中间相沥青基泡沫炭的制备、结构及性能

以萘系中间相沥青为原料,考察了发泡条件、炭化和石墨化工艺对所制泡沫炭结构和性能的影响.结合粘温曲线、TG-DTG热重曲线以及不同发泡条件下泡沫炭的表面形貌分析,其最佳发泡条件为:发泡温度600℃,升温速率5℃/min,发泡压力5MPa.石墨化升温速率越低越有利于泡沫炭石墨微晶的生长及压缩强度的提高,其中以5℃/min升温至2800℃并恒温30min所制泡沫炭的压缩强度达1.38MPa.     

中间相沥青基泡沫炭的制备与结构表征

将石油系中间相沥青利用限定尺寸法发泡后获得了泡沫炭,泡沫炭再经氧化、炭化和石墨化处理获得了具有良好孔结构的泡沫炭.利用SEM和XRD分析了泡沫炭的形态和结构.发现调整发泡模具中的自由空间可以控制泡沫炭的孔径;炭化和石墨化后泡沫炭的孔径减小,孔壁片层取向接近石墨;泡沫炭的孔壁由平直孔壁和“Y”形孔壁结构成,前者内部片层取向优于后者.大孔径泡沫炭的孔壁具有更紧密的内部分子排列,但其微晶尺寸较小.     

中间相沥青基活性泡沫炭的制备及其电化学性能研究

以中间相沥青为前驱体,经自挥发发泡法、KOH活化法制备的中间相沥青基活性泡沫炭作为超级电容器电极材料。采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射和低温(77K)N2吸附法对中间相沥青基活性泡沫炭的表面形貌和微观结构进行表征。中间相沥青基活性泡沫炭的比表面积为2700m2/g,总孔孔容为1.487cm3/g。通过恒流充放电、循环伏安和交流阻抗测试,考察了中间相沥青基活性泡沫炭作为超级电容器电极材料的电化学性能。在电流密度为0.02A/g时,中间相沥青基活性泡沫炭的比容量为240.48F/g,能量密度为33.4Wh/kg;在电流密度为5A/g时,比容量为166.68F/g,具有良好的电化学特性。     

SiO2气凝胶/中间相沥青基泡沫炭复合材料的制备与表征

以正硅酸乙酯、乙醇和去离子水为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了SiO2溶胶;并以煤沥青为原料,采用自挥发发泡法制备了中间相沥青基泡沫炭。然后采用浸渍工艺将SiO2溶胶和中间相沥青基泡沫炭在常压下进行复合,制备了SiO2气凝胶/中间相沥青基泡沫炭复合隔热材料。利用XRD、SEM、热导仪和万能试验机等设备分别研究了SiO2气凝胶、中间相沥青基泡沫炭以及SiO2气凝胶/中间相沥青基泡沫炭复合材料的结构和性能。结果表明,所制备的复合材料具有一定的力学性能,同时其隔热性能优于单一泡沫炭的隔热性能,有望成为一种新型的隔热材料。     

中间相沥青基炭泡沫体的制备、结构及性能

以合成中间相萘沥青为原料，采用加压发泡法制备孔径均匀的初生炭泡沫体，经700℃～1000℃和2300℃～2800℃热处理制备出炭化和石墨化炭泡沫体；以700℃炭化处理所得的炭泡沫体作为芯材制成夹芯复合材料。研究了原料性能、发泡以及热处理工艺参数对炭泡沫微观结构和力学性能的影响，考察了炭泡沫体夹芯复合材料的微波吸收性能。结果表明：发泡过程中保持均匀的温度场是制备孔径均匀的炭泡沫体的关键因素，压力是影响孔结构的主要因素。炭泡沫体的微晶结构、力学性能以及微波吸收性能沿xy和XZ面方向（分别表示垂直和平行于重力方向）具有各向异性。     

中间相沥青制备高密度高强度炭/石墨材料

以在不同氧化温度下制备的氧化中间相沥青为原料制备了具有不同密度的炭/石墨材料, 根据对样品物理性能和微观结构的研究得出最佳的工艺条件. 以150MPa压制的坯体经过2200℃石墨化后得到具有高密度(2.02g/cm³)、低孔率(2.03%)、大体积收缩(44.86%)、高的弯曲强度和压缩强度(70.3和123.3MPa)的样品. 该样品具有均匀致密的结构. 实验证明, 氧化中间相沥青是制备高性能炭石墨材料良好的前驱体.     

