Buckling of functionally graded circular columns including shear deformation

An analysis of the stability of circular cylindrical columns/beams composed of functionally graded materials is made where shear deformation is taken into account. In this study, a new approach is carried out. Different from the assumption of uniform shear stress at the cross-section adopted in the Timoshenko beam theory, proposed model provides a new approach for treating the problem. Based on the traction-free surface condition, two coupled governing equations for the deflection and rotation are derived, and a single governing equation is further obtained. A comparison of buckling loads derived from the proposed circular column model and the Timoshenko and Euler–Bernoulli theories of beams is made. Moreover, the effects of radial gradient on buckling loads of elastic columns with circular cross-section made of functionally graded materials are elucidated. Finally, the stability of double-walled carbon nanotubes is considered and critical stress is determined and compared with existing results. The results obtained by the proposed model show very good agreement with the results of the Timoshenko beam theory or Reddy–Bickford beam theory.     

Further study on the refined theory of rectangle deep beams

Based on the refined theory for narrow rectangular deep beams, two different displacement boundary conditions of the fixed end of a cantilever beam are used to study the deformation of the beam. One is the conventional simplified displacement boundary condition, and the other is a new boundary condition determined by the least squares method. Three load cases are investigated, which are a transverse shear force at the free end of the beam, a uniformly distributed load at the top surface, and a linearly distributed load at the top surface, respectively. Solutions are given for both the refined theory and the Timoshenko beam theory and are compared with the known solutions from the elastic theory and results by the finite element method. It is shown that the solutions of the refined theory coincide with those of the elastic theory; the solutions from the Timoshenko theory by using the two different displacement boundary conditions are the same; the refined theory by using the new boundary condition provides better results than using the conventional boundary condition and also better than those of the Timoshenko beam theory.     

Winkler地基上修正Timoshenko梁振动分析

利用Bernoulli-Euler梁理论建立的弹性地基梁模型应用广泛,但其在高阶频率及深梁计算中误差较大,利用修正的Timoshenko梁理论建立新的弹性地基梁振动微分方程,由于其在Timoshenko梁的基础上考虑了剪切变形所引起的转动惯量,因而具有更好的精确度。利用ANAYS beam54梁单元进行振动模态的有限元计算,所求结果与理论基本无误差,从而验证了该理论的正确性。基于修正Timoshenko梁振动理论推导出了弹性地基梁双端自由-自由、简支-简支、简支-自由、固支-固支等多种边界条件下的频率超越方程及模态函数。分析了弹性地基梁在不同理论下不同约束条件及不同高跨比情况下的计算结果,从而论证了该理论计算弹性地基梁的适用性。分析了不同弹性地基梁理论下波速、群速度与波数的关系。得到了约束条件和梁长对振动模态及地基刚度对振动频率有重要影响等结论。     

Free vibration analysis of elastically supported Timoshenko columns with attached masses by transfer matrix and finite element methods

This paper deals with the free vibration of Timoshenko columns with attached masses having rotary inertia. The support of the model is elastically restrained against rotation. The concept of fixity factor is used to define the stiffness of the elastic connection relative to that of the column. The governing equation of the column elements is solved by applying the separation of variables method in the transfer matrix method (TMM) algorithm. The same problems are solved, also, by finite element method (FEM) algorithm in which the matrices in equation of motion are obtained for Timoshenko column, and the results are compared with the ones of TMM. The comparison graphs are presented in numerical analysis to show the effectiveness of the considered methods, and it is resulted that FEM gives closer results to TMM.     

解析型Winkler弹性地基梁单元构造

该文采用Winkler弹性地基梁理论确定了弹性地基梁的挠度方程解析通解; 根据最小势能原理建立了解析型Winkler弹性地基欧拉梁及铁摩辛柯梁的单元刚度及等效节点荷载; 得到了解析型弹性地基欧拉梁单元AWFB-E及铁摩辛柯梁单元AWFB-T。同时,论文还采用传统里兹法求得了相应的Winkler弹性地基欧拉梁及铁摩辛柯梁单元刚度矩阵,得到了里兹法弹性地基欧拉梁单元RWFB-E及铁摩辛柯梁单元RWFB-T。对该文构建的两类单元与一般梁-基体系有限元分析结果及理论解析解进行了对比。对比结果表明,传统里兹法由于其多项式形函数无法精确模拟弹性地基梁变形,因此其结果与理论解析解有误差,但随着单元数量增多其误差减小; 采用解析型单元进行计算时,无论单元数量多少,得到的均为“真实”解,说明解析试函数法求得的位移形函数比一般的多项式形函数精确,得到的弹性地基梁单元具备解析型、精确性的特点,可应用于解决实际工程问题。     

