ASME应变强化本构模型及压力容器安全裕度分析

弹塑性有限元分析需要材料的真实应力—应变曲线,但利用ASME中的应变强化本构模型,按标准保证值和实测值分别建立的ASME真实应力—应变曲线存在较大的差异。运用ANSYS有限元软件模拟同一个1.4301奥氏体不锈钢压力容器模型在这两种材料参数下筒体应力、应变以及爆破压力的差异,并将模拟结果与试验结果对比。同时利用有限元模拟和爆破试验的爆破压力结果,分析奥氏体不锈钢应变强化压力容器在不同预应变下的安全裕度和实际安全裕度。结果表明：按保证值材料参数设计的压力容器,容器的实际塑性应变要比理论值小很多,用实测值材料参数设计大变形压力容器时应严格控制实际的应变值;应变强化压力容器的理论设计应变可达10%,但实际应变应在5%左右,容器才具有足够的安全裕度。     

奥氏体不锈钢制压力容器应变强化工艺研究及安全性分析

根据欧盟EN 13458-2: 2002中关于奥氏体不锈钢制压力容器应变强化标准确定了材料的许用应力,设计并制造了奥氏体不锈钢制试验容器,合理制定了焊接工艺并对容器焊缝进行了射线和渗透检测,所有焊缝质量均达到Ⅰ级合格。通过自行开发的精确自动加压设备对试验容器实施应变强化工艺,通过测量应变强化后容器周长变化量来计算强化容器的永久变形量,并与理论值进行了比较,两者吻合较好。对应变强化容器进行了爆破试验,以确定其爆破压力和爆破部位,并测量容器启裂部位的周长变化量和壁厚减薄量,检验强化容器的塑性储备。探究了应变强化容器极限承载压力和爆破安全系数并讨论了其安全性。     

应变强化奥氏体不锈钢弯曲压头直径研究

针对现有标准没有对应变强化奥氏体不锈钢弯曲试验时弯曲压头直径选取做出统一规定的现状,通过试验和有限元模拟的方式,结合当前应变强化奥氏体不锈钢深冷容器用S30408断后伸长率值,探讨S30408母材(包括未预拉伸和预拉伸9%材料)弯曲压头直径的选取,并建议取消S30408母材弯曲试验。     

奥氏体不锈钢应变强化容器结构的可靠度分析

由于较好的低温性能,奥氏体不锈钢被广泛应用于LNG低温储罐,而奥氏体不锈钢的应变强化技术能提高材料的屈服强度实现容器的轻量化设计。在工程上,奥氏体不锈钢材料性能数据呈现一定的离散性,在压力容器制造和使用过程中,容器的尺寸和使用条件也是随机变量。利用可靠性设计中的一次二阶矩法和ANSYS软件中的Prob Design模块,可以得到了应变强化前后容器关键参数的随机分布,从而得到强化前后结构可靠度的变化,为奥氏体不锈钢应变强化容器的设计和制造提供支持。     

基于应变强化技术的奥氏体不锈钢压力容器轻型化设计探讨

奥氏体不锈钢材料韧性好但屈服强度低,通过应变强化技术可显著提高奥氏体不锈钢的屈服强度,从而提高奥氏体不锈钢压力容器的承载能力,减薄容器壁厚,达到节约材料的目的。介绍了奥氏体不锈钢应变强化的基本原理和基本过程,从强度、抗腐蚀能力、应力腐蚀开裂和氢脆等方面综述了奥氏体不锈钢应变强化后性能变化的研究进展,并提出进一步研究的建议,以实现压力容器轻型化这一安全与经济并重的绿色制造理念。     

应变强化对S30408奥氏体不锈钢低温冲击性能的影响

室温应变强化技术可大幅提高奥氏体不锈钢的屈服强度,显著减薄容器壁厚,已广泛应用于奥氏体不锈钢深冷容器制造。采用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和摆锤式冲击试验机研究应变强化对S30408奥氏体不锈钢低温冲击性能的影响。结果表明:材料在应变强化过程中发生应变诱发相变,相变产物为α'和ε马氏体,深冷低温对应变强化材料的相组成和含量影响不大。随着应变量的增加和温度的降低,材料冲击吸收能量KV2降低,其中裂纹扩展能EP基本不变,裂纹形成能Ei显示与总冲击吸收能量相似的变化趋势。当温度低于77 K,冲击吸收能量下降趋于平缓,呈现出"平台"现象,且应变强化对材料低温冲击性能的影响要大于温度对其的影响。即使经过15%应变量,材料仍表现出较好的低温冲击韧性。     

