SMV静态混合器内气液两相流压降的研究

以气-液两相流动的均相流模型为前提,运用流体力学计算软件对SMV静态混合器中的气液两相流的压力场进行模拟计算,分析其压降的规律,并与水平直圆管内压降和混合器内单液相流压降做了对比分析.结果表明:气液两相流流经SMV混合器的沿程压降及局部压降均随着雷诺数的增大呈现明显增大趋势,且管路总压降与元件数成正比;静态混合器两相流...     

大流量下倾斜管气液两相流实验研究

在较高的气液范围内,以水和空气为实验介质,在多相流实验平台上进行了倾斜向上的高产量气液两相流模拟实验研究。实验采用内径为40 mm、长8 m的透明有机玻璃管,并利用高速摄像仪记录实验过程中的流型。对实验流型进行分析,发现了倾斜管中低气流速下的一种新的流型-振荡冲击流,并研究了表观气、液流速和倾斜角对气液两相流动中压降的影响,建立气/液膜流动模型来分析表观气、液流速对压降梯度的影响作用,实验研究结果表明:在高气液量范围内,倾斜管中观察到的气液两相流型主要为振荡冲击流、过渡流和环状流,并且倾角对流型转变边界的影响不显著;振荡冲击流压降随气流速的增加而降低,环状流压降随气流速的增加而增加,过渡流压降梯度最小;倾斜管压降梯度随着倾斜角度的增加而增大。     

SK型静态混合器内气-液两相流单气泡运动实验研究

采用单气泡实验对SK型静态混合器内气-液间混合过程进行试验研究,针对主流速度、气泡尺寸、混合元件数量等参数对气-液混合效果差异进行实验研究,并就整个混合过程中的压降波动进行了分析。实验结果表明,SK型静态混合器增大气-液两相相界面,提高气-液两相混合效果,延长气-液停留时间,混合元件数增加压力降增大。     

垂直管中气,液两相上升流动摩擦压降测定的改进

本文研究了气、液两相垂直上升流动的摩擦压降，改进了两相液中流体的压差与持液量的测定技术，实验在内径为１９ｍｍ、高度为１５００ｍｍ的垂直玻璃管中完成，实验介质采用空气与水，两相流摩擦压了值通过测定压差与持液量实验数据计算得到，流型通过观察决定。     

气液两相流水平绕流柱体的动态压降特性

压降是气液两相流绕流柱体时包含丰富流动信息的重要参数,对于压降的研究密切关系到两相流动系统的设计和运行.以空气和水为实验介质在泡状流、塞状流、弹状流和环状流四种流型下,研究了气液两相流水平绕流梯形柱体的动态压降特性.结果表明:泡状流和塞状流的动态压降有较稳定的波动,其时均值主要取决于液相流量;弹状流的动态压降变化剧烈,其时均值随两相雷诺数的分布比较均匀;环状流的动态压降变化比较平缓,其时均值随两相雷诺数的增加呈近似线性递增;在四种不同流型下,时均动态压降系数随两相雷诺数的增加都呈线性递减.这一结果为分析气液两相流绕流柱体的流动特性提供了有益的借鉴.     

气液两相垂直管流中弹状流型数学模型

本文对气液两相垂直管流的弹状流型的流动机理进行了分析,建立了数学模型。模型的特点是采用了以弹状气泡速度运动的相对座标系,在弹状气泡周围下落液膜流动、液体段空隙率计算和压降计算等方面部提出了新的观点。在两种管径中用空气-水系统进行了实验以验证模型,与一些其他作者的实验数据和理论模型也进行了比较,结果都表明这个机理模型计算的弹状流型的各种流体力学参数值与实验值吻合良好,也优于其他作者提出的模型。     

130°Y型汇流下蛇形微通道气液两相流型可视化研究

以空气、去离子水为实验工质,采用130°Y型混合器,在当量直径177.8μm的蛇形通道内利用高速摄像仪进行可视化实验,比较了上气下液型、上液下气型2种混合方式下的两相流型,并进一步对其产生的原因进行了分析。发现蛇形通道内存在有不同于直微通道的特殊流型,气戟长度在流动过程中有增大的趋势,通道上、中、下3段以及弯道处的相分布与流型有着密切的关系。     

水平气液两相管流流型转变实验研究

综述了国内外水平气液两相流的发展状况,以及水平气液两相流型的划分方法,并通过实验对水平管的空气-水两相流进行了研究,观察了水平管内气液两相流的流动现象,划分出流型,分析了流型转变影响因素并根据实验结果绘出流型图,并与传统的试验结果进行了比较,表明有类似的特征,进而提出预测能力更强的流型转换式。     

气-气混合器的数值模拟及优化设计研究

设计了一种体积小、压降低的新型气-气混合器,用于实现燃气与空气的均匀混合。利用Fluent数值模拟的方法研究了有导流板和无导流板两种情况下气-气混合器内的流场分布及混合效果,发现无导流板时混合器内存在一个旋涡区,混合器出口截面上的混合不均匀度S=0.053 6,空气在混合器中的总压降为960 Pa,空气与燃气进气压差为1 164 Pa;有导流板时混合器内存在两个旋涡区,混合器出口截面上的混合不均匀度S^*=0.045 4,空气在混合器中的总压降为1 109 Pa,空气与燃气进气压差为1 143 Pa。结果表明增设导流板后的气-气混合器整体压降增加约150 Pa左右,但混合效果更优,可实现均匀混合。对于有导流板的混合器结构,随着空气流量增加,压降增长十分显著,混合不均匀度随空气流量的增加而先下降后增长,燃气流量对压降及混合效果影响均不大。     

U形弯头单元内气液两相流型及压降波动特性

对空气-水两相流在内径16 mm、弯曲半径100 mm的横向U形弯头单元内向上流动时的流型进行了实验研究。利用流动可视化技术及其相应压降波动规律实现了流型的客观识别。总结了不同流型的压降波动特性并据此提出了定量识别流型的新方法。实验范围内发现了分层-搅拌流、塞状-泡状流、段塞-波形流、环状-波形流和环状弥散流等5种与水平直管和垂直直管不同的流型。相比标准偏差,压降波动的功率谱（PSD）分布能更好地反映U形弯头单元内不同流型的流态演变特征与动力学特性。PSD分布的偏度或峰度与气液表观流速比的结合可以定量客观地识别U形弯头单元内的流型,流型转变时的气液表观流速比为1和13。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。