On the response of a timoshenko beam under initial stress to a moving load

When an axial compressive force is present, the wavelength of the propagating free waves in a beam rapidly decreases. The conventional Euler-Bernoulli beam equations are often not adequate for determining dynamic behavior of the moving load on a beam supported on an elastic foundation when initial axial stress is present. Equations derived by Sun for the Timoshenko beam with initial axial stress (based on Trefftz's theory), form the basis of this investigation. Analytical solutions are presented for deformations of the beam both with and without damping. Expressions of the critical velocity as a function of initial axial stress and foundation modulus parameters, are obtained for the Timoshenko beam. Critical velocities of the Timoshenko beam, with and without axial stress, are compared with that obtained using Euler-Bernoulli beam formulation. Some significant agreements and disagreements in the behaviors of the two systems are described.     

弹性介质中任意形状细长曲梁的Cosserat模型

Kirchhoff动力学比拟理论使动力学的概念和方法进入弹性杆力学的研究领域。Cosserat弹性杆模型考虑Kirchhoff模型所忽略的截面剪切变形、中心线伸缩变形和分布载荷等因素,更适合工程中大变形细长梁的动力学建模。该文以弹性介质中任意形状中心线的圆截面细长曲梁为对象,基于Cosserat模型建立以截面的姿态角和挠度为未知变量的精确动力学方程。其直梁小变形特例为弹性介质中的Timoshenko梁。将Lyapunov运动稳定性理论的时间变量置换为空间变量,可用于判断梁的平衡稳定性。以弹性介质中轴向受压Timoshenko梁为例,讨论梁平衡状态的Lyapunov稳定性与欧拉失稳传统概念之间的区别和相互联系。导致梁屈曲的欧拉载荷可利用满足Lyapunov稳定性梁的受扰挠性线和端部约束条件导出。在一次近似条件下证明空间域内的Lyapunov 稳定性和欧拉稳定性是时间域内的Lyapunov稳定性的必要条件。     

A beam theory for thin-walled composite beams

A beam theory is presented that is formulated in terms of the in-plane elastic properties of the panels of the cross-section of a thin-walled composite beam. Shear deformation is accounted for by using a suitable form of the Timoshenko beam theory together with a modified form of the shear coefficient. The theory gives both the bending deflection and the shear deflection of a beam loaded by an applied transverse load. Numerical and graphical results obtained from a computer code show the effects of using different composite material systems and lay-ups in the panels of typical beams.     

Modal analysis of elastic-viscoplastic Timoshenko beam vibrations

Summary A semi-analytic inelastic Timoshenko beam theory based on a modal solution is developed. Inelastic strains are equivalent to eigenstrains in an identical but entirely elastic background structure. Proper resultants of these eigenstrains, i.e. inelastic curvatures and averaged inelastic shear angels, are defined. Deformations and cross sectional resultants due to these eigenstrain resultants are obtained by means of proper dynamic Green's functions. Since the deformation of the background structure is elastic, linear dynamic solution methods become applicable in a time incremental procedure. In order to enhance the efficiency of this time domain algorithm, an analytic quasistatic protion is separated from the solution. Rate dependence of plastic deformation is considered, and ductile damage in a model of void growth is taken into account. The intensity and distribution of the a priori unknown eigenstrains and imposed shear angles are determined by the constitutive law and calculated in an iterative procedure.     

