Performance of coherent ASK lightwave systems with finiteintermediate frequency

The impact of finite intermediate frequency (IF) on the performance of heterodyne ASK lightwave systems is examined and quantified in the presence of laser phase noise and shot noise. For negligible linewidths, it is shown that certain finite choices of IF (R _b,3R_b/2,2R_b,5R_b/2, etc.) lead to the same ideal bit-error-rate (BER) performance as infinite choices of IF. Results indicate that for negligible linewidths the worst case sensitivity penalty is 0.9 dB for proper heterodyne detection and occurs when f_IF=1.25 R_b. For nonnegligible linewidths (e.g., when ΔνT⩾0.04) the sensitivity penalty is always less than 0.9 dB for finite choices of IF. The analysis presented does lead to a closed-form signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) expression at the decision gate of the receiver which can readily be used for BER and sensitivity penalty computations. The SNR expression provided includes all the key system parameters of interest such as system bit rate (R_b), the peak IF SNR (ξ), laser linewidth (Δν), and the IF filter expansion factor (α). The findings of this work suggest that the number of channels in a multichannel heterodyne ASK lightwave system can be increased substantially by properly choosing a small value for the IF at the expense of a small penalty <1 dB. On the negative side, IF frequency stabilization becomes a more critical requirement in multichannel systems employing small values of IF     

Impact of finite frequency deviation on the performance ofdual-filter heterodyne FSK lightwave systems

A detailed theoretical analysis is given of the impact of finite frequency deviation on the sensitivity of dual-filter heterodyne frequency-shift-keying (FSK) lightwave systems. The analysis provides closed-form signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) results for estimating the bit-error-ratio (BER) performance of the system. These closed-form results provide an insight into the impact of finite frequency deviation 2Δf_d, laser linewidth Δν, bit rate R_b, and IF filter bandwidths on the system performance. Simulation results indicate that the accuracy of the approximate theory presented is within 1 dB for linewidths up to 22% when BER=10^-9. It is shown that there is a well-defined relationship between the choice of frequency deviation and the tolerable amount of laser phase noise. The sensitivity degradation can be very severe for a fixed linewidth as the frequency deviation gets smaller     

Impact of laser phase noise on the performance of a {3×3}phase and polarization diversity optical homodyne DPSK receiver

An analysis of the impact of laser phase noise on the performance of a {3×3} phase- and polarization-diversity differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) receiver is done for the phase and shot-noise limited case. The results show that, for zero laser linewidths, the maximal signal power penalty of the {3×3} phase- and polarization-diversity DPSK receiver with respect to the conventional heterodyne DPSK receiver is approximately 0.7 dB for P_e =10^-9. For nonzero laser linewidths, it appears that, depending on the laser linewidth, for large signal-to-noise ratios the performance of the analyzed {3×3} phase- and polarization-diversity DPSK receiver is close to that of the ideal conventional heterodyne DPSK receiver. For a rectangular intermediate-frequency filter, the maximum allowable normalized laser linewidth (Δυ×T) for the (3×3) phase and polarization diversity DPSK receiver is found to be approximately 0.46% for a power penalty of 1 dB     

Theory of the Intrinsic Linewidth of Quantum-Cascade Lasers: Hidden Reason for the Narrow Linewidth and Line-Broadening by Thermal Photons

We have developed a theory of the intrinsic linewidths of laser output of single-mode quantum-cascade (QC) lasers in mid-infrared and terahertz (THz) ranges. In the theoretical treatment, the concept of an effective coupling efficiency of spontaneous emission, given by a fractional rate of spontaneous emission coupled into a lasing mode to total nonlasing relaxation, is introduced to clarify a hidden reason for the narrowness of the linewidths. A narrow linewidth (12-kHz) reported with a frequency-stabilized 8.5- distributed-feedback QC laser is successfully interpreted in terms of an extremely small effective coupling efficiency of spontaneous emission, caused by ultrafast nonradiative scatterings. The present theory predicts the presence of a minimum ldquolinewidth floorrdquo in a high-injection-current region and the independence of linewidth on detuning between gain-peak and emission wavelengths. The theoretical treatment is expanded to derive the further modified Schawlow-Townes formula including the line-broadening by black body radiation in a THz QC laser. The linewidth of a THz QC laser is predicted to be considerably broadened by black body radiation.     

