State certification of school psychologists.

"Nine questions… were answered by the responsible departments of all 50 states and the District of Columbia." 23 states and the District of Columbia are reported as having certification requirements. General requirements stipulated by states with explicit certification standards are specified in a table. The "majority of states are certifying psychological personnel mainly to assist in the placement of children for special education… . There are encouraging signs that certification requirements are gradually being improved." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Dependence of aortic pulse wave assessments on behavioural state in normal term fetus

To investigate any influence of behavioural states on the pulse waves in the descending aorta, 21 human fetuses were studied in utero in uncomplicated gestation at the age of 36-41 weeks. The fetal behavioural states were identified using two real-time scanners and one cardiotocograph. The aortic waveform data and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were recorded by means of two double phase-locking echo-trackers. The PWV of the fetal aorta was significantly lower in fetal behavioural state (FBS) 2F than in FBS 1F, when the fetus was apnoeic, and was also reduced in both states during fetal breathing. The calculated pulse pressure showed the same trend as the PWV. The fetal aortic end diastolic diameter and the pulse amplitude did not alter, when the two states changed. Our data suggest that the central haemodynamics in term fetuses are independently influenced by their behavioural state as well as by fetal breathing. The study of pulse waves in the fetal aorta should preferably be performed during apnoea in state 1F, when neither gross body movements nor breathing movements disturb the recording.     

The barriers in the bimolecular and unimolecular folding reactions of the dimeric core domain of Escherichia coli Trp repressor are dominated by enthalpic contributions

The kinetic folding mechanism of the isolated dimerization domain of E. coli Trp repressor, [2-66]2 TR, consists of a nearly diffusion-limited association reaction to form a dimeric intermediate, I2, which is then converted to the native, folded dimeric species, N2 by a first-order folding step (preceding paper in this issue). The two transition states traversed in the folding of [2-66]2 TR were characterized by monitoring the folding and unfolding reactions by stopped-flow fluorescence as a function of temperature and urea. For both transition states, the barriers are dominated by the enthalpic component; the entropic component accelerates the association reaction but has little effect on the subsequent rearrangement reaction. The transition state between I2 and N2 is relatively nativelike, as determined by the sensitivity of the rate constants to denaturant. This study also highlights the key role of solvent entropy in determining the magnitude of the relative free energy of the transition states and the ground states. The positive entropy change for the I2 to N2 reaction, presumably arising from the release of solvent from hydrophobic surfaces, is the driving force for this final folding step, offsetting an unfavorable enthalpic term.     

Calumet.

Comments on an article by Hans J. Eysenck (1954). The author providing these comments states that if he had an "erroneous impression" of Eysenck's main conclusions, it is his further impression that he was not alone in this reaction to his paper. He states that the implicit tone as well as the explicit statement work together in the process of communication. Furthermore, the commentator states that it is good to see that Eysenck has troubled to correct the false impression his paper created. Lastly, the commentator states that it is particularly gratifying that he reiterates the subjective basis of the judgments he found it necessary to make in summarizing the literature. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Inhibition of apamin-sensitive calcium dependent potassium channels facilitate the induction of long-term potentiation in the CA1 region of rat hippocampus in vitro

The question of whether the finite values of the correlation dimension (D2), used as an index of EEG complexity are due to its chaotic nature or they reflect its behaviour as linearly-correlated noise, remains open. This report aims at clarifying this by measuring D2 and analysing the non-linear nature of EEG through the method of surrogate data as well as by calculating the fractal exponent (beta) via coarse graining spectral analysis (CGSA) in nine adult subjects during waking and sleep states. The results show that even if it is possible to get an estimation of D2 in all states, non-linear structure appears to be present only during slow wave sleep (SWS). EEG exhibits random fractal structure with 1/f(-beta) spectrum (1 < beta < 3) and a negative linear correlation between D2 and beta in all states except during SWS. In consequence, in those states, finite D2 values could be attributed to the fractal nature of EEG and not to the presence of low-dimensional chaos, and therefore, it the use of beta would be more appropriate to describe the complexity of EEG, due to its lower computational cost.     

Licensure anachronisms: Is it time for a change?

Practicing independently as a psychologist in the United States requires licensure in each of the 50 states in which one wishes to practice as well as the District of Columbia. Although attempts to establish interstate reciprocity have met with some level of success, psychologists licensed to practice independently in one state have no assurance that other states will recognize and grant equal status. The author's experience of applying for licensure in 3 states is discussed as a way of identifying areas of difficulty encountered by psychologists in this process. Suggestions are made to improve the process so that licensing board activity might be more in line with its designated function, which is the protection of the consumer. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The intermediate states of single-phase short-range order reactions— Monte Carlo study

The internal structure of the intermediate states, which are passed during single-phase short-range order (SRO) reactions, is investigated in dependence on the path morphology of the migrating vacancy. It is found that the vacancy preferentially visits those lattice sites, the local environment of which has a lower degree of SRO than the average crystal, whereas the SRO degree of the unvisited sites is correspondingly larger. The amount of SRO increase is distinctly larger on the visited than on the unvisited sites. This particular kind of non-uniformity and local heterogeneity of SRO is manifested by different cluster frequencies in the neighbourhoods of the visited and unvisited lattice sites. It does not occur in the equilibrium states. Therefore in general there does not exist a strict structural identity between intermediate and equilibrium states, not even partially with respect to just one SRO parameter, as it is assumed in the concept of “corresponding” states. The consequences of this difference are investigated with respect to an experiment, which is called in the literature the “cross-over” or “overshooting” experiment and by which “corresponding” states are analysed.     

