美国钢铁工业的复苏

1 美国钢铁工业的衰落期 70年代后半期至90年代初,美国钢铁工业成为一种走下坡的工业。70年代初美国钢生产达到最高峰,以后即呈下降趋势,钢铁业每况愈下,至1982年全行业首次出现赤字。自此11年,直至1992年;仅有三年有一点利润(表1、2)。     

原材料与技术促进美国经济增长

在1900年的时候,美国居民的平均寿命只有47岁。他们的家里只能用冰盒储存食物,用油或天燃气照明。他们一生中只旅行过1900km。他们通过信函、电报和最原始的电话进行通讯交流,而那个时候通讯所能达到的范围是十分有限的。到了2000年,美国人的平均寿命是77岁,他们每年仅开车旅行就达到19000km。他们的家里有冰箱、电灯和各种电器,他们可以通过手提电话和电于邮件及时地与全球的每个角落进行联系。技术以及对原材料的应用帮助实现了这些改变。美国在20世纪在技术方面走在了世界的前列;汽车、电冰箱、电灯、电话和个人电脑,这些都是由美国人发…     

2039年中国经济有可能赶超美国

世界著名投行高盛近日发表了它的岁末“预言”：中国经济有可能在2039年赶超美国；未来50年内，世界经济体系将出现重大变化，中国、俄罗斯、印度和巴西将成为这一体系中的强大力量，其“强度”可能要比“预言”更大。     

论经济理论下的发展中国家经济发展方向

发展中国家经济落后和不安全最典型的特点就是普遍存在着明显的刚性结构,这种结构刚性不仅表现在经济结构方面,同时也表现在社会结构方面,为了克服结构刚性,发展中国家必须加快工业化进程.而在推进工业化过程中,受国内市场机制不完善的制约,发展中国家必须注重发挥政府在制定经济计划和推进工业化中的宏观调控作用.     

抓住结构调整机遇 把推进钢铁企业两个根本转变落到实处

1 机遇与挑战 当前江苏省及苏州市都在强调要抓住第三次发展机遇一结构调整的机遇。把它看作是能否在新一轮发展中赢得主动权、再攀新高峰的关键所在。     

稀土变质铸铁石墨形态的转变

采用定向凝固实验方法考察了低凝固速度（下限为０．５ｍｍ／ｈ）下稀土变质铸铁石墨形态的转变。结果表明,随着稀土含量的增加,石墨形态呈现由Ａ型片状→Ａ′型片状→珊瑚状→蠕虫状→球状→开花状的一系列转变;石墨形态由片状到非片状的转变是由于生长方式改变所致,而这种改变取决于稀土含量,与凝固速度（或冷却速度）无关;石墨单体可以发生片状与非片状之间的连续转变,但在试样宏观的片状石墨区域与非片状石墨区域之间却存在着明显的分界线,说明石墨生长方式在试样宏观区域间发生了突变。     

加速沙钢结构调整 实现与国际经济接轨

1 指导思想 江苏沙钢集团经过20多年的发展,形成了年产钢163万t、材220t能力的特大型冶金工业企业。特别是近几年来,沙钢集团不断采用国际先进技术,相继上马了75t超高功率电炉短流程棒材生产线和90t超高功率竖式电炉短流程高速线材生产线,各项技术经济指标在国内同类型企业处于领先水平。但由于沙钢集团目前仍以螺纹钢、窗框钢和     

欧美日钢铁工业资产形态变动和组织结构优化状况

20世纪是世界钢铁工业高速发展时期，尤其是二次大战后氧气转炉和连铸技术出现并迅速推广使用、大型远洋矿石船运营以及富铁矿石参与国际交换，使世界钢铁工业进入现代化大钢铁联合企业发展时期，产钢规模创历史最高水平。1946年世界钢产量仅为1．1亿吨，1973年达到近7亿吨。由于产钢规模扩大的滞后性，到1979年仍达到7．5亿吨。然而，从1973年开始全球出现第一次石油危机，西方发达国家钢铁工业遇到了巨大困难。紧接着从1979年出现全球第二次石油危机，1979年至1984年西方世界经历战后最大一次经济衰退，钢铁工业陷入严重不景气状态，受打…     

Economic evaluation of prenatal screening for Down syndrome in the U.S.A

Maternal serum screening for Down syndrome involves biochemical tests such as alpha-fetoprotein (alpha FP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and unconjugated oestriol (uE3), either alone or in combination, that have variable detection and false-positive rates. Choosing a screening protocol requires a trade-off between a desired detection rate and an acceptable false-positive rate. Selecting a screening protocol that maximizes the net benefit to society provides one approach. We have developed a general formula for calculating the per case net social benefit of a screening test and have applied it to United States data. The maximum net benefit associated with each of the various screening options currently available is estimated and the model is further applied to determine the conditions under which the addition of a new marker to an existing protocol can be justified. For each test, or combination of tests, optimal net benefits occur at different detection and false-positive rates. Net benefits are strongly and positively dependent on maternal age; high net benefits are associated with older patients and low, or even negative, net benefits with younger patients. Also, net benefits are affected by the term risk cut-off rate. For triple testing, the 1:351 Down syndrome term risk cut-off appears to provide a higher net benefit than that obtained with 1:250 or 1:300. The optimization of societal net benefit provides a powerful approach to evaluating screening strategies, but the policies used must also consider individuals' freedom in decision making at each step of the prenatal diagnosis pathway.     

