Processing and properties of Al2O3/SiC nanocomposites

Alumina/SiC nanocomposites were produced by mechanical mixture of commercial powders. The preparation steps involved the vigorous mixing of the powders and drying under conditions where the homogeneous mixture was kept stable. Pressureless sintering of die-pressed powders achieved reasonable densities (～97% theoretical density) for 2·5wt% of SiC on sintering at 2073 K. Higher SiC contents strongly reduced the sintered density. The use of a more reactive alumina (finer matrix powder) gave similar results. Hot pressing at 1973 K/1 h/25 MPa produced high-density materials for SiC contents as high as 20 wt%. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the SiC particles were well distributed and were situated both inside the grains and on the grain boundaries of the alumina matrix. The SiC strongly inhibited grain growth in the matrix in keeping with the Zener model. The bend strength increased as the SiC content increased, a result partly explained by the grain size refinement. The strength improvement of 20% over monolithic was explained in terms of the change to an intergranular fracture mode.     

原位SiC颗粒对SiCP/MoSi2室温断裂韧度的影响

以钼、硅、碳粉末为原料,采用湿法混合和原位反应热压一次复合工艺制备了MoSi2以及含不同体积分数原位SiC颗粒的SiCP/MoSi2复合材料,并研究了原位SiC颗粒对该材料室温断裂韧度的影响.结果表明:复合后的SiCP/MoSi2室温断裂韧度大幅度提高,原位SiC颗粒可以细化MoSi2基体晶粒,减少和消除脆性的SiO2玻璃相,并阻碍SiCP/MoSi2复合材料断裂时的裂纹扩展而造成裂纹的偏转和桥接.     

3D-C/SiC复合材料断裂韧性的研究

针对 C/ Si C复合材料的结构特征和断裂行为与单一陶瓷材料线弹性断裂不同的特点 ,采用三点弯曲加载试验对 3 D- C/ Si C复合材料室温的加载—卸载行为进行了实验研究。通过对滞回曲线的分析 ,运用能量表征方法定量研究了裂纹扩展过程中弹性变形能、塑性变形能及裂纹扩展形成新表面所需的能量 ,获得了裂纹扩展阻力曲线。结果表明 :3 D- C/ Si C复合材料在加载卸载过程中载荷—加载点位移呈现典型的滞回曲线 ,能量法分析表明 ,裂纹扩展阻力曲线呈现先增加后减小的变化规律     

SiC颗粒掺杂对激光直接成形Al2O3陶瓷裂纹敏感性的影响

为抑制激光直接成形Al2O3陶瓷过程中的裂纹,利用SiC未熔颗粒的增韧原理,在Ti-6Al-4V合金基底上进行添加SiC颗粒的Al2O3同轴送粉激光直接成形实验,分析了激光直接成形Al2O3+ SiC复相陶瓷的可行性以及成形件裂纹敏感性的影响因素.利用光学显微镜观察薄壁成形试样的裂纹扩展、显微组织和两相结合情况,并使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)进行相分析.结果表明:SiC颗粒可在激光直接成形Al2O3+SiC陶瓷中起到抑制裂纹的作用,并可形成各成分结合良好,无明显化学反应,含有较完整SiC未熔颗粒的复相陶瓷材料.单因素实验显示:SiC比例f、激光功率P、扫描速度v和送粉率n对裂纹敏感性均有显著影响,最后采用工艺参数:f =10％(重量百分比)、P=186 W、v=300 mm/min及n=1.78 g/min成形了裂纹敏感性低,无明显缺陷的长×高×厚约为17 mm×6 mm×2 mm的薄壁件.     

喷射沉积SiC_p/Al-20Si复合材料高周疲劳行为研究

采用喷射沉积法制备15%(体积分数)4.5 m SiCp/Al-20Si复合材料及其基体合金,研究该组材料的微观组织、力学性能、高周疲劳性能以及疲劳断口形貌。结果表明:SiC颗粒的加入有利于提高材料的力学性能;复合材料及其基体的高调疲劳寿命随应力幅值的减小而增加,在相同应力幅值下,复合材料的疲劳寿命远远高于基体合金。疲劳裂纹从大颗粒的初晶Si的断裂以及Si相脱离处形核,并开始扩展。对于复合材料而言,SiC颗粒尺寸较小,不容易发生断裂,在形核过程中,当裂纹遇到SiC颗粒时,裂纹或者避开增强体,或者受阻于SiC颗粒,只能在基体合金中扩展,从而扩大了疲劳形核区的面积,提高了材料的疲劳寿命。Si颗粒的脱离、Si相的断裂以及SiC颗粒与基体界面的脱粘是复合材料疲劳断裂失效的主要机制。     