Surface effects on the mechanical properties of nanoporous materials

Using the theory of surface elasticity, we investigate the mechanical properties of nanoporous materials. The classical theory of porous materials is modified to account for surface effects, which become increasingly important as the characteristic sizes of microstructures shrink to nanometers. First, a refined Timoshenko beam model is presented to predict the effective elastic modulus of nanoporous materials. Then the surface effects on the elastic microstructural buckling behavior of nanoporous materials are examined. In particular, nanoporous gold is taken as an example to illustrate the application of the proposed model. The results reveal that both the elastic modulus and the critical buckling behavior of nanoporous materials exhibit a distinct dependence on the characteristic sizes of microstructures, e.g. the average ligament width.     

Calculations of impact stresses in polycrystalline graphite rods

Calculations have been made to determine the maximum stresses produced in polycrystalline graphite rod specimens by a single impact of an anvil. The method of Timoshenko was employed, which combines the vibrational theory of Bernoulli with Hertz's theory of impact. The deformation parameter in the Hertz theory was obtained by fitting experimental results for the impact force as a function of time, and was found to be appreciably larger than values calculated from linear elastic theory. The model was unable to account for the energy losses observed experimentally. The predicted peak stresses corresponding to experimental conditions of single impact failure correlated well with the three-point bend stengths of the types of graphite considered.     

Vibration of nonclassical shear beams with Winkler-Pasternak-type restraint

Transverse vibration of the shear beams containing rotary inertia and with a two-parameter elastic foundation is studied. Using asymptotic analysis of Timoshenko beam theory, we derive explicit characteristic equations of the nonclassical shear beams with Winkler-Pasternak elastic restraint and with both ends linked to translational and rotational springs. The condition of the nonclassical shear beams reducing to the classical ones is found. Natural frequencies of the nonclassical modes are evaluated for free- and pinned-elastically restrained shear beams with or without bracing. The influences of elastic restraint stiffness and rotary inertia on the natural frequencies are discussed. Some extreme cases can be recovered from the present. The obtained results are helpful in the design of a tall frame building.     

Differential quadrature method for nonlocal nonlinear vibration analysis of a boron nitride nanotube using sinusoidal shear deformation theory

This article presents a nonlocal sinusoidal shear deformation beam theory (SDBT) for the nonlinear vibration of single-walled boron nitride nanotubes (SWBNNTs). The surrounding elastic medium is simulated based on nonlinear Pasternak foundation. Based on the nonlocal differential constitutive relations of Eringen, the equations of motion of the SWBNNTs are derived using Hamilton's principle. Differential quadrature method (DQM) for the nonlinear frequency is presented, and the obtained results are compared with those predicted by the nonlocal Timoshenko beam theory (TBT). The effects of nonlocal parameter, vibrational modes, length, and elastic medium on the nonlinear frequency of SWBNNTs are considered.     

轴承刚度对船舶推进轴系振动传递路径影响分析

采用传递矩阵法,将船舶推进轴系简化为质量点单元、弹性支承单元和具有分布参数的梁单元。基于修正的Timoshenko梁理论,推导出推进轴系的场传递矩阵表达式。然后,引入相应的边界条件,形成方程组并实现不同轴承刚度下推进轴系轴承处的力和位移响应求解。最后,从能量的角度,对推进轴系各轴承传递路径处的功率流进行分析,并与有限元结果比较。结果表明:基于修正Timoshenko梁理论的传递矩阵法在计算推进轴系弯曲振动时是可行有效的;艉后轴承刚度对轴系振动传递影响最大,艉前轴承次之,推力轴承影响最小。     

Closed-form solutions for axially functionally graded Timoshenko beams having uniform cross-section and fixed–fixed boundary condition

In this paper, we study the free vibration of axially functionally graded (AFG) Timoshenko beams, with uniform cross-section and having fixed–fixed boundary condition. For certain polynomial variations of the material mass density, elastic modulus and shear modulus, along the length of the beam, there exists a fundamental closed form solution to the coupled second order governing differential equations with variable coefficients. It is found that there are an infinite number of non-homogeneous Timoshenko beams, with various material mass density, elastic modulus and shear modulus distributions having simple polynomial variations, which share the same fundamental frequency. The derived results can be used as benchmark solutions for testing approximate or numerical methods used for the vibration analysis of non-homogeneous Timoshenko beams. They can also be useful for designing fixed–fixed non-homogeneous Timoshenko beams which may be required to vibrate with a particular frequency.     