基于应变强化特性的不锈钢筒体极限载荷分析及其轻量化设计

将S30408不锈钢的真应力—应变曲线简化为双线性各向同性强化模型,对不锈钢圆筒进行弹塑性分析,得出考虑应变强化特性的圆筒全屈服压力。与采用多线性各向同性强化模型进行非线性有限元计算得到筒体的极限载荷进行比较,两者结果吻合。给出考虑材料应变强化特性的筒体径比计算公式及算图,只要确定了材料的双线性各向同性强化模型参数,即可计算出筒体的径比并确定筒体的厚度。与常规设计法相比,筒体壁厚可减轻28.6%。     

应变强化奥氏体不锈钢的低温冲击韧性

对S30408和S31603奥氏体不锈钢在室温下进行不同应变量10%~20%的应变强化处理,然后分别在常温至-269℃进行低温冲击试验,研究了应变量对试验钢低温冲击韧性的影响。结果表明:两种钢的冲击韧性随着应变量的增大逐渐降低,应变强化后两种试验钢冲击吸收能随着试验温度的降低而逐渐降低,当温度低于-196℃(77 K)后冲击吸收能趋于平缓,呈现出"平台";两种钢经过20%应变量强化后低温韧性仍较好,能够满足奥氏体不锈钢应变强化技术标准中低温冲击韧性指标要求。     

奥氏体不锈钢压力容器应变强化技术的发展及国外标准比较

主要介绍了奥氏体不锈钢压力容器应变强化技术在国内外的研究现状,对三个国外常温应变强化工艺标准进行了比较;综述了国内对奥氏体不锈钢低温压力容器应变强化研究的主要进展,最后对今后的研究方向提出了建议。     

奥氏体不锈钢制压力容器强度裕度研究

分析了国内外压力容器标准中关于奥氏体不锈钢的许用应力,并通过工业规模奥氏体不锈钢压力容器爆破试验得到了容器的实际爆破压力,根据爆破压力与设计压力的比值比较不同标准下的压力容器强度裕度,结果说明GB 150在许用应力方面相对其他国际标准较为保守,建议以残余应变为1%的屈服强度代替残余应变为0.2%的屈服强度.     

基于应变强化技术的低温储罐轻量化设计

随着低温液化气体的日益广泛应用,深冷容器的需求量不断增加。在保证安全的前提下,实现深冷容器的轻量化,对于降低制造成本具有重要意义。采用室温应变强化技术可以提高奥氏体不锈钢的屈服强度,显著减薄奥氏体不锈钢制深冷容器的壁厚,减轻重量。试验测定了304不锈钢应变强化效应,并采用常规设计、分析设计和极限分析三种不同的方法,对相同设计参数的304不锈钢制低温储罐内筒进行强度设计,发现应变强化后材料的屈服强度显著提高。若考虑应变强化,按常规设计内筒柱壳厚度可降低50％,按分析设计可降低45％,而按极限分析,承载能力可提高139％。     

奥氏体不锈钢的低温循环硬化

本文对奥氏体不锈钢1Cr18Ni9Ti进行了应变疲劳试验,研究了循环变形过程中的微观结构变化以及循环硬化机理。1Cr18Ni9Ti在室温和低温下均发生循环硬化。经室温和低温应变疲劳可形成α′马氏体和ε马氏体,ε马氏体极少,α′马氏体形貌为板条状和短快状。1Cr18Ni9Ti循环硬化机制为,随循环周次增加,α′马氏体的不断形成使得材料发生硬化,当新形成的马氏体造成的硬化和先形成的马氏体在随后的循环中发生的软化达到动态平衡时,即达到了循环硬化饱和状态。     

Strain Hardening: Can it Affect Abrasion Resistance?