Subsurface deformation of machined Al2O3 and Al2O3/5vol%SiC nanocomposite

Under machine grinding, material removal in monolithic Al₂O₃ is by intergranular fracture and grain pull-out. In comparison, under the same grinding conditions, an Al₂O₃/5%SiC nanocomposite undergoes significant surface grooving and intragranular fracture. The subsurface deformation mechanisms were investigated by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. For Al₂O₃, the residual deformation zone was localized very close to the surface in the first layer of grains, with dislocations occurring only within 1.5 µm of the top surface and a high density of basal twins penetrating to a depth of one single grain. Cracks were present along grain boundaries or basal twin interfaces. For Al₂O₃/SiC nanocomposites, the main residual plastic deformation is observed to be dislocations activated to a depth of about 10 µm (approx. 3–4 grains), with twinning rarely observed. Possible mechanisms by which the SiC particles influence the subsurface deformation and material removal modes are discussed.     

SOLIDIFICATION PROCESSING AND FRACTURE MORPHOLOGY OF SiCp/ZL108 COMPOSITE

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Electron and light microscopy studies on the domain structures of Zn3B7O13Cl, Zn3B7O13Br and Zn3B7O13I ferroic boracites

The domain structures of Zn₃B₇O₁₃Cl, Zn₃B₇O₁₃Br and Zn₃B₇O₁₃I boracite single crystals were studied by means of polarized light in conjunction with electron microscopy. Single crystals of the three compositions were grown by chemical transport reactions in closed quartz ampoules, at a temperature of 900 °C and were examined by polarizing optical microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For both PLM and SEM, the same as‐grown samples were used without having to resort to metallization of the crystal faces. For TEM the single crystals were crushed and mounted on holey carbon films. Comparative electron microscope images were useful for revealing the domain structure of these ferroelectric/ferroelastic materials previously observed between the crossed polars of an optical microscope. X‐ray diffraction analysis of the pulverized crystals was performed for this triad of halogen boracites containing zinc as a common metal.     

Frictional deformation and fracture in polycrystalline SiC and Si3N4

Electron optical microscopy was employed to study the friction and wear of commercial polycrystalline varieties of SiC and Si₃N₄ in air at ambient temperature. Friction and wear tests were conducted in a reciprocating configuration with conical riders (both diamond and ceramic) sliding on a flat ceramic substrate. Worn surfaces were examined by both scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In general, friction and wear in the diamond-ceramic couples were severe. Friction with ceramic-ceramic couples was low, with friction coefficients between 0.1 and 0.4, wear being absent in single-pass tests.With ceramic-ceramic couple multipass systems, wear of Si₃N₄ occurs by plastic deformation which increases in severity with sliding distance accompanied by a corresponding increase in friction coefficient. With SiC, wear occurs by a mixture of intergranular fracture due to grain boundary weakness and plastic deformation.     

Effects of Morphological Characteristics of Alumina Particles and Interfacial Bonding Strength on Wear Behavior of Nano/Micro-alumina Particulates Reinforced Al/A206 Matrix Composites

Matrix/reinforcement interface has a critical role in determining the properties of metal matrix composites (MMCs). Properties of matrix/reinforcement interface depend on the fabrication method. The main problem in the fabrication of MMCs is wettability between reinforcing particles and molten alloy. Al206/5 vol% alumina_p cast composites were fabricated by the addition of reinforcing particles into molten Al alloy, semi-solid and liquid states, in two different forms: (1) as-received alumina (nano/micro) particles and (2) pre-synthesized composite reinforcement prepared via ball milling of alumina (nano/micro) with Al and Mg powders (master metal matrix composite). The effects of powder addition techniques, alumina/matrix interfacial bonding strength, and morphological characteristics of alumina particles on wear behavior were investigated. A new combination parameter, called alumina particle appearance (APA) index, was introduced. APA index approximates the collective effects of morphological characteristics of alumina particles on wear behavior. It is suggested that samples with lower APA index have superior wear properties. Microscopic examinations of the composite and matrix alloy and alumina/matrix interface were studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that wear resistance was increased in the composites fabricated by the addition of pre-synthesized reinforcing particles into molten alloy in the semi-solid state. Improvement in wear resistance is attributed to higher bonding strength of matrix/reinforcement as well lower APA index compared to those prepared via as-received alumina particles.     

Fatigue crack propagation behavior at a notch for needled C/SiC composite under tension-tension loading

Fatigue test of a needled C/SiC composite with a notch under tension-tension cyclic loading was completed, and the main fatigue crack propagation curve of the needled composite was obtained by the in situ observation of the fatigue process. By analyzing the influence of the failure number and distribution on the tensile loading subjected by 0° fiber bundles, the relationship between the main fatigue crack propagation and the distribution of 0° fiber bundles in the needled composite was established. By observing the fracture microstructure (especially the distribution of 0° fiber bundles) of the needled composite through scanning electron microscopy, the reasons for the varying fatigue resistance of different notched specimens were also explained. In addition, acoustic emission (AE) was also used to analyze the AE energy characteristics during the fatigue crack propagation process of the needled composite.