When prevention promotes creativity: The role of mood, regulatory focus, and regulatory closure.

Promotion-focused states generally boost creativity because they associate with enhanced activation and cognitive flexibility. With regard to prevention-focused states, research evidence is less consistent, with some findings suggesting prevention-focused states promote creativity and other findings pointing to no or even negative effects. We proposed and tested the hypothesis that whether prevention-focused states boost creativity depends on regulatory closure (whether a goal is fulfilled or not). We predicted that prevention-focused states that activate the individual (unfulfilled prevention goals, fear) would lead to similar levels of creativity as promotion-focused states but that prevention-focused states that deactivate (closed prevention goals, relief) would lead to lower levels of creativity. Moreover, we predicted that this effect would be mediated by feelings of activation. Predictions were tested in 3 studies on creative insights and 1 on original ideation. Results supported predictions. Implications for self-regulation, motivation, mood, and creativity are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Overview and implications of Medicaid managed care for people with developmental disabilities

The inclusion of people with developmental disabilities in managed care as part of general efforts by states to enroll and Medicaid recipients in such plans was reviewed. Managed care was defined and the processes by which managed care organizations deliver services were explained. Escalating costs and utilization were discussed as the primary reason for the shift to managed care. The use of Medicaid Section 1115 waivers by states to include Medicaid recipients was explored. The relation between acute health care and long-term care, and the utilization patterns in each, were briefly described. Finally, elements of managed care that are particularly important to people with developmental disabilities, such as care coordination, maintenance of quality, and individual and family support, were discussed.     

Neuroendocrine disorders of the gut

The regulation of gastrointestinal function is known to involve elements of the enteric nervous system. Processes such as secretion, motility, blood flow, and immune function are all influenced by a complex network of neurons whose cell bodies lie in the gut. These neurons use a wide spectrum of substances as neurotransmitters, although the majority use peptides once thought to function only as gut hormones. It has been increasingly recognized that abnormalities of this neuroendocrine regulatory system underlie many gastrointestinal disorders. The most obvious are states of peptide excess found in patients with gut endocrine tumors such as carcinoid, gastrinoma, and somatostatinoma. Conversely, other disorders appear to be related to deficiency states. Examples include both achalasia and Hirschsprung's disease (congenital megacolon), where the loss of inhibitory neural action leads to abnormalities of peristalsis and sphincter function. Evidence for abnormal neuroendocrine regulation leading to disease states is increasing for many other gastrointestinal disorders.     

Multidimensional Performance Limit State for Hazard Fragility Functions

This paper addresses an alternative methodology to calculate fragility functions that considers multiple limit states parameters, such as combinations of response variables of accelerations and interstory drifts. Limit states are defined using a generalized multidimensional limit states function that allows considering dependencies among limit thresholds modeled as random variables in the calculation of fragility curves that are evaluated as function of the return period. A California hospital is used as example to illustrate the proposed approach for developing fragility curves. The study investigates the sensitivity of the proposed approach for evaluating fragility curves when uncertainties in limit states are considered. Influence of structural and response parameters, such as stiffness, damping, acceleration and displacement thresholds, ground motion input, and uncertainties in structural modeling, are also investigated. The proposed approach can be considered as an alternative approach for describing the vulnerable behavior of nonstructural components that are sensitive to multiple parameters such as displacements and accelerations (e.g., partition walls, piping systems, etc.).     

Psychological processes and mental states.

Comments on D. Kipnis's (see record 199707781-001) article that argues against the use of psychological processes as a basis for the explanation of social behavior. The present author concerns himself with Kipnis's use of "psychological processes" and "mental states" as synonyms. He claims that Kipnis overstepped his argument by generalizing his conclusion from the term "mental states" to "psychological processes." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Secrecy, anonymity, and deception in donor insemination: a genetic, psycho-social and ethical critique

The State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) is the product of a series of policy and political compromises and generates numerous structural and policy issues for states. CHIP entitles states to federal financial aid to provide health assistance to targeted children, through Medicaid expansions, new program implementation, or a product of the two. States that elect to operate CHIP programs apart from Medicaid have enormous discretion under the law to determine how they will structure their programs, the services they will cover, the form that benefits will take, and the conditions of participation and consumer protections that will apply. Determining what approach to take, as well as how to respond to the choices posed by the statute, represents a major test of how states address the needs of children and families.     

Characterizing the psychological state produced by LSD.