Physician migration to the U.S.--foreign aid for U.S. manpower

Data were obtained from the American Medical Association on Iranian physicians practicing in the U.S., and from the Iranian Medical Registry on U.S.-trained Iranian physicians who have returned to practice in Iran. There were 2,066 Iranian physicians practicing in the U.S. in 1972, 1,234 (60%) of whom were not undergoing any training. Only 600 of Iran's 9,535 physicians in 1972 had been trained in the United States. Thus, less than one-third of the specialists who have completed training in the U.S. have returned to practice in Iran. The specialist group with the highest rate of return is the combined surgery subspecialties (neurosurgery, thoracic surgery, orthopedic surgery, and plastic surgery). The specialist groups with the lowest rates of return were pathology, anesthesiology, and psychiatry. A comparison is made of the manpower problems Iran faces and the American problems in the area of physician manpower.     

Violence and U.S. regional culture.

The US South, and western regions of the US initially settled by Southerners, are more violent than the rest of the country. Homicide rates for White Southern males are substantially higher than those for White Northern males, especially in rural areas. But only for argument-related homicides are Southern rates higher. Southerners do not endorse violence more than do Northerners when survey questions are expressed in general terms, but they are more inclined to endorse violence for protection and in response to insults. Southern Ss responded with more apparent anger to insults than did Northerners and were more likely to propose violent solutions to conflicts presented in scenarios after being insulted. The social matrix that produced this pattern may be the culture of honor characteristic of particular economic circumstances, including the herding society of the early South. Consistent with this possibility, the herding regions of the South are still the most violent. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Deep dyslexia and the right hemisphere hypothesis: Evidence from the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R.

Discusses the theory that asserts that the residual reading abilities seen in deep dyslexia entirely reflect the operation of an intact right hemisphere reading system rather than a partially disabled left hemisphere reading system. Evidence from an experiment with normal Ss in a report by the present author and colleagues (1983) is presented, which suggests that the right hemisphere contains no lexical entries for abbreviations that can be accessed by visual presentation. Data are presented from studies by K. E. Patterson (1980; see also PA, Vols 63:12203 and 64:10691) on 2 male deep dyslexic's understanding of printed abbreviations, along with observations of a young female deep dyslexic who was tested on understanding of abbreviations and on letter-naming abilities. Considerable sparing of the ability to obtain semantic information from printed abbreviations was evidenced in all 3 Ss. This contrast suggests that the current right hemisphere account of the residual reading abilities seen in deep dyslexia is not a sufficient one and should be modified. (French abstract) (29 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Helping in 36 U.S. cities.

A series of experiments examined the relationship of urbanism to helping. Six types of helping behaviors were studied in a cross-sample of 36 small, medium, and large cities across the United States. The relationship of helping to a series of statistics reflecting the demographic, social, environmental, and economic characteristics of these communities was then examined. The strongest and most consistent predictor of overall helping was population density. There were significant correlations between economic indicators and helping in 3 situations. Helping in some situations also tended to be negatively related to violent crime rates and to environmental problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

U.S. psychology and world psychology.

Contends that although US psychology at present occupies a major position in world psychology, the field is growing more rapidly in many other countries. An example of international cooperation in an endeavor that could not be achieved by the psychological community of any single nation (i.e., securing the admission of the International Union of Psychological Science to the International Council of Scientific Unions) is given. A list of suggestions is presented outlining ways in which individual psychologists can take part in international psychological activities. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Development of the role of occupational health nursing in the U.S. and future perspectives in the U.S. and Japan

From 1988 to 1995, a bronchial washing was performed on 118 cases of middle lobe syndrome at the National Himeji Hospital. Twenty cases (16.9%) were positive for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). All cases were middle-aged (mean age 54.8), non-smoking women. Fourteen cases were asymptomatic and showed only abnormal shadow on chest X-ray film, while others complained cough, sputum or hemosputum. CT examinations were done on 13 patients, and pulmonary infiltrations were found in addition to right middle lobe or lingula in many cases. It is important to note that MAC infection might be one of causes of middle lobe syndrome.