预氧化对中间相沥青泡沫炭结构和性能的影响机制研究

研究了预氧化对萘系中间相沥青的表面化学性质、族组成分布以及对泡沫炭的发泡条件、泡孔形成、孔结构及微结构的影响机制.当中间相沥青经210℃预氧化2h后,其喹啉不溶物含量增加32.3%,族组成分布变窄.在600℃/3MPa发泡条件下,所制石墨化泡沫炭的平均孔径、压缩强度分别为200μm、2.8MPa.     

以中间相沥青为原料的炭膜

一、前言高强度、高模量的沥青系炭素纤维(HPCF)是以中间相沥青为原料。本文作者就是用中间相沥青、并采用类似HPCF的制造过程试制了炭膜。所得到的炭膜,由于其断面结构保持碳六园环纲面在膜面平行取向,与一维炭素纤维相比,膜化后产生了二维性能,可用作一种新型材料。     

中间相沥青的预氧化对石墨化泡沫炭微裂纹的影响

通过对萘系中间相沥青进行预氧化处理,研究族组成变化对石墨化泡沫炭微结构的影响机制。结果表明:中间相沥青经过预氧化处理后,喹啉不溶物含量提高、族组成分布变窄,导致石墨化过程中泡沫炭泡孔的孔壁、韧带处热应力的梯度差异变小,进而使得微裂纹的数量、长度及间隙减小。     

中间相沥青的应用研究进展

中间相沥青是制备多种高级炭材料的优质原料,在高新材料领域引起了广泛关注.介绍了中间相沥青的基本性质以及国内外以中间相沥青为原料制备沥青基炭纤维、泡沫炭、多孔炭、电极材料等新型炭材料的研究现状,展望了中间相沥青的应用前景.     

Preparation of polybenzoxazine foam and its transformation to carbon foam

An organic foam derived from a new type of phenolic resin, namely polybenzoxazine, was successfully prepared with a noncomplex and economical foaming method by using azodicarbonamide (AZD) as a foaming agent. The influence of foam density on the physical and mechanical properties of the foams was studied. All resulting polybenzoxazine foams and carbon foams exhibit a tailorable uniform microstructure. Polybenzoxazine foams showed a density in the range of 273–407 kg/m³, and a compressive strength and a compressive modulus in the range of 5.2–12.4 MPa and 268–681 MPa, respectively. The foam density not only affects the physical and mechanical properties, but also affects the deformation response of the foam. In addition, the polybenzoxazine foam was further transformed into carbon foam by carbonization at 800 °C under an inert atmosphere, and its properties were examined.     

Pitch-based carbon fibres derived from thermoset fibres oxidized with Cl2 containing air

Mesophase pitch-based carbon fibres thermoset with Cl₂ containing air were studied for their microstructures and physical properties. Carbon fibres thermoset with Cl₂ containing air and heat-treated at 2000C (Cl₂2000) possessed slightly smaller mean sizes of crystallites L _c(0 0 2)s, lower densities, lower tensile moduli of elasticity, and higher tensile strengths than those thermoset with air. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed a somewhat lower degree of preferred orientation of a carbon fibre which was thermoset with Cl₂ containing air. The Cl₂ thermosetting partly disordered the periodic arrangement of crystallites and reduced the crystallite size L _c(0 0 2) of a carbon fibre heat-treated at a lower temperature. A strong temperature dependence of resistivity was shown for Cl₂800, suggesting much disorder in its microstructure due to the Cl₂ thermosetting, and Cl₂1000 and Cl₂1200, respectively showed specific temperature dependencies of resistivities.     

Properties of chopped carbon fiber reinforced carbon foam composites

A novel kind of carbon foam reinforced carbon-carbon composite with high density and mechanical properties was produced by densifying carbon foam preforms enhanced by chopped carbon fibers. The mechanical properties and densification efficiency of this composite could be improved by adding of fibers. The highest density of this composite could reach 1.5 g/cm³. The compressive strength increased by 38.9%, 66.7% and 29.4% when the additive amount of chopped fibers was 1%, 3% and 5% (wt.%) respectively. SEM observation showed that when the additive amount of fibers reached 5%, micro-cracks appeared in carbon foam preforms and resulted in the decrease in compressive strength of composite no. 4.     