Two studies, involving 69 male inmates of an experimental penal institution, investigated the psychological states produced by LSD as compared with amphetamine and placebo controls. A number of scales on a newly developed subjective drug-effects questionnaire significantly differentiated the groups. This instrument was further used to identify 3 qualitatively different subjective states produced by LSD (moderately euphoric, dysphoric, and ambivalent). New techniques for exploring the perceptual and vocal components of emotional change were also applied. These techniques further elucidated the quality and possible origin of the psychological states produced by LSD. The results (which indicate the presence of highly intense but contradictory emotions) were interpreted in the light of a current theory of emotion and Bartlett's concept of "effort after meaning." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

高炉焦炭中矿物质的化学形态和物种

采用化学分析、电子能谱（EDS）、X射线衍射（XRD）和X光电子能谱（XPS）等方法，研究了高炉入炉焦和风口焦矿物质元素种类、含量、化学形态及物种。研究表明：高炉风口焦与入炉焦相比，矿物质元素种类差别不大，但含量差别较大；风口焦中矿物质物种的区别在于增加Si,Al,Fe单质和Ba^2 的物种。     

Conformational states bound by the molecular chaperones GroEL and secB: a hidden unfolding (annealing) activity

We have analysed the conformational states of barnase that are bound by the molecular chaperones GroEL and SecB. Line broadening in the NMR spectra of barnase in the presence of chaperone indicates binding of the native state of barnase to both GroEL and SecB, with a dissociation constant of > 3 x 10(-4) M for the GroEL-native barnase complex. GroEL and SecB catalyse the hydrogen-deuterium exchange of amide proteins of barnase that require global unfolding for exchange to occur, indicating that both chaperones bind to a fully unfolded state of barnase. Binding of the denatured state was also detected by a reversible lowering of the melting temperature of barnase in the presence of chaperone. The dissociation constant of the complex between denatured barnase and either chaperone is 5 x 10(-8) M. The chaperone-bound fully unfolded state is a minor conformation that would not be seen by direct observation under physiological conditions, as the folding intermediate of barnase is the most populated state in the complex. The rate-limiting step for exchange of buried amide protons of bound barnase is the unfolding of the folding intermediate, which is retarded > 2000-fold in the complex with GroEL. The reverse refolding step is retarded > 1000-fold by GroEL leading to an EX1 mechanism for exchange. In contrast, unfolding of native barnase is catalysed by > 1000-fold. Thus, molecular chaperones GroEL and SecB have the potential to act in vivo and in vitro as: (1) a folding/transport-scaffold to prevent aggregation of partially folded states by binding; (2) as an annealing-machine to generate continuous unfolding of misfolded states until a low-affinity state is formed; and (3) as an unfoldase to catalyse unfolding of the misfolded states.     

Conversations about feeling states between mothers and their young children.

The development of children's verbal communication about feeling states was studied by analyzing naturally occurring conversations at home. The data were recorded during two longitudinal studies. In Study 1, 43 second-born children were observed with mother and older sibling at 18 and 24 months. In Study 2, 16 firstborn children were observed with mother and younger sibling at 25 and 32 months. Both studies showed that by 2 years of age, the majority of children referred to a range of feeling states in self and other, and they discussed the cause of feeling states in a variety of contexts (including pretend games). References to feeling states made by mother and older sibling when the target child was 18 months were positively correlated with the target child's speech about feeling states at 24 months. Both mothers and older siblings mentioned feeling states more frequently to girls than to boys. By 24 months, the girls themselves referred to feeling states significantly more often than boys. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Conceptions of states and traits: Dimensional attributes with ideals as prototypes.

Traits and states are concepts that people use to both describe and understand themselves and others. We show that people view these concepts as prototype-based categories that have a graded internal structure and fuzzy boundaries and identify a set of attributes that define the prototypical cores of two categories: traits and states. Prototypical traits are stable, long-lasting, and internally caused. Prototypical states are temporary, brief, and caused by external circumstances. These prototypes are not defined by averages, as the family-resemblance principle would suggest, but by ideal (or extreme) attribute values. Like other ideal-based categories, traits and states serve particular goals. Trait concepts permit people to predict the present from the past; state concepts identify those behaviors that can be controlled by manipulating the situation. These two complementary schemas are part of the extensive theory of psychological causality that is implicit in language. Abstract social concepts differ from object categories in their category standards, the nature of their attributes, and the interrelations among those attributes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Unnotched Charpy Impact Energy Transition Behavior of Austempered Engineering Grade Ductile Iron Castings

Unnotched Charpy impact energy transition behavior of five different engineering grade ductile iron castings, as specified by EN 1563 Standards, were examined in as-cast, as well as in austempered states. ADIs were produced with the maximum impact energy values permissible for the grades. Austempering treatment detrimented the sub-zero impact properties of the ferritic castings, but considerably enhanced those of the pearlitic–ferritic irons. The impact energy transition behavior of the austempered states of all the grades examined were noted to be determined by the progressive transformation of the unavoidable carbon-unsaturated and untransformed regions of the austenite remaining in the matrix of the austempered ductile iron to martensite with decreasing temperature.