Characteristics of linewidth-narrowed distributed Bragg reflectorlasers with a fiber external cavity formed with the vertical gratingemission

Linewidth reduction has been observed in a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser with a second-order grating when an external cavity is formed with the vertical emission. The external cavity consists of a length of optical fiber which is brought close to the top of the laser. Displayed linewidths as low as 26 kHz have been measured. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of linewidth reduction via vertical emission from a laser diode     

Widely tunable narrow linewidth erbium doped fibre ring laser

An erbium doped fibre ring laser enabling singlemode operation over a continuous wavelength tuning range of 44 nm (1528 nm-1572 nm) with laser linewidths of less than 10 kHz is reported.<>     

Envelope statistics for filtered optical signals corrupted by phasenoise

Consideration is given to the case of an optical pulse containing phase noise which is passed through either an optical filter or (following heterodyne lightwave detection) an electrical filter. Because of the phase noise, the envelope of the filter output at any instant is a random variable. An analytical method is developed for estimating the probability density function (pdf) of this envelope for different kinds of filter responses and for realistic combinations of phase noise severity and filter bandwidth. Obvious applications are to detection analyses of coherent lightwave systems, wherein finite laser linewidths constitute an important source of impairment. For each of the several types of filters considered, the envelope PDF can be accurately fitted by an exponential function approximation, where the decay constant is related in a simple way to known system parameters     

Frequency-Doubled Fiber Lasers for RF Spectrum Analysis in Spectral-Hole-Burning Media

We demonstrate an RF spectrum analyzer based on spectral-hole burning (SHB) that operates with unity probability of intercept and resolution under 100 kHz. An SHB crystal, which consists of rare-earth ions doped into a crystal host, records the power spectrum of an RF signal modulated onto an optical carrier as a series of spectral holes that persist for about 10 ms. While the crystal's homogeneous and inhomogeneous linewidths place the fundamental limits on resolution and bandwidth, respectively, the practical limits depend on the lasers used to interrogate the record stored in the crystal's absorption profile. Up to now, SHB spectrum analyzers have used chirped beams from externally modulated, stabilized lasers, which have linewidths of under 10 kHz but cannot chirp over much more than octave bandwidths, or directly modulated diode lasers, which can chirp over more than 20GHz but have linewidths of about 1 MHz. Switching to chirped fiber lasers, which have natural linewidths of under 2 kHz and chirping linewidths on the order of 10 kHz, produces a measurement with fine resolution without any laser stabilization. In addition, by chirping the fiber laser with a sufficiently fast piezo, the resulting chirp could extend over tens of gigahertz in under 10 ms, yielding both fine resolution and broad bandwidth without extraordinary stabilization schemes.     

Heterodyne ASK multiport optical receivers using postdetectionfiltering

A theoretical model for heterodyne amplitude-shift-keying (ASK) multiport optical receivers is presented. It applies when the transmitter and local oscillator have significant linewidths. The modeled receiver uses square law detection and postdetection filtering. The model allows for the essentially non-Gaussian character of the probability density function of the noise process at the input of the threshold comparator. Numerical computations are made for the {2×2} multiport receiver. They show that such a receiver can handle laser linewidths on the order of the bit rate with 1.5-dB loss as compared to the ideal heterodyne receiver with zero linewidth     

Effect of DBR Geometry on Reflectivity and Spectral Linewidth of DBR Lasers

对DBR几何参量不同的InGaAs-GaAs-AlGaAs DBR半导体激光器样品的输出线宽进行了测量和分析.样品激光器DBR光栅取不同的长度和蚀刻深度以考察其几何特性对耦合系数、反射率以及输出线宽的影响.线宽通过自差频测量系统测量得到.对实验结果与理论计算结果进行了对比.对测得的光学特性参数与几何特性参数之间的联系进行了分析.在此基础上讨论了DBR几何特性对激光器输出线宽的影响.研究结果为该类型DBR半导体激光器的制造提供了有用的信息.     

激光微细熔覆温度场模型的构建与应用

建立了激光微细熔覆温度场模型,并推导出了布线线宽随激光功率及激光扫描速度的定量公式,通过它可以预测激光微细熔覆过程中形成给定线宽导线的激光参数.实验结果验证了该模型和实际情况符合得很好,具有很好的实用性.     