     

Effect of SiC reinforcement on the deformation and fracture micromechanisms of Al–Li alloys

The effect of SiC reinforcement on the microstructure of a naturally aged 8090 Al alloy as well as on the deformation and fracture micromechanisms was investigated. To this end, the microstructural characteristics (grain and reinforcement morphology, precipitate structure) were determined in the unreinforced alloy and in the composite reinforced with 15 vol.% SiC particles. The materials were tested under monotonic tension and fully reversed cyclic deformation and then carefully analysed through scanning and transmission electron microscopy to find the dominant deformation and failure processes for each material and loading condition. It was found that the dispersion of the SiC particles restrained the formation of elongated grains during extrusion and inhibited the precipitation of Al₃Li. As a result, the plastic deformation in the composite was homogeneous, while strain localization in slip bands was observed in the unreinforced alloy specimens tested in tension and in fatigue. The unreinforced alloy failed by transgranular shear along the slip bands during monotonic deformation, whereas fracture was initiated by grain boundary delamination, promoted by the stress concentrations induced by the slip bands, during cyclic deformation. The fracture of the composite was precipitated by the progressive fracture of the SiC reinforcements during monotonic and cyclic deformation.     

射频磁控溅射法制备MoS2/SiC双层薄膜

采用射频磁控溅射法在室温、500℃的单晶硅和GCr15钢基体上制备了MoS2/SiC双层薄膜,并借助X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、摩擦磨损试验机以及划痕仪等研究了薄膜的结构、形貌、成分、摩擦学性能以及薄膜与基体的结合力。结果表明:当衬底温度为500℃时制备的MoS2/SiC双层薄膜表面致密平整,两层薄膜之间界面平直,膜厚约为0.8μm;该双层膜的摩擦因数低,耐磨性好;添加中间层可提高薄膜与基体的结合力。     

Interface study by dual-beam FIB-TEM in a pressureless infiltrated Al(Mg)–Al2O3 interpenetrating composite

This paper considers the microstructures of an Al(Mg)–Al₂O₃ interpenetrating composite produced by a pressureless infiltration technique. It is well known that the governing principle in pressureless infiltration in Al–Al₂O₃ system is the wettability between the molten metal and the ceramic phase; however, the infiltration mechanism is still not well understood. The objective of this research was to observe the metal–ceramic interface to understand the infiltration mechanism better. The composite was produced using an Al-8 wt% Mg alloy and 15% dense alumina foams at 915°C in a flowing N₂ atmosphere. After infiltration, the composite was characterized by a series of techniques. Thin-film samples, specifically produced across the Al(Mg)–Al₂O₃ interface, were prepared using a dual-beam focussed ion beam and subsequently observed using transmission electron microscopy. XRD scan analysis shows that Mg₃N₂ formed in the foam at the molten alloy–ceramic infiltration front, whereas transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that fine AlN grains formed at the metal–ceramic interface and MgAl₂O₄ and MgSi₂ grains formed at specific points. It is concluded that it is the reactions between Al, Mg and the N₂ atmosphere that improve the wettability between molten Al and Al₂O₃ and induce spontaneous infiltration.     

Fretting fatigue crack initiation and propagation behavior of Inconel 690 alloy

Several studies have been conducted on the fretting fatigue limit characteristics of Inconel alloy tube material used in steam generators of nuclear power plants. Nevertheless, additional research on fretting fatigue crack initiation and propagation behavior is necessary in order to evaluate its fretting fatigue life more accurately. In this study, crack growth tests of fretting fatigue are conducted, and the characteristics of fatigue crack initiation and propagation are analyzed on Inconel 690 alloy. Also, plain fatigue crack growth tests are performed on the same material, and the results are compared with those of fretting fatigue crack growth tests. From both of the plain and fretting fatigue crack growth test results, the ΔK-da/dN diagrams are obtained and the crack growth rates are compared. It is found that the crack growth rate for fretting fatigue tests is faster than that for plain fatigue tests under a certain value of DK. However, over this value of DK, the crack growth rate for fretting fatigue tests becomes slower than that for plain fatigue tests due to debris which is produced by fretting and trapped in the propagated cracks. Finally, the fracture surfaces examined by an optical microscope, and the initiation angles of the oblique cracks are determined under various applied stresses. Also, the microstructure of the fracture surfaces is observed by a Scanning electron microscopy (SEM).     

