained. The comparisons of surface residual stress studies and thermal–mechanical coupling mechanism on the affected layer were discussed in light of the current understanding of this subject. Experimental results show that grinding with cBN wheel can provide compressive residual stress and a smaller affected layer owing to its better thermal conductivity; the coupling effect of wheel speed and grinding depth plays a more significant role on surface residual stress; when grinding with parameters v _w?=?18 m/min, v _s?=?14 m/s, and a _p?=?0.01 mm, compressive residual stress and hardening effect appeared on ground surface, and the depth of residual stress layer is 40~50 μm; the depth of hardened layer is 30~40 μm and the depth of plastic deformation layer is 5~10 μm.     

小切深磨削条件下工件表面硬化机理

以位错运动造成塑性变形的理论为基础,深入分析了小切深条件下磨削力机械作用硬化机理和材料热相变硬化机理。通过不同磨削参数的小切深磨削硬化试验,分析磨削硬化过程中不同磨削参数条件对工件表面强化层形成的影响及其金相组织转变的情况,深入研究磨削强化层组织的形成机理。试验结果表明,小切深条件下磨削加工试件表面的硬化主要以位错运动而产生的强化层为主,提高磨削深度和降低工件进给速度会增大工件表面显微残余应力,增强试件表层硬化层的形成效果。     

基于磨削加工的表面形变淬火工艺--磨削淬硬

磨削淬硬是利用未淬硬钢零件磨削加工中产生的热—机械复合作用直接对其进行表面形变淬火的新工艺。研究表明 ,该工艺可使淬硬层获得超细化马氏体和压缩残余应力 ,同时可显著改善零件的摩擦磨损和疲劳性能 ,在生产应用中具有显著的经济和社会效益。     

磨削表面白层厚度影响因素的实验研究

通过淬硬轴承钢GCrl5的磨削实验,研究了砂轮速度、工件速度、磨削深度以及冷却方式等磨削参数对白层厚度的影响规律.实验表明:白层是由磨削过程中工件快速升温和快速冷却以及强烈的塑性变形引起的,白层厚度的变化是磨削加工过程中各种参数共同作用的结果,而其中磨削深度是主要原因,其次是砂轮速度和工件速度;白层厚度随砂轮速度和磨削深度的增大而增大;低的砂轮速度和磨削深度以及良好的冷却条件能有效抑制白层的产生.根据实验统计结果提出了预测磨削白层厚度的经验公式.     

高速精密磨削18CrNiMo7-6表面残余应力试验研究

18CrNiMo7-6渗碳淬火齿轮钢具有较高的强度和优良的机械性能,在风电减速器齿轮和高速机车齿轮等领域应用广泛。磨削是用于实现零部件的最终表面质量的一种重要的机械加工方式,其中表面残余应力在零部件的疲劳寿命中起重要作用。为了研究高速磨削表面的残余应力分布状态,设计了磨削过程中磨削温度和磨削力的测量方案,以单因素试验分析方法为主。以高速精密磨削不同的工艺参数产生的磨削力和磨削热为对象以分析表面残余应力,得出以下结论:较小磨削深度的情况下,高速磨削过程中磨削温度存在萨洛蒙曲线,对磨削表面残余应力的产生有较大影响主要为磨削热,磨削力影响不明显;沿磨削的不同方向的残余应力的绝对值有差别,垂直于磨削方向的绝对值较大。     

Study on strengthened layer of workpiece in prestress dry grinding

The prestress dry grinding which combines with prestress grinding and surface strengthening is an innovative approach to substitute conventional grinding process. The residual stress and the thickness of strengthened layer have an important effect on surface performance of workpiece. In order to analyze the effect mechanisms of prestress on residual stress and thickness of strengthened layer, experiment and simulation are carried on for 45 steel. The result of prestress dry grinding experiment shows that the grains in the strengthened layer are refined with increase of prestress. The thickness of strengthened layer tends to decrease first and then increase with increase of prestress. The simulation model of temperature field is created. The effect of temperature field on the thickness of strengthened layer and different grinding parameters especially the prestress on temperature field are analyzed. Then, the relationship between prestress and residual stress on different directions are analyzed. The variation curve of residual stress shows that tensile residual stress can transform to compressive residual stress on the surface of workpiece by controlling the prestress. Besides, compressive residual stress increase first and then decrease with the increase of depth.     

THE SURFACE INTEGRITY IN MACHINING HARDENED STEEL SKD11 FOR DIE AND MOLD

Milling cutters were evaluated by tool wear, cutting force and vibration. Surface integrity of grinding and milling were investigated by comparing residual stress distributions, metallurgical structure, hardened layer depth and surface roughness. And influence of cutting tool wear on surface integrity was investigated. Experimentations revealed that the preferable surface integrity would be obtained if the proper milling cutter as well as a small wear criterion were adopted to avoid the advent of tempered martensite. The research results pointed out the feasibility of taking milling as the finish machining process instead of grinding in machining hardened steel with high efficiency.     

THE SURFACE INTEGRITY IN MACHINING HARDENED STEEL SKD11 FOR DIE AND MOLD

Milling cutters were evaluated by tool wear, cutting force and vibration. Surface integrity of grinding and milling were investigated by comparing residual stress distributions, metallurgical structure, hardened layer depth and surface roughness. And influence of cutting tool wear on surface integrity was investigated. Experimentations revealed that the preferable surface integrity would be obtained if the proper milling cutter as well as a small wear criterion were adopted to avoid the advent of tempered martensite. The research results pointed out the feasibility of taking milling as the finish machining process instead of grinding in machining hardened steel with high efficiency.