Static and dynamic analysis of transversely isotropic,moderately thick sandwich beams by analogy

Summary A flexural theory of elastic sandwich beams is derived which renders quite precise results within a wide range of ratios of dimensions, mass densities, and elastic constants of the core and faces. The assumptions of the Timoshenko theory of shear-deformable beams are applied to each of the homogeneous, linear elastic, transversely isotropic layers individually. Core and faces are perfectly bonded. The principle of virtual work is applied to derive the equations of motion of a symmetrically designed three-layer beam and its boundary conditions. By definition of an effective cross-sectional rotation the complex problem is reduced to a problem of a homogeneous beam with effective stiffnesses and with corresponding boundary conditions. Thus, methods of classical mechanics become directly applicable to the higher-order problem. Excellent agreement of the results of illustrative examples is observed when compared to solutions of other higher-order laminate theories as well as to exact solutions of the theory of elasticity.     

Delaminating buckling model based on nonlocal Timoshenko beam theory for microwedge indentation of a film/substrate system

A novel model built on the basis of nonlocal Timoshenko beam theory is presented for delaminating buckling in the microwedge indentation test of a thin film on an elastic substrate. Two size effects are accounted for in the proposed model. One is the delamination size effect, and the other is the film thickness effect. The influence of the elastic deformation in the substrate and the indentation-induced impression or notch on the buckling behaviors are taken into consideration by employing coupled line springs as the boundary conditions of the buckled film. The critical stress for buckling, the energy release rate and the phase angle of the interface delamination crack are calculated and compared with those by classical beam theories. Sensitivity of the two size effects is observed.     

不同梁理论之间简支梁特征值的解析关系

利用Euler-Bernoulli梁理论(EBT)、Timoshenko梁理论(一阶理论,TBT)和Reddy三阶梁理论(RBT)之间,梁的特征值问题在数学上的相似性,研究了不同梁理论之间特征值的关系。将特征值问题的求解转化为一个代数方程的求解,并导出了不同梁理论之间梁的特征值之间的精确解析关系。因此,只要已知梁的经典结果(临界载荷和固有频率),便很容易从这些关系中获得一阶和三阶梁理论下的相应结果。另外,从这些关系中获得的含有剪切变形影响的结果,可以用于检验一阶和三阶梁理论下梁数值结果的有效性、收敛性以及精确性等问题。     

Viscoelastic Timoshenko beam theory

The concept of elastic Timoshenko shear coefficients is used as a guide for linear viscoelastic Euler-Bernoulli beams subjected to simultaneous bending and twisting. It is shown that the corresponding Timoshenko viscoelastic functions now depend not only on material properties and geometry as they do in elasticity, but also additionally on stresses and their time histories. Possible viscoelastic definitions are formulated and evaluated. In general, the viscoelastic relations are sufficiently complicated so that the elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle (analogy) cannot be applied. This is particularly true for, but not limited to, elastic shear coefficients which are Poisson ratio dependent. Expressions for equivalent viscoelastic Timoshenko shear functions must, therefore, be derived de novo on a case by case basis, taking in to account specific relaxation moduli, stresses, temperatures and their time histories. Thus the elastic simplicity and generality is lost and hence rendering the use of viscoelastic Timoshenko shear functions as highly impractical. Consequently, it is necessary to directly solve the coupled viscoelastic beam governing relations for bending and twisting deflections by using appropriate solution protocols as discussed herein.     

一阶剪切理论下功能梯度梁与均匀梁静态解之间的相似关系

基于一阶剪切理论,研究了功能梯度材料Timoshenko 梁的静态弯曲解与对应的均匀材料梁的解的线性转换关系。通过比较功能梯度材料梁和均匀材料梁的无量纲控制方程,发现了它们弯曲解的线性相关性。在给定材料弹性模量沿横向非均匀变化规律后,可将功能梯度材料Timoshenko 梁在静载荷作用下的弯曲变形解用相同尺寸、相同载荷以及相同边界条件下的均匀材料Timoshenko 梁的弯曲变形解线性表示。这样,可将非均匀Timoshenko 梁弯曲问题的求解转化为对应的均匀材料Timoshenko 梁弯曲问题的求解和转换系数的计算,从而使得求解过程得以简化。