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1.
Object relations theory (ORT) has become the dominant theoretical perspective in the psychoanalytic realm. However, weaknesses in the object relations perspective have not been examined sufficiently. In particular, the frequent lack of clarity as to whether a given reference to an object refers to an internal representation or an external figure has resulted in problems, distortions, or misapplications in the clinical utilization of ORT. This lack of clarity has the effect of transferring the therapist's attention to the role of the external world at the expense of attending to the internal world and structure of the patient. This shift to the external interpersonal world has particular implications for models of transference and therapeutic intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
2.
Responds to the comments of A. Zook (see record 1987-20037-001) on the present author's (see record 1986-12878-001) work on the merging of clinical and counseling psychology, suggesting that a training base in remedial, educational/developmental, and preventive functions is important regardless of whether one is a clinical or counseling psychologist. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
3.
Two recent postmodern movements, constructivism and deconstruction, challenge the idea of a single meaning of reality and suggest that meanings result from social experience. We show how these postmodern approaches can be applied to the psychology of gender. Examining gender theories from a constructivist stand-point, we note that the primary meaning of gender in psychology has been difference. The exaggeration of differences, which we call alpha bias, can be seen in approaches that focus on the contrasting experiences of men and women. The minimizing of differences, beta bias, can be seen in approaches that stress the similarity or equality of men and women. From a deconstructivist position, we examine previously hidden meanings in the discourse of therapy that reveal cultural assumptions about gender relations. Paradoxes in contemporary constructions of gender impel us to go beyond these constructions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
4.
Watkins C. Edward; Lopez Frederick G.; Campbell Vicki L.; Himmell Catherine D. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1986,41(5):581
Comments on L. F. Fitzgerald and S. H. Osipow's (see record 1986-25640-001) occupational analysis and statements regarding the lack of empirical bases to distinguish counseling psychologists from clinical psychologists by presenting findings from the present authors' own comparison of survey data from 716 counseling psychologists and 479 clinical psychologists. These data reveal several similarities and differences regarding counseling and clinical psychologists' theoretical orientations, occupational environments, amount of time devoted to specific professional and psychotherapeutic activities, and identification with a practitioner role. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
5.
Gregory W. Larry; Mowen John C.; Linder Darwyn E. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1978,36(12):1521
Conducted 2 experiments with male undergraduates to investigate the plea bargaining process. Exp I (143 Ss) used a role-playing procedure to identify variables that affect the acceptance of a plea bargain. 18% of the Ss playing the role of innocent defendants accepted the plea bargain, whereas 83% of the guilty defendants accepted. Two other main effects revealed that defendants were more likely to accept a plea bargain when relatively many charges had been filed against them and/or when the severity of punishment upon conviction was great, although internal analyses revealed that these effects were present in guilty defendants only. Exp II (18 Ss) was conducted using involved participants to provide validation for the major result of Exp I. Ss were made to be innocent or guilty of having prior information about an exam. All were accused of having used prior information and were given an opportuinity to plea bargain rather than face an ethics committee. In accord with Exp I, guilty Ss accepted the plea bargain significantly more often than innocent students. Results are discussed in terms of information differences between innocent and guilty defendants and the availability heuristic. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
6.
Over an 8-yr period, half of the entering classes of 1 American Psychological Association-accredited clinical program were interviewed prior to admission. 35 interviewed and 40 noninterviewed students were compared. Faculty judges were asked to rate the strength of their probable endorsement of these students for internship, clinical employment, and academic employment. Results show no significant differences between groups on the ratings for internship, clinical position, or academic position, nor were there any group differences on traditional admissions criteria (e.g., Graduate Record Examination scores). (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
7.
Comments on F. L. Schmidt's (see record 1993-04195-001) article on the impact of meta-analysis on the practice of science in psychology. The author (1) explains that Schmidt's distinction between meta-analysis and single-study statistical methods is illusory and (2) argues for the critical value of the primary research study and the traditional literature review in the enterprise of scientific psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
8.
Snyder C. R.; Lopez Shane J.; Shorey Hal S.; Rand Kevin L.; Feldman David B. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2003,18(2):122
The tenets of a cognitive, motivational model called hope theory (Snyder et al., 1991) are reviewed, along with the two accompanying instruments for measuring hope in children and adolescents. More than a decade of research on hope theory as it relates to students, teachers, and schools is summarized. Likewise, the applications of hope theory for school psychologists are reviewed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
9.
On warm conceptual change: The interplay of text, epistemological beliefs, and topic interest. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The aim of this study was to go further than considering only cognitive factors to extend the understanding of the complex, dynamic underlying knowledge revision processes. Fifth graders were assigned to 2 reading conditions. Participants in 1 condition read a refutational text about light, whereas participants in the other read a traditional text. Within each reading condition, students had more or less advanced beliefs about scientific knowledge (complex and evolving vs. simple and certain), as well as high or low topic interest. Overall findings from pretest to immediate and delayed posttests showed that knowledge revision was affected by several interactions among the variables examined. Students who attained the highest scores at both the immediate and delayed posttests were those who had read the refutational text and had high topic interest, as well as more advanced beliefs about scientific knowledge. In particular, the refutational text was more powerful in prompting a restructuring of alternative conceptions about 2 of the 3 light phenomena examined. In addition, students preferred the innovative text to the traditional textbook text. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
10.
Builds on the authors' work with troubled Hispanic youth and their families to extend the concept of contextualism. First, the article discusses family and culture as literatures that have emerged from a contextualist perspective but are separate from each other. Second, it integrates these literatures by introducing the concept of the embeddedness of the individual within the context of the family within the context of culture. Finally, this concept of the embeddedness of contexts is extended to encompass a view of families embedded within culturally diverse contexts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
11.