3D-C/SiC复合材料的高温拉伸性能

研究了 3D C/SiC复合材料从室温到 15 0 0℃真空条件的拉伸性能。试验材料用T30 0碳纤维编织为三维四向编织体 ,编织角为 2 2° ,用CVI法在 95 0℃～ 10 0 0℃沉积热解碳界面层、SiC基体。最终得到纤维体积分数约为4 0vol%、热解碳界面层厚度约 0 .2 μm和空隙率为 17vol%的复合材料 ,表面SiC涂层厚度为 5 0 μm。试验在超高温拉伸试验机上进行 ,真空度为 10 -3 Pa ,夹头位移速率为 0 .5 95mm/min。结果表明 ,拉伸应力 应变曲线是非线性的 ,大部分拉伸曲线基本由三段折线组成 ,对应着三段模量。第一阶段的模量和基体裂纹饱和应力对应的应变εsa 基本不随温度的升高而改变 ;第二和第三阶段的模量、损伤开始应力σmc、基体裂纹饱和应力σsa、断裂应力σf 和损伤开始应变εmc随温度有相似的变化规律 ,即随温度升高而增加 ,在 110 0℃ ～ 130 0℃范围内出现最大值 ,尔后随温度增加而下降 ;但是断裂应变的变化规律正好与此相反。试样机械加工后 ,由于残余应力部分得到松弛 ,并去除了表面SiC涂层开裂后引起的应力集中 ,因此材料断裂强度和断裂应变明显升高。高温和室温的拉伸断裂应变小于0 .6 % ,不能有效地松弛材料切口处的应力集中。测量了拉伸过程中试样的电阻相对变化率 ,它与载荷的关系曲线总的走势与拉     

Structure of electrodeposited graded composite coatings of Ni–Al–Al2O3

The structure of electrodeposited composite coatings of Ni–Al–Al₂O₃, with Ni as the matrix and Al and Al₂O₃ as second-phase particles, was investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Ni coatings with no particles, which were used as reference samples, had progressively coarser structures with increasing current density. Co-deposition with Al resulted in refinement of the Ni matrix structure at high (>10 A dm⁻²) current densities. For single-particle baths, the co-deposition of Al₂O₃ was more strongly affected by current density and bath particle content than was the co-deposition of Al. However, for baths containing both Al and Al₂O₃ the amount of incorporated Al₂O₃ no longer depended on current density. With the choice of appropriate conditions, coatings of Ni with up to 39 vol.% Al₂O₃ were made. Similar experiments with Al yielded a maximum of 17.5 vol.% only. Uniform and graded mixed-particle coatings were also produced. When coatings containing Al were annealed, the reaction of the two elements resulted in the formation of either single-phase γ or two-phase γ–γ' alloys, in agreement with the equilibrium phase diagram.     

平纹编织C/SiC复合材料层间断裂行为试验研究

通过双悬臂梁和端部切口弯曲试验分别对平纹编织C/SiC复合材料的Ⅰ型(张开型)和Ⅱ型(滑开型)层间断裂行为进行试验研究,得到该材料以临界能量释放率GⅠC和GⅡC表征的层间断裂韧度值.试验后利用光学显微镜对两组试验的试样断口进行显微观察,以分析其破坏机理.结果表明:Ⅰ型层间断裂韧度值GⅠC和Ⅱ型层间断裂韧度值GⅡC分别为(737.2±57) J/m2和(1082.7±90) J/m2;Ⅰ型开裂为层间SiC基体沿初始裂纹方向的断裂破坏;Ⅱ型开裂与Ⅰ型开裂相似,但裂纹上下表面包裹碳纤维束的SiC基体发生脱落,并且出现碳纤维束中部分碳纤维剪切破坏.     

SiCp/Cu复合材料的显微组织和力学性能

采用非均相沉淀包裹法制得铜包SiC复合粉体,利用热压烧结工艺制备了含有体积分数为20%～65%SiC颗粒的SiCp/Cu复合材料.用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、能谱分析等测试方法对试样进行了成分和微观形貌分析.结果表明:包裹法制得的SiCp/Cu复合材料中基体铜形成连续的结构,SiC分散较均匀;随着SiC含量的增加,试样孔隙率提高,抗弯强度下降;而硬度则先增后降,并在SiC体积分数为35%时出现最大值;所有试样均表现为脆性断裂.     

10CrNiMo结构钢悬臂弯曲加载低周疲劳表面裂纹的扩展特性

通过COD位移规控制悬臂弯曲加载试样表面裂纹前缘的应变,采用逐级递增应变的试验方法,研究了10CrNiMo结构钢的低周疲劳表面裂纹的扩展特性,并用扫描电镜对断口形貌进行了观察。结果表明:表面裂纹扩展速率与裂纹前缘总应变范围之间满足良好的幂律关系;裂纹源附近出现轮胎花样,裂纹扩展初期挤压严重,扩展中期发现较多的二次裂纹,扩展后期疲劳辉纹清晰可见,最后断裂区具有典型的韧窝;裂纹按照锐化-钝化机制扩展,最后断裂模式为韧性断裂。