两台独立激光器拍频线型对线宽测量的影响

根据两台独立激光器拍频的理论模型,计算得到了洛伦兹线型和高斯线型的拍频线宽随衰减值的变化关系。为了提高激光线宽测量精度,在未知拍频线型时应选取较小的衰减值计算激光线宽;在已知拍频线型的情况下可选取较大的衰减值计算激光线宽。实验上采用窄线宽半导体激光器拍频测量其激光线宽,根据几个特殊衰减值处的线宽比值关系来判别拍频线型。选用较大衰减值处的拍频线宽计算激光线宽,测量结果与仪器出厂指标相比,误差仅为0.23%。该方法对其他线型仍然适用。     

DBR几何特性对其反射率和DBR激光器线宽的影响

对DBR几何参量不同的InGaAs-GaAs-AlGaAs DBR半导体激光器样品的输出线宽进行了测量和分析.样品激光器DBR光栅取不同的长度和蚀刻深度以考察其几何特性对耦合系数、反射率以及输出线宽的影响.线宽通过自差频测量系统测量得到.对实验结果与理论计算结果进行了对比.对测得的光学特性参数与几何特性参数之间的联系进行了分析.在此基础上讨论了DBR几何特性对激光器输出线宽的影响.研究结果为该类型DBR半导体激光器的制造提供了有用的信息.     

Statistical properties of Rayleigh backscattering in single-modefibers

An analytical model that takes into account the influence of the laser linewidth on Rayleigh backscattering is given. For an unmodulated source the power spectral density is found to be identical to the delayed self-homodyne spectrum of the laser. The backscattered signal was measured for different laser linewidths, and the results are compared with the theory. The effects of Rayleigh backscattering noise on fiber gyroscopes and bidirectional optical systems are discussed     

Mode beating noise reduction of mutually injection-locked erbium-doped fiber laser and laser diode link

We report a mutually injection-locked erbium-doped fiber amplifier (or laser) and Fabry-Pe/spl acute/rot laser diode link (EDFA-FPLD or EDFL-FPLD) for single longitudinal mode lasing with linewidth of 0.012 nm and sidemode suppression ratio of 42 dB. The 3-dB linewidths of <20 MHz and 350 kHz for the EDFL-FPLD and EDFA-FPLD links, respectively, are reported using interferometric determination. The mode-beating noise can be completely eliminated in the EDFA-FPLD link.     

Line Narrowing of a Tunable High Pressure CO2 Laser by Means of an Improved Non-Littrow Cavity

A model is reported to foresee ,for different mirror choices, the spectral properties of a high pressure, frequency tunable, CO₂ laser, operating with a non-Littrow grating mounting. The calculations show a larger frequency selectivity for not collimated plane cavities. The model is experimentally verified in a suitable high pressure laser. In particular narrowed linewidths less than 300MHz ( FWHM) are obtained.     

激光预脉冲对双层靶LPX辐射特性的影响

以激光产生的等离子体作为短波激光的激活介质,是目前实现X射线激光最有希望的方案之一,早在1985年,美国利弗莫尔国家实验室(LLNL)的D.L.Matthaws等人首次观察到了硒等离子体介质中类氖离子的20.9nm和20.6nm跃迁的短波激光输出,这给许多实验室X射线激光研究带来了新的生机。继后许多实验报道了他们利用各种机制所取得的结果,目前认为最有希望的泵浦机制是电子碰撞激发和碰撞复合,相应地它们对激光条件和靶的结构要求是不同的。为此,我们在文献[3]中已较系统地研究了激光与高、中和低Z元素靶相互作用的辐射特性,在文献[4]中研究了激光产生的等离子体基本参数和分布特性,在文献[1]中研究了不同结构靶对短波域粒子数反转的影响。本文是在上述工作的基础上,进一步深入地研     

UMSFS能级差测量精度的研究

研究了四能级系统的超快调制光谱（ＵＭＳＦＳ）中泵浦光为窄带或宽带的情形,发现它们对能级差的测量都可以达到消除多普勒增宽的精度。在符合拍频条件时,能级差可以超出激光线宽,其测量精度可达到与激光线宽同一数量级。     

Measuring the quantum-limited linewidth of a laser by using theZeeman effect

We explore Zeeman operation of a laser as a way to measure its quantum phase noise. We measure the differential phase diffusion of a σ⁺ and a σ^- mode; the degeneracy of these modes is lifted by a longitudinal magnetic field. Experiments are performed on a high-gain HeXe gas laser, comparing quantum linewidths measured using this technique with measurements on the same laser using the well-established self-heterodyne technique. The two methods are found to be equivalent when the magnetic field used in the Zeeman technique is sufficiently large. The advantages of the Zeeman technique as compared to the self-heterodyne technique are its extreme simplicity and very modest laser-power requirement