Positive psychology: An introduction. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A science of positive subjective experience, positive individual traits, and positive institutions promises to improve quality of life and prevent the pathologies that arise when life is barren and meaningless. The exclusive focus on pathology that has dominated so much of our discipline results in a model of the human being lacking the positive features that make life worth living. Hope, wisdom, creativity, future mindedness, courage, spirituality, responsibility, and perseverance are ignored or explained as transformations of more authentic negative impulses. The 15 articles in this millennial issue of the American Psychologist discuss such issues as what enables happiness, the effects of autonomy and self-regulation, how optimism and hope affect health, what constitutes wisdom, and how talent and creativity come to fruition. The authors outline a framework for a science of positive psychology, point to gaps in our knowledge, and predict that the next century will see a science and profession that will come to understand and build the factors that allow individuals, communities, and societies to flourish. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
12.
Theories of health psychology developed to explain adults' rational decision making were applied to 10-year-old children (n?=?112), who had not reached the stage of formal operational thought; 15-year-olds (n?=?67); and 20-year-olds (n?=?93), extending the protection motivation theory developed by R. W. Rogers (1983). Among the adolescents and young adults, the threat appeals worked only if people believed they could cope effectively with the danger; if they believed they could not cope, higher levels of the threat resulted in decreased intentions to refrain from tobacco use. Although children elaborated and integrated the information about threat severity, personal vulnerability, and response efficacy, the fragility and malleability of the children's beliefs in self-efficacy demonstrated the importance of adding a developmental perspective to theories of preventive health psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
13.
14.
Assessed 2 groups of clinical psychology graduate student trainees (N?=?26) either 3 or 4 times over the 1st 2 yrs of training. Skills measured included the ability to both communicate and discriminate empathic responses. Faculty supervisory ratings of Ss and internship supervisory ratings were obtained. For comparison purposes, data were gathered from 9 graduate trainees who did not undergo systematic skills training. Results indicate that both experimental training groups (receiving skill training) improved in their ability to produce empathic responses as compared with the control group. The training group that received the more intense and experiential training showed greater improvement in ability to discriminate facilitative responses. Faculty ratings during practicum did not reveal improvement; however, internship supervisory ratings did reflect trainee improvement. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
15.
Watkins C. Edward; Schneider Lawrence J.; Cox J. Hap; Reinberg Julie A. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1987,18(5):530
As psychology specialties, clinical and counseling psychology appear similar in many respects. Although each specialty is considered to possess its own distinctive features, some researchers have recently examined clinical-counseling convergences, which suggests that the two specialties may now be nearer to an integration than in previous times. In an effort to further consider and examine possible convergences between clinical and counseling psychology, we replicated the comparative study of Osipow, Cohen, Jenkins, and Dostal (1979). Osipow et al., drawing on data in the 1975 American Psychological Association (APA) directory, compared clinical and counseling psychologists in major fields, interest areas, and work settings. We drew on data from the 1985 APA directory to determine current clinical-counseling similarities and differences for the same three areas. Comparisons are made between the 1975 and 1985 data, and some of the data's implications about convergences and divergences between the clinical and counseling specialties are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
16.
Applied A. Byrne's (1971) similarity–attraction model in 2 studies of diagnostic bias. 56 clinicians and 56 undergraduates evaluated a client similar or dissimilar to themselves in political radicalism after hearing a taped interview with the client. Results for clinicians indicated no similarity–clinical judgment effect, but more radical Ss rated the client as having better therapy potential. Further, the more radical client was rated as less disturbed. Among students, the similar other was rated more favorably for therapeutic criteria. Similarity–attraction relationships were absent in both samples. Clinicians showed strong relationships between clinical and attraction ratings. An interactive, affective component to diagnosis is suggested. (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
17.
In the light of continuing debate over the applications of significance testing in psychology journals and following the publication of J. Cohen's (1994) article, the Board of Scientific Affairs (BSA) of the American Psychological Association (APA) convened a committee called the Task Force on Statistical Interference (TFSI) whose charge was to elucidate some of the controversial issues surrounding applications of statistics including significance testing and its alternatives; alternative underlying models and data transformation; and newer methods made possible by powerful computers (BSA, personal communication, February 28, 1996). After extensive discussion, the BSA recommended that publishing an article in American Psychologist, as a way to initiate discussion in the field about changes in current practices of data analysis and reporting may be appropriate. This report follows that request. Following each guideline are comments, explanations, or elaborations assembled by L. Wilkinson for the task force and under its review. The report is concerned with the use of statistical methods only and is not meant as an assessment of research methods in general. The title and format of the report are adapted from an article by J. C. Bailar and F. Mosteller (1988). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
18.
This article examines the status of women in psychology internationally. Earlier research is reviewed and compared with recent findings, including a survey responded to by 40 individuals from countries around the world. Although improvements for women have been noted in many areas, problem of sexism and antifeminism still exist. The importance of comparative analyses across countries because of increasing worldwide interaction among psychologists is noted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
19.
The author was deeply disturbed by the January 2011 issue of the American Psychologist, which engendered a series of emotions in the author: first dismay, then anger, and finally a sense of shame about the current state of the profession. This was ostensibly an exposition of “positive psychology” principles and how they are to be applied in a colossal experiment designed to support our military in their fight against the ideology of jihadist Islam. The author found it hard to see what was positive in the presentation. Not one of the authors in this special issue discussed applying positive psychology principles to the reduction of conflict between nations, to the prevention of war, or to the promotion of peace. How about a positive psychology that questions the wisdom of leaders who tell us that the use of force is unavoidable, and seeks instead to help them find alternative, peaceful solutions? A true positive psychology should be primarily addressed to eradicating the disease of war, not to supporting those who fight it. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献