碳泡沫吸波性能的研究

制备了具有三维网络结构的泡沫碳材料并研究了其吸波性能。结果表明：碳泡沫的电导率随着其热解温度的提高而增加。碳泡沫的电导率对其吸波性能有重要影响。随着电导率从0．02S／cm提高到1．03S／cm，碳泡沫对入射电磁波从透波为主转变为反射为主，吸波性能先逐渐变好，然后又逐渐变差。对于1.0mm网孔尺寸、30％体积分数和15mm厚度的碳泡沫来说，电导率为0．46S／cm时具有最佳的吸波性能，在4～15GHz整个频段上的反射率均在-6dB以下，体现了宽频带的吸收特征。碳泡沫的网孔尺寸、体积分数和厚度均对其吸波性能有一定影响。     

Porous carbon derived from waste polystyrene foam for supercapacitor

Polystyrene, one of the classical plastic, has caused serious environmental problems due to overuse and inability to recycle effectively. Transforming it into functional carbon materials is one of the effective ways to recycle polystyrene and other waste plastics, which has drawn the attention. In this study, we have developed a facile and efficient method for the preparation of three-dimensional (3D) network structure porous carbon (PC) via the Friedel–Crafts reaction with waste polystyrene serves as carbon source. Notably, the constructed carbonyl (–CO–) cross-linking bridges between the linear polystyrenes provide the resulting hierarchical porous polystyrene with a high cross-linking density and amounts of oxygen atoms to achieve the carbonizability of cross-linking polystyrene framework. Moreover, silica particles created more porous structure for carbon material. The prepared PC showed large specific surface area and 3D porous structure and exhibited good capacitance and electrochemical stability as electrode materials for supercapacitor.     

Preparation and characterization of conductive carbon nanotube-polyurethane foam composites

Electrical, thermal, and morphological properties of the polyurethane foam (PUF)/multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites were investigated with the MWCNT content. Electrical conductivity of the PUF/MWCNT composites increased rapidly from 0 to 0.23 S/cm at 0.1 php MWCNT content, then, the electrical conductivity did not change significantly with the increase of MWCNT content up to 0.5 phr because of the aggregation of the MWCNT when the amount of MWCNT was large (0.5 php). The PUF/MWCNT composite having low MWCNT contents (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 php) showed lower thermal conductivity than that of the PUF/MWCNT composite having higher content (0.5 php). This is maybe due to that the PUF with the lower MWCNT contents (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 php) showed smaller cell size than that of the PUF with the higher content of MWCNT (0.5 php). From the results of thermal conductivity and cell size of the PUF/MWCNT composites, it is suggested that reduction in cell size of the composite affects lowering the thermal conductivity of the PUF/MWCNT composites. Also, small amount (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 php) of MWCNT may contribute to decrease the thermal conductivity of the PUF/MWCNT composites.     

A porous carbon foam prepared from liquefied birch sawdust

Carbon foam was prepared by submitting birch sawdust to liquefaction, resinification, foaming, carbonization, and activation steps. The foam was characterized by TG and DTG, XRD, SEM, and nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. A mechanism for the formation of the porous carbon foam was proposed. Solid non-graphitized lightweight carbon foams with specific surface areas of 534–555 m²/g and cell sizes of 100–200 μm were obtained, depending on the carbonization or activation temperature used. The intermediate liquefied birch-based resin foam exhibits thermal stability superior to liquefied wood and inferior to phenolic resin, and decomposes rapidly in two stages, at 285.7 and 412.9 °C, respectively. Further activation of the carbon foam in a stream of nitrogen above 800 °C improves the pore structure and homogeneity of the cell size significantly. The matrix of the foams contains a large number of micropores, and the microstructure becomes more ordered as the activation temperature is increased.     

Novel carbon nanotube-polystyrene foam composites for electromagnetic interference shielding

A novel carbon nanotube-polystyrene foam composite has been fabricated successfully. The electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness measurements indicated that such foam composites can be used as very effective, lightweight shielding materials. The correlation between the shielding effectiveness and electrical conductivity and the EMI shielding mechanism of such foam composites are also discussed.     

Fabrication of aluminum foam stabilized by copper-coated carbon fibers

Short copper-coated carbon fibers were used as novel stabilizer for aluminum foam. Aluminum foams containing 0.35, 1.0, 1.7 vol.% copper-coated carbon fibers were fabricated by a melt route. Foaming behavior and microstructure of these foams were observed. Results show that copper-coated carbon fibers can stabilize aluminum foam by preventing cell wall rupture and reducing coalescence. The fibers are mostly located inside cell wall and form a network structure, which can generate separating force and prevent cell wall from rupture. The volume fraction of copper-coated carbon fibers needed to stabilize aluminum foam is as low as 0.35 vol.%, and the foam is more stable when more fibers are used.