It has been largely reported in the literature that previous strain hardening has none or negligible effect on abrasive wear resistance. Those results are mainly obtained using sand rubber wheel tests and pin-on-disk tests, and have been attributed to the large strain hardening promoted by the abrasion phenomena themselves. The stresses involved in those tests are very high and the stress distributions spread toward subsurface regions at large depths. This work investigates the effects of strain hardening on low-severity (low stress at low depth) abrasive wear resistance. Microabrasion tests, normally regarded as lower stress tests, were used in order to impose low severity. Two types of stainless steels were tested: an austenitic AISI 304 steel and a ferritic AISI 430 steel. Strain hardening was obtained via thickness reduction (20%) of stainless steel sheets in a laboratory cold rolling mill. The microabrasion wear tests were carried out in a fixed-ball microabrasion tester with a three-axis load cell to continuously and simultaneously monitor the forces involved in the tests. Contrary to many findings so far in the literature, previous strain hardening increased abrasion wear resistance (55 and 63%, respectively) for both materials. Hertz calculations, simulations using Finite Element Program with explicit solution, conventional mechanical tests, microhardness profiles, microstructural analysis, and X-ray diffraction analysis were used to explain this paradigm shift for the case of microabrasion tests.     

0Cr17Mn17Mo3NiN奥氏体不锈钢的热变形行为及热加工图

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机研究0Cr17Mn17Mo3NiN奥氏体不锈钢在950~1 100℃,0.01~1 s^-1条件下的热变形行为。依据热压缩过程中0Cr17Mn17Mo3NiN奥氏体不锈钢的真应变-真应力曲线,确定了其在该热变形参数下的高温本构方程,并根据动态材料模型建立热加工图。结果表明,在相同的应变速率下,流变应力随着温度的升高而降低;而在相同的变形温度下,流变应力随着应变速率的减小而降低。0Cr17Mn17Mo3NiN奥氏体不锈钢的热变形激活能为549 kJ/mol。在980~1 050℃范围内,真应变为0.4,应变速率为0.01~0.1 s^-1时,能量耗散效率η值为0.28~0.3,0Cr17Mn17Mo3NiN奥氏体不锈钢容易发生动态再结晶。因此,该温度区域是最优的热加工工艺窗口。     

不同材料的室温单轴应变循环特性和棘轮行为研究

通过对U71Mn轨道钢和316L不锈钢室温下单轴应变控制和应力控制循环的实验研究，就两种材料的应变循环特性和棘轮行为进行研究和比较。讨论应变循环下应变幅值和平均应变的大小及其历史对应变循环特性的影响以及应力循环下应力幅值和平均应力的大小及其历史对棘轮行为的影响，同时还讨论了应变循环与应力循环间的交互作用。研究中着重对两种材料的循环特性进行比较，得到一些有助于进行合理本构描述的结果。     

The overstrain of Thick-Walled cylinders considering the bauschinger effect factor (BEF)

An independent kinematic hardening material model in which the reverse yielding point is defined by the Bauschinger effect factor (BEF), has been defined for stainless steel SUS 304. The material model and the BEF are obtained experimentally and represented mathematically as continuous functions of effective plastic strain. The material model has been incorporated in a non-linear stress analysis for the prediction of reverse yielding in thick-walled cylinders during the autofrettage process of these vessels. Residual stress distributions of the independent kinematic hardening material model at the onset of reverse yielding are compared with residual stresses of an isotropic hardening model showing the significant effect of the BEF on reverse yielding predictions. Critical pressures of direct and reverse yielding are obtained for the most commonly used cylinders and a range of permissible internal pressures for an efficient autofrettaged process is recommended.     

Influence of temperature on a low-cycle fatigue behavior of a ferritic stainless steel

The main objective of this study is to reveal the effect of dynamic strain ageing (DSA) on a ferritic stainless steel with detail relation to monotonic and cyclic responses over a wide range of temperatures. For assessing the effect of strain rate on mechanical properties, tensile test results are studied at two different strain rates of 2×10^?3/s and 2×10^?4/s. Typical responses of this material are compared with other alloy in literatures that exhibits DSA. Serrations in monotonic stress-strain curves and anomalous dependence of tensile properties with temperatures are attributed to the DSA effect. The low cycle fatigue curves exhibit prominent hardening and negative temperature dependence of half-life plastic strain amplitude in temperatures between 300°C–500°C which can be explained by DSA phenomenon. The regime for dependence of marked cyclic hardening lies within the DSA regime of anomalous dependence of flow stress and dynamic strain hardening stress with temperature and negative strain rate sensitivity regime of monotonic response. It is believed that shortened fatigue life observed in the intermediate temperature is mainly due to the adverse effect of DSA. An empirical life prediction model is addressed for as-received material to consider the effect of temperature on fatigue life. The numbers of load reversals obtained from experiment and predicted from fatigue parameter are compared and found to be in good agreement.